DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Emergency Management Policy Issues during and after COVID-19: Focusing on South Korea

  • Ki Woong Cho (Department of Public Administration at Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Dongkyun Park (Department of Police Administration at Daegu Haany University)
  • Published : 2023.06.30

Abstract

South Korea is currently facing many changes and challenges. To make matters worse, society has struggled to function as it did before COVID-19. This study describes the past and current COVID-19 situation to offer lessons on management during and after COVID-19. We provide implications from COVID-19 and the foundation for future disasters by employing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis and indigenous administrative conceptual framework on culture, institution, and instrument to add a circumstance perspective. This study used secondary data from prior research and literature. Resolutions for these policy issues are presented using the strength-opportunity (SO), strength-threat (ST), weakness-opportunity (WO), and weakness-threat (WT) strategies. We suggest utilizing instruments that consider diverse societies and preventing the disease with climate change by collaborating with social institutions. We hope these implications and resolutions will provide insights for the future and other countries.

Keywords

References

  1. Aggestam, M. (2006). Privatization ideology and ownership change in Poland: An institutionalist study. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42(4), 491-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886306290310
  2. Ahima, R. & Casadevall, A. (2020). Johns Hopkins Researchers: Climate Change Threatens to Unlock New Microbes and Increase Heat-Related Illness and Death https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/newsroom/news-releases/johns-hopkins-researchers-climate-change-threatens-to-unlock-new-microbes-and-increase-heat-related-illness-and-death (Accessed Augutst 9, 2020).
  3. Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of public administration research and theory, 18(4), 543-571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
  4. Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2017). Collaborative platforms as a governance strategy. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 28(1), 16-32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mux030
  5. Beyer, R. M., Manica, A., & Mora, C. (2021). Shifts in global bat diversity suggest a possible role of climate change in the emergence of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Science of the Total Environment, 767, 145413.
  6. Bjur, W. E., & Zomorrodian, A. (1986). Symposium on Cultural Differences and Development Administration towards Indigenous Theories of Administration: An International Perspective. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 52(4), 397-420. https://doi.org/10.1177/002085238605200401
  7. Boukerche, S. & Mohammed-Roberts, R. (2020). Fighting infectious diseases: The connection to climate change. https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/fighting-infectious-diseases-connection-climate-change (Accessed Augutst 7, 2020)
  8. Bremmer, I. (2020). The Next Global Depression Is Coming and Optimism Won't Slow It Down https://time.com/5876606/economic-depression-coronavirus/ (Accessed Augutst 4, 2020).
  9. Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. WW Norton & Company. New York:NY.
  10. Cameron, E. E., Nuzzo, J. B., Bell, J. A., Nalabandian, M., O'Brien, J., League, A., Ravi, S, Meyer, D., Snyder, M., Mullen, L., & Warmbrod, L., (2019). Global Health Security Index, NTI: Nuclear Threat Initiative & Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
  11. Cho, K. W. (2017). Political and policy responses to the Sewol Ferry Disaster: Examining change through multiple theory lenses. Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Tallahassee, United States: Florida State University.
  12. Cho, K. W., & Jung, K. (2018). From collaborative to hegemonic water resource governance through dualism and Jeong: Lessons learned from the Daegu-Gumi water intake source conflict in Korea. Sustainability, 10(12), 4405.
  13. Cho, K. W. (2020a). Essay on COVID-19 and Chungnam Province's Response. Safe Chungnam Issue - Brief. 25: 1-11.
  14. Cho, K. W. (2020b). Expanding History and Filling the Gap in Public Administration Education. Korean Journal of Public Administration, 58(4), 63-106. https://doi.org/10.24145/KJPA.58.4.3
  15. Cho, K. W., & Jung, K. (2019). Illuminating the Sewol Ferry Disaster using the institutional model of punctuated equilibrium theory. The Social Science Journal, 56(2), 288-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.12.010
  16. Choe, J. C. (2021). 30,000-years-ago viruses discovered. Is it reasonable that mankind will perish in this century? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELxQxHPcYo0 (Accessed October 16, 2022).
  17. Choe, J. C. (2022). Does global warming the cause of the COVID-19 outbreak? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wk8MT2oDna4&t=884s (Accessed October 15, 2022).
  18. Choi, B. & Cho, K. W. (2019b). The Vulnerable's Predicaments and Suggestions to Central and Local Government during the Disaster Based on the Safety Rights and Sara Ruddick's Maternal Thinking. Crisisonomy, 15(3): 25-54.
  19. Choi, S. O. and Cho, K. W. (2017). Reforming National Response Governance for Prevention of Respiratory Viral Infectious Diseases after the 2015 MERS Outbreak in Korea. Crisisonomy. 13(10): 1-21.
  20. Choi, S. O. & Cho, K. W. (2019a). Collaborative Governance for the Prevention and Response to MERS after the 2015 and 2018 MERS Outbreaks. Crisisonomy, 15(1): 149-177
  21. Chung, M. & Kim, S. (2020). Exploration of the Possibility of Inclusion in Social Cooperation Policy Subjects due to Changes in Employment Policy of Foreign Workers: Focusing to Employment Policy of Short-Term Circulation Principle of Foreign Workers. The Korean Governance Review, 27(1): 57-92.
  22. Corona Live. (2022) Current State of Vaccination- Corona Live https://corona-live.com/vaccine/ (Accessed October 15, 2022).
  23. Crum, A. J., Akinola, M., Martin, A., & Fath, S. (2017). The role of stress mindset in shaping cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses to challenging and threatening stress. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 30(4), 379-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1275585
  24. Crum, A. J., Salovey, P., & Achor, S. (2013). Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response. Journal of personality and social psychology, 104(4), 716-733. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031201
  25. Heady, F. (2006). Comparison in the study of public administration. In, E. E. Otenyo & N. S. Lind. (Eds.), Comparative Public Administration: The Essential Readings Volume 15. (pp. 61-127). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
  26. Hong, J., Lew, L., Tan, A., Gitau, M., and Varley, K. (2022). The Best and Worst Places to Be as World Enters Next Covid Phase. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-resilience-ranking/ (Accessed October 12, 2022).
  27. Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P., & Shi, Z. L. (2021). Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 19(3), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
  28. Insfiler. (2022) [Korea] Status of COVID-19 Vaccination in South Korea https://insfiler.com/detail/rt_corona19vacc_bycountry-0002 (Accessed October 15, 2022).
  29. Jamrisko, M. & Lu, W. (2016). These Are the World's Most Innovative Economies https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-19/these-are-the-world-s-most-innovative-economies (Accessed July 3, 2021).
  30. Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek, M. (2016). SWOT analysis for Planned Maintenance strategy-a case study. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 49, 674-679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.788
  31. Jeon, H. W. (2019). If you wear a mask at the rally, you'll be sentenced to one year in prison? A new phase of Hong Kong protests due to Anti-Mask Law. https://mn.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=4298519 (Accessed Augutst 8, 2020).
  32. Jung, J. K. (2011). Popular mobilization and democratization: A comparative study of South Korea and Taiwan. Korea Observer 42(3): 377-411.
  33. Kang, B. J. (2015). Anti-mask law in the United States. https://m.lawtimes.co.kr/Content/Opinion?serial=97106 (Accessed Augutst 5, 2020)
  34. Kang, H. J. (2018). Established Smart Disaster Safety Management Response System based on the 4th Industrial Revolution, Journal of Digital Contents Society 19(3). 561-567. https://doi.org/10.9728/DCS.2018.19.3.561
  35. Kang, S., & Lee, M. (2017). The trends and review of the Korean Immigration and Integration Program. Foreign Languages Education, 24(1), 279-321. https://doi.org/10.15334/FLE.2017.24.1.279
  36. Kalantari, B. (2005). Middle Eastern public management: A cultural approach to developmental administration. Public Organization Review, 5(2), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-005-0951-y
  37. Kim, D. S. (2018). Second-quarter birth rate of 0.97... The population will decrease in nine years. http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/08/23/2018082300258.html (Accessed Augutst 9, 2020).
  38. Kim G. S. (2021). "Korea is an developed country" officially recognized...UNCTAD changed 'Developing country → developed country' status https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=5224508 (Accessed July 3, 2021).
  39. Kim, H. R. (2020b) Lee Jae-myung, who said it is difficult to accommodate Daegu patients, said, "What should we do about the possibility of infection during transferring. https://www.donga.com/news/Society/article/all/20200227/99902386/2 (Accessed October 24, 2020).
  40. Kim, M. S. (2020a). The Corona 19 vulnerable are men, the elderly, the poor, the minority. http://dongascience.donga.com/news.php?idx=38082 (Accessed Augutst 5, 2020).
  41. Kim, P. S. (2012). A Historical Overview of Korean Public Administration: Discipline, Education, Association, International Cooperation and beyond Indigenization. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78(2), 217-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852312438043
  42. Kim, S., (2010). On Korean Dual Civil Society: Thinking through Tocqueville and Confucius. Contemporary Political Theory, 9(4), 434-457. https://doi.org/10.1057/cpt.2009.30
  43. Kim, S. S. (2013). A Study on the crime-factor and countermeasure of a multicultural society. Korean Criminal Psychology Review. 9(1): 5-28.
  44. Kim, S., So, G. Y., Kim, S., Kim, K. M., Park, H. Y., & Lee, M. H. (2020). Issues and Countermeasures of the World Health Organization Emergency Management System. Korea Institute of Public Administration. Seoul: South Korea.
  45. Kim, T. W. (2019). Our modern history, Park Seung-don, A witness of Middle East Special Procurement Boom in the 1970s -1980s, "Sad that worker sweated in the Middle East desert seem to have forgotten." http://monthly.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?ctcd33=E&nNewsNumb=201901100034 (Accessed Augutst 22, 2020).
  46. Korean National Policy Agency(2018). Korean National Police Agency 2017 White Paper. Seoul: Korean National Policy Agency
  47. Ko, S. J. (2020). Corona loss compensation commences this month...National expansion of salary prepayment https://www.doctorsnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=133876 (Accessed Augutst 7, 2020)
  48. Koo, B. K. (2020). Robot Age, Human Work. Acrossbook.
  49. Ku, Y. S. (2015). Anti-Mask Law was drafted and repealed http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002163292 (Accessed Augutst 8, 2020)
  50. Larsson, R., & Lubatkin, M. (2001). Achieving acculturation in mergers and acquisitions: An international case survey. Human relations, 54(12), 1573-1607. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267015412002
  51. Lee, C. W., Choi, C. H., & Choi, C. G. (2012). New Perspective on Organization. (3rd Edition). Seoul, South Korea: Daeyoung Co.
  52. Lee, E. (2020a). S. Korea elevates CDC to standalone disease control tower https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2020&no=568844 (accessed October 27, 2022).
  53. Lee, G. S. (2019). Fine dust is scarier than smoking. 7 Million premature deaths a year. http://health.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/03/04/2019030400876.html (Accessed Augutst 9, 2020).
  54. Lee, G. S. (2020b). I'm worried about the cost. Can I Ask Investigation for Corona 19? http://health.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/04/20/2020042003509.html (Accessed September 12, 2020).
  55. Lee, J. H. Cho, S, H., Cha, S. Y. & Kim, J. H. (2020). Direction of Government Innovation to Improve National and Social Resilience after COVID-19. Korea Institute of Public Administration. Seoul: South Korea.
  56. Lee, S. Y., Choi, S. O, Cho, K. W., & Kim, D. W. (2018). Seongbuk-gu Safety Policy Research Project. Industrial-Academic Cooperation Group of Jungwon University
  57. Lee, Y. S. (2016). 2030 New Future Comes: Fourth Industrial Revolution and Development of Lifelong Vocational Ability. Sejong: Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training.
  58. Lewis, D. (2002). Organization and management in the third sector: toward a cross-cultural research agenda. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 13(1), 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.13106
  59. Longhurst, G. J., Stone, D. M., Dulohery, K., Scully, D., Campbell, T., & Smith, C. F. (2020). Strength, weakness, opportunity, threat (SWOT) analysis of the adaptations to anatomical education in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Anatomical Sciences Education, 13(3), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1967
  60. Lubatkin, M. H., Ndiaye, M., & Vengroff, R. (1997). The nature of managerial work in developing countries: A limited test of the universalist hypothesis. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), 711-733. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490116
  61. Lubatkin, M., Calori, R., Very, P., & Veiga, J. F. (1998). Managing Mergers across Borders: A Two-nation Exploration of a Nationally Bound Administrative Heritage. Organization Science, 9(6), 670-684.
  62. Lubatkin, M. H., Vengroff, R., Ndiaye, M., & Veiga, J. F. (1999). Managerial work and management reform in Senegal: The influence of hierarchy and sector. The American Review of Public Administration, 29(3), 240-268.
  63. Machin, S. & Meghir. C. (2004). Crime and Economic Incentives. Journal of Human Resources, 39(4): 958-979. https://doi.org/10.2307/3559034
  64. Ministry of the Interior and Safety. (2019). [Press Release] Emergency messages are also received in English and Chinese. Ministry of the Interior and Safety.
  65. Myeong, S., Shin, Y. J., & Chae, J. I. (2017). Case Study on Sustainable and Disaster Safety Smart City: Focusing on Smartopia Gimpo. Korean Policy Sciences Review 21(4), 2017.12, 197-218. https://doi.org/10.31553/kpsr.2017.12.21.4.197
  66. Mystakidis, S. (2022). Metaverse. Encyclopedia, 2(1), 486-497. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2010031
  67. Nam, J. S. (2019). The surge in the number of elderly people's premature deaths in the effects of ultrafine dust to be over 2,000 people per year in Seoul. http://www.seniortimes.co.kr/detail.php?number=9144&thread=22r09 (Accessed Augutst 9, 2020).
  68. Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011, September). Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and context. In Proceedings of the 5th international conference on theory and practice of electronic governance (pp. 185-194).
  69. Oh, Y.K., Ryu, H. S., Kim, H. Y., & Kim, D. H. (2020). Disaster Response Issues and Policy Implications from the COVID-19 Infectious Diseases. Korea Institute of Public Administration. Seoul: South Korea.
  70. Park, D. (2018). Korea's counter-terrorism measures in response to changes in the security environment. Collection of presentation from Korean Association of Public Administration.
  71. Park, D. K. (2020a). The Problems and Lessons of Emergency Management in Korea: With the Case of COVID-19. Journal of Korean Public Police and Security Studies, 17(3), 107-130. https://doi.org/10.25023/KAPSA.17.3.202008.107
  72. Park, D. Y. (2020b). Corona 19 suspected patient inspection costs 1.7 million won. "Expensive medical bills will be problem in case of public health crisis." https://www.medigatenews.com/news/3065410285 (Accessed Augutst 20, 2020).
  73. Park, K. E. (2019) Prohibited by law? The " Anti-mask Law " of each country brought out when they are at a disadvantage. https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5224388 (Accessed Augutst 8, 2020).
  74. Park, K. M. (2020c). How was the worldwide Goyang drive-through created? https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/area/capital/933527.html (Accessed June 9, 2021).
  75. Park, K.W. (2018b). Worst youth unemployment rate ever... the anger of job seekers . https://cnbc.sbs.co.kr/article/10000890904 (Accessed Augutst 22, 2020).
  76. Park, S. K. (2019). Namgu Office in Gwangju supports gas safety shutters for elderly and disabled people http://view.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2019011713352460024 (Accessed Augutst 22, 2020).
  77. Rat, P., Olivier, E., & Dutot, M. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 vs. SARS-CoV-1 management: antibiotics and inflammasome modulators potential. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 24(14), 7880-7885.
  78. Rifkin, J. (1995). The End of Work (pp. 3-14). New York: Putnam Book.
  79. Rittel, H. W., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy sciences, 4, 155-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01405730
  80. Seo, B. K. (2020). Southeast Asia in the COVID-19 Crisis: How to do the "People"- oriented cooperation, JISEAS Issue paper 2 No. 2. 1-16.
  81. Seoul Metropolitan Government. (2019). 1,763 people in Seoul died earlier per year due to ultrafine dust. http://mediahub.seoul.go.kr/archives/1261216 (Accessed Augutst 8, 2020).
  82. Seoul Metropolitan Government. (2020). Understanding and Approach to Suicide After Infectious Disease Pandemics COVID-19: How will suicide prevention and digital care be developed after COVID-19? http://covid19seoulmind.org/prescription/3662/ (Accessed September 15, 2020).
  83. Sharma, P., & Pardeshi, G. (2021). Rollout of COVID-19 vaccination in India: a SWOT analysis. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1-4.
  84. Sheehan, J. (1998). NGOs and participatory management styles: a case study of CONCERN Worldwide, Mozambique. International Working Paper Series (2). Centre for civil society, London school of economics and Political Science. London, UK. ISBN 75301257X.
  85. Sherman, H. (1966) I1 AII Depends. University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press (3rd paperback printing, 1981).
  86. Shin, Y. (2019). What the 30 Years of History of National Health Insurance Tells Us. Health and Social Welfare Review 39(2): 5-9.
  87. Son, S. (2018). 5.2% loss of GDP in case of failure to respond to climate change. https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/view.do?ncd=4044353 (Accessed December 30, 2022).
  88. Song, S. Y. (2020). The National Health Insurance against Corona 19... We need to establish measures for the New Normal era. https://www.docdocdoc.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1080187 (Accessed September 12, 2020).
  89. Toppeta, D. (2010). The smart city vision: how innovation and ICT can build smart, "livable", sustainable cities. The innovation knowledge foundation, 5, 1-9. Available at http://www.thinkinnovation.org/file/research/23/en/Toppeta_Report_005_2010.pdf. https://doi.org/10.pdf
  90. UK Research and Innovation. (2020). Coronavirus seasonality: Is the spread likely to vary? https://coronavirusexplained.ukri.org/en/article/und0009/ (Accessed August 4, 2020).
  91. Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Kitayama, S., Mobbs, D., Napper, L. E., Packer, D. J., Pennycook, G., Peters, E., Petty, R. E., Rand, D. G., Reicher, S. D., Schnall, S., Shariff, A., Skitka, Li. J., Smith, S. S., Sunstein, C. R., Tabri, N., Tucker, J. A., Van der Linden, S., Van Lange, P., Weeden, K. A., Wohl, M. J. A., Zaki, J., Zion, S. R., & Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-12.
  92. Wang, J., & Wang, Z. (2020). Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Swot) analysis of china's prevention and control strategy for the covid-19 epidemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2235.
  93. WHO. (2020). Archived: WHO Timeline - COVID-19. https://www.who.int/newsroom/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19 (Accessed August 10, 2020).
  94. WHO. (2022). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants (Accessed October 16, 2022).
  95. Wilson, J. Q. (1989). Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books.
  96. Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. Vintage Books.
  97. Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.