Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2020R1F1A1054226, NRF-2021M3A9H3016047 and NRF-2015M3A7B6027948), a grant from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2021 (21162MFDS045), research fund of Chungnam National University, and the Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT) Research Program (No. 1711159817).
References
- Lee JW, Shin KD, Lee M, Kim EJ, Han SS, Han MY, Ha H, Jeong TC, Koh WS (2003) Role of metabolism by flavin-containing monooxygenase in thioacetamide-induced immunosuppression. Toxicol Lett 136:163-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00333-8
- Schyman P, Printz RL, Estes SK, O'Brien TP, Shiota M, Wallqvist A (2019) Assessing chemical-induced liver injury in vivo from in vitro gene expression data in the rat: the case of thioacetamide toxicity. Front Genet 10:1233. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.01233
- Stankova P, Kucera O, Lotkova H, Rousar T, Endlicher R, Cervinkova Z (2010) The toxic efect of thioacetamide on rat liver in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 24:2097-2103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2010.06.011
- Fitzhugh OG, Nelson AA (1947) Chronic oral toxicity of alpha-naphthyl thiourea. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 64:305-310. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-64-15776
- Ghosh S, Sarkar A, Bhattacharyya S, Sil PC (2016) Silymarin protects mouse liver and kidney from thioacetamide induced toxicity by scavenging reactive oxygen species and activating PI3K-Akt pathway. Front Pharmacol 7:481. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00481
- Moreira E, Fontana L, Periago JL, Sanchez De Medina F, Gil A (1995) Changes in fatty acid composition of plasma, liver microsomes, and erythrocytes in liver cirrhosis induced by oral intake of thioacetamide in rats. Hepatology 21:199-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840210132
- Low TY, Leow CK, Salto-Tellez M, Chung MC (2004) A proteomic analysis of thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity and cirrhosis in rat livers. Proteomics 4:3960-3974. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200400852
- Mangipudy RS, Chanda S, Mehendale HM (1995) Tissue repair response as a function of dose in thioacetamide hepatotoxicity. Environ Health Perspect 103:260-267. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103260
- Natarajan SK, Thomas S, Ramamoorthy P, Basivireddy J, Pulimood AB, Ramachandran A, Balasubramanian KA (2006) Oxidative stress in the development of liver cirrhosis: a comparison of two diferent experimental models. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21:947-957. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04231.x
- Okuyama H, Nakamura H, Shimahara Y, Araya S, Kawada N, Yamaoka Y, Yodoi J (2003) Overexpression of thioredoxin prevents acute hepatitis caused by thioacetamide or lipopolysaccharide in mice. Hepatology 37:1015-1025. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50203
- Chilakapati J, Shankar K, Korrapati MC, Hill RA, Mehendale HM (2005) Saturation toxicokinetics of thioacetamide: role in initiation of liver injury. Drug Metab Dispos 33:1877-1885. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.105.005520
- Mehendale HM (2005) Tissue repair: an important determinant of final outcome of toxicant-induced injury. Toxicol Pathol 33:41-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230590881808
- Ansil PN, Nitha A, Prabha SP, Wills PJ, Jazaira V, Latha MS (2011) Protective effect of Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.). Blume tuber against thioacetamideinduced oxidative stress in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Med 4:870-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60211-3
- Begum Q, Noori S, Mahboob T (2011) Antioxidant effect of sodium selenite on thioacetamide-induced renal toxicity. Pak J Biochem Mol Biol 44:21-26
- Negishi K, Noiri E, Maeda R, Portilla D, Sugaya T, Fujita T (2008) Renal L-type fatty acid-binding protein mediates the bezafibrate reduction of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 73:1374-1384. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2008.106
- KFDA (2012) Good laboratory practice regulation for non-clinical laboratory studies (Notification No. 2012-61)
- OECD (1998) OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals, Test No 407: Repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents. https://doi.org/10.1787/20745788.
- Son MY, Kim YD, Seol B, Lee MO, Na HJ, Yoo B, Chang JS, Cho YS (2017) Biomarker discovery by modeling Behcet's disease with patient-specific human induced Pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 26:133-145. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2016.0181
- Derelanko MJ, Auletta CS (2014) Handbook of toxicology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16632
- Han ZZ, Xu HD, Kim KH, Ahn T, Bae J, Lee J, Gil K, Lee J, Woo S, Yoo H, Lee H, Kim K, Park C, Zhang H, Song S (2010) Reference data of the main physiological parameters in control Sprague-Dawley rats from pre-clinical toxicity studies. Lab Anim Res 26:153-164. https://doi.org/10.5625/lar.2010.26.2.153
- Delire B, Starkel P, Leclercq I (2015) Animal models for fibrotic liver diseases: what we have, what we need, and what is under development. J Clin Transl Hepatol 3:53-66. https://doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2014.00035
- Reif S, Aeed H, Shilo Y, Reich R, Kloog Y, Kweon YO, Bruck R (2004) Treatment of thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis by the Ras antagonist, farnesylthiosalicylic acid. J Hepatol 41:235-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2004.04.010
- Salguero Palacios R, Roderfeld M, Hemmann S, Rath T, Atanasova S, Tschuschner A, Gressner OA, Weiskirchen R, Graf J, Roeb E (2008) Activation of hepatic stellate cells is associated with cytokine expression in thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. Lab Investig 88:1192-1203. https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2008.91
- Starkel P, Leclercq IA (2011) Animal models for the study of hepatic fbrosis. Best Pract. Res Clin Gastroenterol 25:319-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2011.02.004
- Li X, Benjamin IS, Alexander B (2002) Reproducible production of thioacetamide-induced macronodular cirrhosis in the rat with no mortality. J Hepatol 36:488-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00011-9
- Yang JM, Han DW, Xie CM, Liang QC, Zhao YC, Ma XH (1998) Endotoxins enhance hepatocarcinogenesis induced by oral intake of thioacetamide in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 4:128-132. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v4.i2.128
- Yeh CN, Maitra A, Lee KF, Jan YY, Chen MF (2004) Thioacetamide-induced intestinal-type cholangiocarcinoma in rat: an animal model recapitulating the multi-stage progression of human cholangiocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis 25:631-636. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgh037
- Mroueh M, Saab Y, Rizkallah R (2004) Hepatoprotective activity of Centaurium erythraea on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytother Res 18:431-433. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1498
- Han H, Han K, Ahn J, Park S, Kim S, Lee B, Min B, Yoon S, Oh J, Kim T (2020) Subchronic toxicity assessment of Phytolacca americana L. (Phytolaccaceae) in F344 rats. Nat Prod Commun 15:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X20941656
- Lim KT, Lim V, Chin JH (2012) Subacute oral toxicity study of ethanolic leaves extracts of Strobilanthes crispus in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2:948-952. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60005-2
- Worasuttayangkurn L, Watcharasit P, Rangkadilok N, Suntararuks S, Khamkong P, Satayavivad J (2012) Safety evaluation of longan seed extract: acute and repeated oral administration. Food Chem Toxicol 50:3949-3955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.068
- Schyman P, Printz RL, Estes SK, Boyd KL, Shiota M, Wallqvist A (2018) Identifcation of the toxicity pathways associated with thioacetamide-induced injuries in rat liver and kidney. Front Pharmacol 9:1272. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01272
- Daujat-Chavanieu M, Gerbal-Chaloin S (2020) Regulation of CAR and PXR expression in health and disease. Cells 9:2395. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9112395
- Liu Y, Meyer C, Xu C, Weng H, Hellerbrand C, Dijke P, Dooley S (2013) Animal models of chronic liver diseases. Am J Physiol-Gastrointest Liver Physiol 304:449-468. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00199.2012
- Wang F, Miao MX, Sun BB, Wang ZJ, Tang XG, Chen Y, Zhao KJ, Liu XD, Liu L (2017) Acute liver failure enhances oral plasma exposure of zidovudine in rats by downregulation of hepatic UGT2B7 and intestinal P-gp. Acta Pharmacol Sinica 38:1554-1565. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2017.54
- McIlwain CC, Townsend DM, Tew KD (2006) Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms: cancer incidence and therapy. Oncogene 25:1639-1648. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209373
- Zhang K, Chen D, Ma K, Wu X, Hao H, Jiang S (2018) NAD (P) H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) as a therapeutic and diagnostic target in cancer. J Med Chem 61:6983-7003. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00124