International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology

The International Promotion Agency of Culture Technology (국제문화기술진흥원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effects of Self-Control Behaviors on Boredom

  • Sangha Park (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University) ;
  • Yujin Kim (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University) ;
  • Hyomin Choi (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University) ;
  • Sohee Lee (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University) ;
  • Hoichang Kwon (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University) ;
  • Hyejoo Lee (Dept. of Psychology, Handong Global University)
  • Received : 2022.01.30
  • Accepted : 2023.03.14
  • Published : 2023.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there was a difference in the degree of boredom between groups according to whether they participated in the self-control program, and to verify whether the individual's degree of boredom was lowered before and after the self-control program. 148 college students participated in this study. The results showed that the experimental group who participated in the self-control program had significantly lower boredom than the control group. Furthermore, the boredom of individuals who participated in the self-control program was significantly lower after participating in the self-control program than before. This study showed that self-control behaviors significantly affect boredom. Based on the results, theoretical and practical implications to cope with boredom were discussed.

Keywords

References

  1. Westgate, E. C. and Wilson, T. D., "Boring thoughts and bored minds: The MAC model of boredom and cognitive engagement," Psychological Review, Vol. 125, No. 5, pp. 689, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0 000097
  2. Bench, S. W. and Lench, H. C., "On the function of boredom," Behavioral sciences, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 459-472. 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs3030459
  3. Pekrun, R., Hall, N. C., Goetz, T. and Perry, R. P., "Boredom and academic achievement: Testing a mod el of reciprocal causation," Journal of educational Psychology, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 696, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036006
  4. Nett, U. E., Goetz, T. and Hall, N. C., "Coping with boredom in school: An experience sampling perspect ive," Contemporary educational psychology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 49-59, 2010.10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.10.003
  5. Heo, H. M. and Cho, H. I., "Latent Groups of Boredom Coping Strategies and their Relationship with Self-Regulated Learning, Self-Determination Motivation, General Boredom, Academic Achievement, and Subjective Well-Being of College of Education Students," Journal of the research institute of Korean education, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 219-244, 2019. https://doi.org/10.22327/kei.2019.37.4.219
  6. Lee, D. G. and Park, H. J., "Clusters of Coping Styles and Their Differences in Procrastination and Psychological Distress," Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 43-57, 2009. 10.21193/kjspp.2009.23.2.003
  7. Barkley, R. A., "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-regulation, and time: toward a more comprehensive theory," Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Vol. 18. No. 4, pp. 271-279. 1997.
  8. Baumeister, R. F. and Vohs, K. D., "Self-Regulation, ego depletion, and motivation," Social and personality psychology compass, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 115-128. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-90042007.00001.x
  9. Muraven, M. and Slessareva, E., "Mechanisms of self-control failure: Motivation and limited resources," Personality and social psychology bulletin, Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 894-906, 2003. https://doi.org/10.11770146167203029007008 https://doi.org/10.11770146167203029007008
  10. Duckworth, A. L. and Seligman, M. E., "Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents," Psychological science, Vol. 16, No. 12, pp. 939-944. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x
  11. Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F. and Boone, A. L., "High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success," Journal of personality, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 271-324. 2004. 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x.
  12. Eastwood, J. D., Frischen, A., Fenske, M. J. and Smilek, D., "The unengaged mind: Defining boredom in terms of attention," Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 482-495. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612456044
  13. [12] Fahlman, S. A., Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Flora, D. B. and Eastwood, J. D., "Development and validation of the multidimensional state boredom scale," Assessment, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 68-85. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111421303
  14. Farmer, R. and Sundberg, N. D., "Boredom proneness--the development and correlates of a new scale," Journal of personality assessment, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 4-17.1986. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_2
  15. Fahlman, S. A., Mercer, K. B., Gaskovski, P., Eastwood, A. E. and Eastwood, J. D., "Does a lack of life meaning cause boredom? Results from psychometric, longitudinal, and experimental analyses," Journal of social and clinical psychology, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 307. 2009. 10.1521/jscp.2009.28.3.307
  16. Kass, S. J., Vodanovich, S. J., Stanny, C. J. and Taylor, T. M., "Watching the clock: Boredom and vigilance performance," Perceptual and motor skills, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 969-976. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1177/003151250109203c01
  17. Lehr, E. and Todman, M., "Boredom and boredom proneness in children: Implications for academic and social adjustment," Self-regulation and social competence: Psychological studies in identity, achievement and work-family dynamics, Vol. 1, No. 18. 2009
  18. Chin, A., Markey, A., Bhargava, S., Kassam, K. S. and Loewenstein, G., "Bored in the USA: Experience sampling and boredom in everyday life," Emotion, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 359, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000232
  19. Conroy, R. M., Golden, J., Jeffares, I., O'Neill, D. and McGee, H., "Boredom-proneness., loneliness, social engagement and depression and their association with cognitive function in older people: a population study," Psychology, health & medicine, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 463-473, July 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2010.487103
  20. Elpidorou, A., "The bright side of boredom," Frontiers in psychology, Vol. 5, Article. 1245, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01245
  21. Killgore, W. D., Cloonan, S. A., Taylor, E. C. and Dailey, N. S., "Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19," Psychiatry research, Vol. 290, Article. 113117, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113117
  22. Zeidner, M., Boekaerts, M. and Pintrich, P. R., "Self-regulation: Directions and challenges for future research," Academic Press, pp. 749-768. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50052-4
  23. Arneklev, B. J., Grasmick, H. G., Tittle, C. R. and Bursik, R. J., "Low self-control and imprudent behavior," Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 225-247. September 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01064461
  24. Muraven, M. and Baumeister, R. F., "Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?," Psychological bulletin, Vol. 126, No. 2, pp. 247. 2000 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247
  25. Bandura, A., "Social cognitive theory of self-regulation," Organizational behavior and human decision processes, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 248-287. 1991. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L
  26. Kopp, C. B., "Antecedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective," Developmental psychology, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 199. 1982. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199
  27. Baumeister, R. F. and Exline, J. J., "Self-control, morality, and human strength," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 29. 2000.
  28. Will Crescioni, A., Ehrlinger, J., Alquist, J. L., Conlon, K. E., Baumeister, R. F., Schatschneider, C., and Dutton, G. R., "High trait self-control predicts positive health behaviors and success in weight loss," Journal of health psychology, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 750-759. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105310390247
  29. Normandeau, S. and Guay, F., "Preschool behavior and first-grade school achievement: The mediational role of cognitive self-control," Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 111. 1998. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.90.1.111
  30. Jeon, J. H., "A study on the performance of Olympic gold medalists using their routines," Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, Vol. 18, No. 17, pp. 857-877. 2018. https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2018.18.17.857
  31. Kim, B. H., "The Development on Pre-Shooting Routine Program of Archery Players in Competitions," Korean Society of Sport Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 119-143. 2007. I410-ECN-0102-2008-690-002597406
  32. Isacescu, J. and Danckert, J., "Exploring the relationship between boredom proneness and self-control in traumatic brain injury (TBI)," Experimental brain research, Vol. 236, No. 9, pp. 2493-2505. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-016-4674-9
  33. Isacescu, J., Struk, A. A., and Danckert, J., "Cognitive and affective predictors of boredom proneness," Cognition and emotion, Vol. 31, No. 8, pp. 1741-1748. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1259995
  34. Struk, A. A., Scholer, A. A. and Danckert, J., "A self-regulatory approach to understanding boredom proneness," Cognition and Emotion, Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 1388-1401. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1064363
  35. Sulea, C., Van Beek, I., Sarbescu, P., Virga, D. and Schaufeli, W. B., "Engagement, boredom, and burnout among students: Basic need satisfaction matters more than personality traits," Learning and Individual Differences, Vol. 42, pp. 132-138. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.018
  36. Boylan, J., Seli, P., Scholer, A. A. and Danckert, J., "Boredom in the COVID-19 pandemic: Trait boredom proneness, the desire to act, and rule-breaking," Personality and individual differences, Vol. 171, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110387
  37. Rey-Ares, L., Fernandez-Lopez, S., Castro-Gonzalez, S. and Rodeiro-Pazos, D., "Does self-control constitute a driver of millennials' financial behaviors and attitudes?," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Vol. 93, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2021.101702
  38. Kierkegaard and Soren, Either /Or: A Fragment of Life, Penguin Classics, 1992.
  39. McDonald, W., "Essays on boredom and modernity," Brill, Vol 31, pp. 61-84,
  40. Drody, A. C., Hicks, L. J. and Danckert, J., "Boredom proneness and rule-breaking: A persistent relation one year into the COVID-19 pandemic," Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 8, pp. 251, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12080251
  41. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A. and Wager, T. D., "The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis," Cognitive psychology, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 49-100, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
  42. Bae, K. M., "A Study on the Relationship between Personality Characteristics, Abnormality Tendency, and Drinking Behavior," Korea University Graduate School Master's Degree thesis, 2003.
  43. Hong, H. K., Kim, H. S., Kim, J. H. and Kim, J. H., "Validity and Reliability Validation of the Korean Version of the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS)," Korean Journal of Psychology: General, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 1193-1210, 2012.
  44. Lally, P., Van Jaarsveld, C. H., Potts, H. W. and Wardle, J., "How are habits formed: Modeling habit formation in the real world," European journal of social psychology, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 998-1009, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674
  45. M. Maltz, Psycho-Cybernetics, Prentice Hall Press, 1960.
  46. Sommers, J. and Vodanovich, S. J., "Boredom proneness: Its relationship to psychological-and physical-health symptoms," Journal of clinical psychology, Vol. 56, No.1, pp. 149-155, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200001)56:1<149:AID-JCLP14>3.0.CO;2-Y
  47. Anshel, M. H., "A survey of elite athletes on the perceived causes of using banned drugs in sport," Journal of Sport Behavior, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 283, December 1991.
  48. Giambra, L. M., Camp, C. J. and Grodsky, A., "Curiosity and stimulation seeking across the adult life span: Cross-sectional and 6- to 8-year longitudinal findings," Psychology and Aging, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 150-157, March 1992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.7.1.150
  49. Fisherl, C. D., "Boredom at work: A neglected concept," Human relations, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 395-417. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679304600305
  50. Hamilton, J. A., "Attention, personality, and the self-regulation of mood: Absorbing interest and boredom," Progress in Experimental Personality Research, Vol. 10, pp. 281-315, 1981.
  51. Akers, R. L. and Sellers, C. S., Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application (4th ed.), Los Angeles: Roxbury, 2004.
  52. Maddi, S. R., The search for meaning. In W. J. Arnold & M. M. Page (Eds.), The Nebraska symposium on motivation, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 134-183, 1970.
  53. Frankl, V. E., Man's search for meaning: an introduction to logotherapy, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984.
  54. Stavrova, O., Pronk, T. and Kokkoris, M. D., "Finding meaning in self-control: The effect of self-control on the perception of meaning in life," Self and Identity, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 201-218. 2017. 10.1080/15298868.2018.1558107
  55. Lee, S., Park, S., Choi, H., Kim, Y. and Lee, H., "The Effect of Religious Activities on Boredom through the Meaning in Life: Focusing on Protestantism," International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 111-119, 2022. https://doi.org/10.17703/IJACT.2022.10.3.111