Journal of Industrial Convergence (산업융합연구)

DAEHAN Society of Industrial Management (대한산업경영학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on Team Collaboration Affecting Team Performance: Mediating Effect of Team Shared Cognition, Team Transactive Memory, Team Knowledge Integration, and Team Efficacy with Focus on Consulting Projects

팀성과에 영향을 미치는 팀협업에 관한 연구: 컨설팅 프로젝트를 중심으로 팀공유인지, 팀정보교류, 팀지식통합, 팀효능감의 매개효과

  • Chae-Sang Shin (Dept. of Consulting, Withusconfirm Co., Ltd. ) ;
  • Jung-Wan Hong (Dept. of Industrial & Management Engineering, Hansung University)
  • 신채상 (위더스컨펌주식회사, 컨설팅학) ;
  • 홍정완 (한성대학교 산업경영공학과 )
  • Received : 2022.09.01
  • Accepted : 2023.01.20
  • Published : 2023.01.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study is a study on the different cognitive systems and different knowledge systems of members participating in complex and diverse consulting projects, and it is a study on team collaboration that affects the team performance of the project. The purpose of this study is to analyze the mediating effects of team shared cognition, team transactive memory, team knowledge integration, and team efficacy in the cognitive interaction process of a consulting project. This study established a research model and research hypothesis based on previous studies. Data were collected from consultants who actually participated in the consulting project. To empirically analyze the research hypothesis, demographic analysis, validity and reliability analysis, structural model analysis for hypothesis verification, and mediating effect analysis using phantom variables were performed. As a result of the study, in order to increase team performance, it is necessary to improve team shared cognition and team transactive memory, which are cognitive systems, and team knowledge integration, which is a knowledge system, must also be improved. Therefore, there is a need for a sense of team efficacy that integrates disparate cognitive and knowledge systems, trusts each other's expertise, and enables successful team work. In addition, future studies on sub-factors of cognitive processes are needed.

본 연구는 복잡하고 다양한 컨설팅 프로젝트에 참여하는 구성원들의 서로 다른 인식체계와 서로 다른 지식체계에 대한 프로젝트의 팀성과에 영향을 미치는 팀협업의 연구다. 본 연구의 목적은 컨설팅 프로젝트의 인지적 상호작용 과정에서 팀공유인지, 팀정보교류, 팀지식통합, 팀효능감의 매개효과를 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구는 선행 연구를 바탕으로 연구모형과 연구가설을 수립하였다. 컨설팅 프로젝트에 참여한 컨설턴트를 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 연구가설에 대한 실증적 분석을 위해 인구통계학적 분석, 타당도 및 신뢰성 분석, 가설검정을 위한 구조모형 분석, 팬텀 변수를 이용한 매개효과 분석을 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 팀성과를 높이기 위해서는 인식체계인 팀공유인지 및 팀정보교류의 개선이 필요하며, 지식체계인 팀지식 통합이 함께 향상되어야 한다. 따라서 서로 다른 인지 및 지식체계를 통합하고, 서로의 전문성을 신뢰하며, 성공적으로 팀 작업을 수행할 수 있는 팀효능감이 필요하다. 그리고 향후 인지 과정의 하위요인에 관한 연구가 필요하다고 본다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The research was financially supported by Hansung University.

References

  1. W. Y. Kim. (2018). A Study on the Effect of Task Conflict and Relationship Conflict on Project Performance in Consulting Project. Ph. D. Dissertation, Hanyang University, Seoul. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T14698576 
  2. J. J. Song. (2013). The effect of team collaboration and transactive memory system on team performance; focused on moderate effect of maturity. Ph. D. Dissertation, Gachon University, gyeonggi-do. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13110066 
  3. M. Kubr. (2002). Management consulting: A guide to the profession. Geneva: International Labour Office, 4th ed. https://books.google.co.kr/books?M.+Kubr.+(2002).+Management+consulting 
  4. W. H. Yeo, W. K. Lim. (2016). The Effect of the Competence of Management consultants and Completion Degree of Consulting on the Management performance. Journal of Digital Convergence, 14(6), 93-107. DOI : 10.14400/JDC.2016.14.6.93 
  5. H. K. Kwon, J. H. Lee & J. Y. Jung. (2016). An ExploratoryStudy on the Critical Success Factor (CSF) of Internal ConsultingProject Execution. Entrue Journal of Information Technology, 15(2), 65-84. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A102555250  102555250
  6. S. H. Appelbaum & A. J. Steed. (2005). The critical success factors in the client-consulting relationship. Journal of management development. 24(1), 68-93. DOI : 10.1108/02621710510572362 
  7. Y. S. Bae. (2013). An Empirical Study of the Effects of Consultant Competency on the Performance of Management Consulting; Focusing on the Moderating Effects of the Characteristics of Consulting Firm and Client Firm. Ph. D. Dissertation, Dankook University, gyeonggi-do. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13242383 
  8. S. H. Yoon & J. J. Lee. (2018). A Study on the Factors for Innovative Business Consulting; Focusing on the Characteristics of Consultants and Clients. The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences, 43 (10), 1751-1762.  https://doi.org/10.7840/kics.2018.43.10.1751
  9. S. B. Lee, C. G. Lee & C. S. Seo. (2020). A Study on the Impact of Consulting Characteristics of SMVBs on Management Performance: Mediating Effect of Consulting Performance. The Journal of Korean Business Education Review, 35(1), 67-92. DOI : 10.23839/kabe.2020.35.1.67 
  10. L. A. Vidal, & F. Marle & J. C. Bocquet. (2011). Measuring project complexity using the analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of Project Management, 29(6), 718-727. DOI : 10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.07.005 
  11. D. H. Kim & T. S. Moon. (2021). An exploratory study on collaboration ability, feedback, and project performance of new ICT projects. KMIS International Conference, 482-485. https://www.earticle.net/Article/A395433. 
  12. J. T. Meng. (2018). Study on Relationship Among Team Autonomy, Transactive Memory System, Performance Measurement System and Team Performances, Organizational Performances. Ph. D. Dissertation, Gachon University, gyeonggi-do. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T15079811 
  13. K. W. Park & H. J. Ban. (2012). Performance Management, Use of Performance Measurement Systems, Organizational Learning and Organizational Performance. Journal of Global Business Administration International Business Education Research, 9(4), 150-152. DOI : 10.17092/jibr.2012.9.4.135 
  14. R. T. Keller. (1997). Job involvement and organizational commitment as longitudinal predictors of job performance: A study of scientists and engineers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(4), 539-545. DOI : 10.1037/0021-9010.82.4.539 
  15. M. Tushman. (1977). Communication across organizational boundaries: Special boundary roles in the innovation process. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 587-605. DOI : 10.2307/2392402 
  16. M. Tushman & R. Katz. (1980). External communication and project performance: An investigation into the role of gatekeepers. Management Science, 26, 1071-1085. DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.26.11.1071 
  17. J. C. Henderson & S. Lee. (1992). Managing I/S Design Teams: A Control Theories Perspective. Management Science, 38, 757-777. DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.38.6.757 
  18. J, W. Han & M. J. Kim. (2016). The Relationship of Shared Mental Model, Transactive Memory System, Team Efficacy and Team Performance. The Korean Research Association For The Business Education, 30(5), 47-80. DOI : 10.34274/krabe.2016.30.5.003 
  19. Dillenbourg, P. (1999). What do You Mean by 'Collaborative Learning'? In P. Dillenbourg(Ed.). Collaborative-learning: Cognitive and Computational Approaches, Oxford: Elsevier, 1-19. 
  20. J. J. Song & M. J. Kim. (2013). The Effect of Team Collaboration and Transactive Memory System on Team Performance : Focused on Moderate Effect of Maturity. Commercial Education Research, 27(3), 45-72. https://www.earticle.net/Article/A201752. 
  21. J. M. Boo. (2016). Study of Cooperation Success Factors in Consulting Industry. The Korean Institute of Plant Engineering, 21(2), 125-134. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A102001990  102001990
  22. W. B. Rouse & N. M. Morris. (1986). On looking into the black box: Prospects and limits in the search for mental models. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 349-363. DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.349 
  23. P. N. Johnson-Laird. (1983). Mental models of competition. In C. Eden, & C. J. Spencer, Managerial and organizational cognition: Theory, methods and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 130-146. 
  24. J. R. Wilson & A. Rutherford. (1989). Mental models: Theory and application in human factors. Human Factors, 31(6), 617-634. DOI : 10.1177/001872088903100601 
  25. S. T Fiske & S. E Taylor. (1991). Social Cognition. McGraw-Hill, San Francisco, CA. 
  26. E. Salas & S. M. Fiore. (2002). Team Cognition: Process and Performance at the Inter-and Intra-Individual Level. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 46(3), 397-397. DOI : 10.1177/154193120204600338 
  27. L. A. DeChurch & J. R. Mesmer-Magnus. (2010a). The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 32-53. DOI : 10.1037/a0017328 
  28. L. A. DeChurch & J. R. Mesmer-Magnus. (2010b). Measuring team shared mental models: a meta-analysis. The cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: a meta-analysis. Group Dynamic: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14(1), 1-14. DOI : 10.1037/a0017455 
  29. R. Klimoski & S. Mohammed. (1994). Team Mental Model: Construct or Metaphor?. Journal of Management, 20(2), 403-437. DOI : 10.1016/0149-2063(94)90021-3 
  30. S. Mohammed, L. Ferzandi & K. Hamilton. (2010). Metaphor on more: a 15-year review of the team mental model construct. Journal of Management, 36(4), 876-910. DOI : 10.1177/0149206309356804 
  31. J. E Mathieu, G. F. Goodwin, T. S. Heffner, E. Salas & J. A. Cannon-Bowers. (2000). The Influence of Shared Mental Models on Team Process and Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (2), 273-283. DOI : 10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.273 
  32. D. M. Wegner, R. Erber & P. Raymond. (1991). Transactive Memory in Close Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(6), 923-929. DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.61.6.923 
  33. K. Lewis. (2003). Measuring Transactive Memory Systems in the Field: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 587-604. DOI : 10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.587 
  34. R. L. Moreland. (1999). Transactive memory: Learning who knows what in work groups and organizations. In Shared cognition in organizations, 3-32. Psychology Press. 
  35. H. J. Park, N. J. Kim, S. W. Kang & S. J. Kim. (2020). Two Mechanisms for Knowledge Integration between Incompatible Knowledge Structures: Theorization and Translation Processes Evidenced through Business Education for Corporate Executives. Korean Journal of Management, 28(3), 1-31. DOI : 10.26856/kjom.2020.28.3.1 
  36. S. R. Barley. (1989). Careers, identities, and institutions: The legacy of the Chicago School of Sociology. In M. B. Arthur, D. T. Hall, & B. S. Lawrence (Eds.), Handbook of career theory: 41-65. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511625459.005 
  37. P. L. Berger & T. Luckmann. (1966). The social construction of reality. A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. New York, NY: Double and Company. DOI : 10.4324/9781315775357 
  38. R. Freeth, E. A. Clarke & D. Fam. (2019). Engaging creatively with tension in collaborative research. In Independent Thinking in an Uncertain World, 262-283. Routledge. DOI : 10.4324/9780429426407 
  39. W. H. Sewell Jr. (1992). A theory of structure: Duality, agency, and transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 98(1), 1-29. DOI : 10.1086/229967 
  40. P. Tracey, E. Dalpiaz & N. Phillips. (2018). Fish out of water: Translation, legitimation, and new venture creation. Academy of Management Journal, 61(5), 1627-1666. DOI : 10.5465/amj.2015.0264 
  41. L. P. Robert, A. R. Dennis & M. K. Ahuja. (2008). Social Capital and Knowledge Integration in Digitally Enabled Team. Information Systems Research, 19(3), 314-334. DOI : 10.1287/isre.1080.0177 
  42. A. R. Dennis. (1996). Information Exchange and Use in Group Decision Making: You Can Lead a Group to Information, but You Can't Make It Think. MIS Quarterly, 17(4), 433-457. DOI : 10.2307/249563 
  43. T. H. Reus & Y. Liu. (2004), Rhyme and Reason: Emotional Capability and the Performance of Knowledge-Intensive Work Groups. Human Performance, 17(2), 245-266. DOI : 10.1207/s15327043hup1702_6 
  44. T. C. Lin, J. S. C. Hsu, K. T. Cheng & S. Wu. (2012). Understanding the Role of Behavioural Integration in ISD Teams: An Extension of Transactive Memory Systems Concept. Information Systems Journal, 22(3), 211-234. DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2575.2011.00383.x 
  45. G. Okhuysen & K. Eisenhardt. (2002). Integrating Knowledge in Groups: How Formal Interventions enable Flexibility. Organization Science, 13(4), 370-386. DOI : 10.1287/orsc.13.4.370.2947 
  46. H. W. Chesbrough. (2006). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press. (책) 
  47. C. S. Wagner & Graber. (2018). The collaborative era in science: Governing the network. Springer. London: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-94986-4 
  48. C. Kappel. (2019). Collaboration: From groan zone to growth zone. Integration and Implementation Insights. https://i2insig hts.org/2019/05/28/collaboration-groanzone/. 
  49. E. Leahey, C. M. Beckman & T. L. Stanko. (2017). Prominent but less productive: The impact of interdisciplinarity on scientists' research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 62(1), 105-139. DOI : 10.1177/0001839216665364 
  50. Y. H. Kim. (2020). The Effects of Shared Mental Model and Efficacy on Innovative Behavior. Ph. D. Dissertation, Gachon University, gyeonggi-do. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T15676232 
  51. A. Bandura. (2000). Exercise of human agency through collective efficacy. Current directions in Psychological Science, 9(3), 75-78. DOI : 10.1111/1467-8721.00064 
  52. D. Chan. (1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 234-246. DOI : buy/1998-01190-008  1998-01190-008
  53. D. S. Kim. (2015). The Effects of Team Learning Behavior and Shared Mental Model on Team Performance; Focused on the moderating effectof team efficacy. Ph. D. Dissertation, Gachon University, gyeonggi-do. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13741825 
  54. C. B. Gibson, A. E. Randel & A. E. Earley. (2000). Understanding group-efficacy: An empirical test of multiple assessment methods. Group & Organization Management, 25(1), 67-97. DOI : 10.1177/1059601100251005 
  55. C. B. Gibson. (1999). Do They Do what They Believe They Can? Group Efficacy and Group Effectiveness across Tasks and Cultures. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 138-152. DOI : 10.5465/257089 
  56. N. Sivasubramaniam, W. D. Murry, B. J. & D. I. Jung. (2002). A Longitudinal Model of the Effects of Team Leadership and Group Potency on Group Performance. Group and Organization Management, 27(1), 66-96. DOI : 10.1177/1059601102027001005 
  57. S. M. Gully, K. A. Incalcaterra, A. Joshi & J. M. Beaubien. (2002). A meta-analysis of team-efficacy, potency, and performance: interdependence and level of analysis as moderators of observed relationships. Journal of applied psychology, 87(5), 819-832. DOI : 10.1037/0021-9010.87.5.819 
  58. G. Chen & P. D. Bliese. (2002). The role of different levels of leadership in predicting self- and collective efficacy: Evidence for discontinuity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 549-556. DOI : 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.549 
  59. M. A. West & J. L. Farr. (1990). Innovation at work: Psychological perspectives. Social behaviour. 4(1), 15-30. DOI : record/1989-31447-001  1989-31447-001
  60. S. J. Zaccaro, A. L Rittman & M. A. Marks. (2001). Team Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(4), 451-483. DOI : 10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00093-5 
  61. S. Mohammed & B. C. Dumville. (2001). Team Mental Models in a Team Knowledge Framework: Expanding Theory and Measurement across Disciplinary Boundaries. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(2), 89-106. DOI : 10.1002/job.86 
  62. M. A. Marks, M. J. Sabella, C. S. Burke & S. J. Zaccaro. (2002). The impact of cross-training on team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 3-13. DOI : 10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.3 
  63. J. E. Mathieu, T. S. Heffner, G. F. Goodwin, J. A. Cannon-Bower & E, Salas. (2005). Scaling the quality of teammates' mental models: equifinality and normative comparisons. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 37-56. DOI : 10.1002/job.296 
  64. H. R. Kang, S. Y. Park & J. W. Lee. (2003). The Influence of Cognitive and Demographic on Team Effectiveness. Korean Academy Of Management, 51-75. http://www.kam.or.kr/ 
  65. O. S. Park, W. W. Park, H. W. Choi & H. S. Yang. (2003). A Study on Influence Factors and Results of Shared Mental Model Formation within Teams. Korean Academy Of Management, 23-50. http://www.kam.or.kr/ 
  66. M. J. Kim & J. K. Yoon. (2009). A Study on the Effects of Team Diversity and Interaction of Team Shared Mental Model on Team Effectiveness. Korean Academy Of Management, 2(8), 857-881. http://www.kam.or.kr/ 
  67. Y. Liu, X. Zhou, S. Liao, J. Liao & Z. Guo. (2019). The Influence of Transactive Memory System on Individual Career Resilience: The Role of Taking Charge and Self-Promotion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3390. DOI : 10.3390/ijerph16183390 
  68. Z. Zhang, P. S. Hempel, Y. L. Han & D. Tjosvold. (2007). Transactive memory system links work team characteristics and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1722-1730. DOI : 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1722 
  69. Y. Yoo & P. Kanawattanachai. (2001). Development of transactive memory systems and collective mind in virtual teams. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 9(2), 187-208. DOI : 10.1108/eb028933 
  70. N. Michinov & E. Michinov. (2009). Investigating the relationship between transactive memory and performance in collaborative learning. Learning and Instruction, 19(1), 43-54. DOI : 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2008.01.003 
  71. D. Rau. (2001). Knowing Who Knows What: The Effect of Transactive Memory on the Relationship between Diversity of Expertise and Performance in Top Management Teams. Unpublished Ph. O., University of Minnesota, United States, Minnesota. https://www.proquest.com/docview/304703040? 
  72. J. H. Choi. (2015). The Effectof Team Learning Behavior and Transactive Memory System on Team Performance: Focused on Team Cohesiveness. Ph. D. Dissertation, Gachon University, gyeonggi-do. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13741824 
  73. J. S. Prichard, & M. J Ashleigh. (2007). The effects of team-skills training on transactive memory and performance. Small Group Research, 38(6), 696-726. DOI : 10.1177/1046496407304923 
  74. P. J. Hinds & S. Kiesler. (2002). The Phenomenology of Conflict in Distributed Work Teams, in Distributed work, 213-233. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6287784 
  75. S. J. Zaccaro, V. Blair, C. Peterson & M Zazanis. (1995). Collective efficacy. In Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment, 305-328. Springer, Boston, MA. DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4419-6868-5_11 
  76. D. M. Wegner. (1987). Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind. In B. Mullen and G. R. Goethals(Eds.), Theories of Group Behavior, Springer-Verlag, New York, 185-208. DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_9 
  77. B. Liu & Z. Zang. (2010). The mediating effects of team efficacy on the relationship between a transactive memory system and team performance. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 38(7), 865-869. DOI : 10.2224/sbp.2010.38.7.865 
  78. L. K. Lewis. (2006). Employee Perspectives on Implementation Communication as Predictors of Perceptions of Success and Resistance. Western Journal of Communication, 70(1), 23-46. DOI : 10.1080/10570310500506631 
  79. W. K. Oh. (2017). The Mediating Role of TMS in the Relationship between Team Characteristic and Team Efficacy. Korean management Review, 46(1), 213-233. DOI : 10.17287/kmr.2017.46.1.213 
  80. D. H. Kim, S. B. Kang & T. S. Moon. (2015). The Impact of Transactive Memory Systems and Expertise Integration on Project Team Performance : Focused on Information System Development. The Journal of Internet Electronic Commerce Resarch, 15(4), 205-222. UCI : G704-001762.2015.15.4.012. 
  81. H. Y. Kim, J. H. Lee. (2014). The Influence of On-line Social Networking on Performance of Members in Information System Development Projects. Information Systems Review, 16(4), 17-35. https://www.earticle.net/Article/A217565  https://doi.org/10.14329/isr.2014.16.1.017
  82. K. S. Shin, A. Y. Suh. (2010). Transactive Memory System of a Virtual Team : Theoretical Exploration and Empirical Examination. The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies, 15(2), 137-166. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A82336598 
  83. S. Y. Choi, H. S. Lee & Y. J. Yoo. (2010). The Impact of Information Technology and Transactive Memory Systems on Knowledge Sharing, Application, and Team Performance: A Field Study. MIS Quarterly, 34(3), 855-870. DOI : 10.2307/25750708 
  84. J. S. C. Hsu, S. P. Shih, J. C. Chiang & j. Y. C. Liu. (2012). The Impact of Transactive Memory Systems on IS Development Teams' Coordination, Communication, and Performance. International Journal of Project Management, 30(3), 329-340. DOI : 10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.08.003 
  85. D. H. Walker, P. R. Davis & A. Stevenson. (2017). Coping with uncertainty and ambiguity through team collaboration in infrastructure projects. International Journal of Project Management, 35(2), 180-190. DOI : 10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.11.001 
  86. R. M. Grant. (1996a). Toward a Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 109-122. DOI : 10.1002/smj.4250171110 
  87. R. M. Grant. (1996b). Prospering in Dynamically competitive Environment: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration. Organization Science, 7(4), 375-387. DOI : 10.1287/orsc.7.4.375 
  88. P. M. Senge. (1990). The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday/ Currency. https://www.pdfdrive.com/the-fifth-disciplined49557127.html 
  89. C. W. Lee & M. H. Ahn.(2011). The Middle Manager's Leading by Example and Subordinate's Job Satisfaction and Job Performance in Seoul Metropolitan Government. Seoul Studies, 12(2), 189-215. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A99759709  https://doi.org/10.23129/SEOULS.12.2.201106.189
  90. S, H. Jeong. (2003). Relationship between Knoledge Management Process and Organizational Effectiveness in Clinical Nurses. Journal of Korea Academy of Nursing Administration, 9(3), 415-427. http://www.kanad.or.kr/ 
  91. J. W. Hong & W. J. Suh. (2014). Antecedents of Employees' Knowledge Integration Capability and Its Effects on Knowledge Creation: Focused on Convergence-Oriented Organizations. Knowledge Management Research, 15(4), 105-126. DOI : 10.15813/kmr.2014.15.4.006 
  92. A. Tiwana & E. R. McLean. (2005). Expertise Integration and Creativity in Information Systems Development. Journal of Management Information Systems, 22(1), 13-43. DOI : 10.1080/07421222.2003.11045836 
  93. Y. S. Kim. (2021). A study on the factors affecting the continuous use intention for smart factories of small and medium-sized manufacturing companies-Focus on the Post Acceptance Model (PAM). Ph. D. Dissertation, Hansung University, Seoul. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T15777845 
  94. J. P. Woo. (2016). Structural equation model concept and understanding. Seoul, Hannarae publishing co. 
  95. J. J. Song. (2016). SPSS AMOS Statistical Analysis Method (necessary for writing a thesis). Gyeonggi-do, History of the 21st Century. 
  96. K. K. Shin. (2016). Amos 20 Statistical Analysis Focusing on writing master's and doctoral degrees and academic thesis. Seoul, Book Publishing House Cheongram. 
  97. Y. K. Hong. (2019). The Study on the major variables for Revisit improvement in VR Theme Park : Focusing on the Exogenous Variables of Presence, Physical Environment and Human Service, and Mediated Effect of Delight. Ph. D. Dissertation, Hansung University, Seoul. http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T15518209 
  98. R. M. Baron & D. A. Kenny. (1986). The moderator-. mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 
  99. C. H. Choi. (2018). Complete SPSS . AMOS at once for writing a thesis. Seoul, POD Company. 
  100. B. R. Bae. (2014). AMOS 21 Structural Equation Modeling Principles and Practices. Seoul, Book Publishing House Cheongram. 
  101. M. E. Sobel. (1982). Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312. DOI : 10.2307/270723 
  102. K. J. Preacher & A. F. Hayes. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers, 36(4), 717-731. DOI : 10.3758/BF03206553