Economic and Environmental Geology (자원환경지질)

The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental Geology (대한자원환경지질학회)
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Plant Leave as an Indicator for Pollution by Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Al-Zubair City, Southern Iraq

  • Sajjad W. Jaafar (Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Basrah) ;
  • Sattar J.Al. Khafaji (Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Basrah)
  • Received : 2023.01.11
  • Accepted : 2023.02.15
  • Published : 2023.02.28
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Abstract

The potential sources and spatial distribution of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the leaf plants of Al-Zubair city. A total of 14 samples of conocarpus lancifolius plant leaf were collected and analyzed for their heavy metals and PAHs content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a 7890 Agilent capillary gas chromatograph (GC) respectively. Bioaccumulation factor calculation revealed the highest pollution of heavy metals , due to the activity of a petrochemical in the area. The diagnostic ratio of Ant/(Phe+Ant), BaA/BaA+Chr), In/(In+BghiP), Flu/Pyr, FlA/FlA+Pyr), FlA/FlA+Pyr), ∑LMW/∑HMW are commonly used for determining the origin and source of PAHs in various environmental media. The diagnostic ratio indicated the anthropogenic origin. PAHs with five-to-six membered rings were dominant in the plant leaf, which likely results from anthropogenic activities. The leaves of C. lancifolius have a preponderance of high molecular weight PAHs compared to low molecular weight PAHs, indicating a combustion origin (car exhaust, petroleum emissions, and fossil fuel). C. lancifolius leaves are a reliable indication of atmospheric PAHs absorption. The background level of heavy metals in the city (or the near environment) is in the order of Fe > Cu > Ni > Cr. On the other hand, the bioaccumulation in plant leaves showed greater tendencies as follows: Co>Cd>Zn=As>Cu>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cr>Fe. Cobalt showed high bioaccumulation, indicating strong uptake of Co by plant leaves. These findings point to human activity and car emissions as the primary sources of roadside vegetation pollution in Al-Zubair city.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Firstly I thank and pray to Allah for what I have achieved so far. Secondly, I would like to gratefully acknowledge the help, support and encouragement of my supervisor, Assist. Prof. Dr. Sattar J. Al-Khafaji; I am extremely thankful for his suggestion of research project and his supervision and guidance through all aspects of this study, his ideas are estimable and their presence is indelible.

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