DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A comparative study on rapid seismic risk prioritization for reinforced concrete buildings in Antalya, Türkiye

  • Engin Kepenek (Department of City and Regional Planning, College of Architecture, Akdeniz University) ;
  • Kasim A. Korkmaz (College of Engineering and Technology, Eastern Michigan University) ;
  • Ziya Gencel (Department of City and Regional Planning, College of Architecture, Akdeniz University)
  • 투고 : 2022.04.04
  • 심사 : 2022.11.29
  • 발행 : 2023.03.25

초록

Antalya is located south part of minor Asia, one of the biggest cities in Türkiye. As a result of population growth and vast migration to Antalya, many parts of the city that were not suitable for construction due to its geological conditions have become urban areas, and most of these urban areas are full of poorly engineered buildings. Poor engineering has been combined with unplanned urbanization, that causes utter vulnerability to disasters in Antalya. When an earthquake-prone city, Antalya faces with an earthquake risk, fear arises in society. To overcome this problem, it has become necessary to investigate the building stock, expressed in hundreds of thousands, in a fast and reliable way and then perform an urban transformation to create the perception of structural safety. However, the excessive building stock, labor, and economic problems made the implementation stage challenging and revealed the necessity of finding alternative solutions in the field. The present study presents a novel approach for assessment and model based on a rapid visual inspection method to transform areas under earthquake risk in Türkiye. The approach aimed to rank the interventions for decision-making mechanisms by making comparisons in the scale hierarchy. In the present study, to investigate the proposed approach, over 26,000 buildings were examined in Antalya, which is the fifth largest city in Türkiye that has a population of over 2.5 Million. In the results of the study, the risk classification was defined in the framework of building, block, street, neighborhood, and district scales.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Acar, M.H., Budak, G. and Kilci, R.E. (2005), "Investigation of the structural problems of Antalya", Conference of Civil Engineering Problems of Antalya, Antalya, Turkiye, September.
  2. Anagnostopoulos, S.A. and Spiliopoulos, K.V. (1992), "An investigation of earthquake-induced pounding between adjacent buildings", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 21(4), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290210402.
  3. Ansal, A., Akinci, A., Cultrera, G., Erdik, M., Pessina, V., Tonuk, G. and Ameri, G. (2009), "Loss estimation in Istanbul based on deterministic earthquake scenarios of the Marmara Sea region (Turkiye)", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 29(4), 699-709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.07.006.
  4. Bal, I.E., Crowley, H., Pinho, R. and Gulay, F.G. (2007), "Structural characteristics of Turkish RC building stock in Northern Marmara region for loss assessment applications", Research Report No. ROSE-2007/03, European School for Advanced Studies in Reduction of Seismic Risk.
  5. Bal, I.E., Crowley, H., Pinho, R. and Gulay, F.G. (2008), "Detailed assessment of structural characteristics of Turkish RC building stock for loss assessment models", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 28(10-11), 914-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.10.005.
  6. Boduroglu, H., Ozdemir, P., Ilki, A., Sirin, S., Demir, C. and Baysan, F. (2004), "Towards a modified rapid screening method for existing medium-rise R/C buildings in Turkiye", Proceedings of 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, August.
  7. Crowley, H., Bommer, J., Pinho, R. and Bird, J.F. (2005), "The impact of epistemic uncertainty on an earthquake loss model", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 34, 1653-1685. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.498.
  8. Duran, B., Tunaboyu, O. and Avsar, O. (2020), "Structural failure evaluation of a substandard RC building due to basement story short-column damage", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 34(4), 04020053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001455.
  9. Dabbeek, J. and Silva, V. (2020), "Modeling the residential building stock in the Middle East for multi-hazard risk assessment", Nat. Hazard., 100, 781-810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03842-7.
  10. Danumah, J.H., Odai, S.N., Saley, B.M., Szarzynski, J., Thiel, M., Kwaku, A., Kouame, F.K. and Akpa, L.Y. (2016), "Flood risk assessment and mapping in Abidjan district using multi-criteria analysis (AHP) model and geoinformation techniques", Geoenviron. Disaster., 3, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-016-0044-y.
  11. Demartinos, K. and Stephanos E.D. (2006), "First-level pre-earthquake assessment of buildings using fuzzy logic", Earthq. Spectra, 22(4), 865-885. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2358176.
  12. Dipova, N. and Cangir, B. (2011), "Investigation of seismicity of Antalya city metropolitan area", J. Geol. Eng., 35(2), 93-114.
  13. Doisek, M. and Fajfar, P. (2001), "Soft story effects in uniformly infilled reinforced concrete frames", J. Earthq. Eng., 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460109350383
  14. FEMA (2003), Developing the Mitigation Plan - Identifying Mitigation Actions and Implementation Strategies, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., USA.
  15. Gulkan, P. and Sozen, M.A., (1999),. "Procedure for determining seismic vulnerability of building structures", ACI Struct. J., 96(3), 336-342. https://doi.org/10.14359/666.
  16. Gulkan, P. (2013), "A dispassionate view of seismic-hazard assessment", Seismol. Res. Lett., 84(3). 413-416. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130005.
  17. Gunes, O. (2015), "Turkiye's grand challenge: Disaster-proof building inventory within 20 years", Case Stud. Constr. Mater., 2, 18-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2014.12.003.
  18. Grant, D.N., Bommer, J.J., Pinho, R., Calvi, G.M., Goretti, A. and Meroni, F. (2007), "A prioritization scheme for seismic intervention in school buildings in Italy", Earthq. Spectra, 23(2), 291-314. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2722784.
  19. Habib, M.Z., Alam, M.A., Barua, S. and Islam, M.M. (2016), "Effect of plan irregularity on RC buildings due to BNBC-2006 earthquake load", Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 7(1), 761-765.
  20. Hassan, A.F. and Sozen, M.A. (1997), "Seismic vulnerability assessment of low-rise buildings in regions with infrequent earthquakes", ACI Struct. J., 94(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.14359/458.
  21. Hosgoren, M.Y. (2000), "Istanbul and earthquake", Turkish Geogr. J., 35, 1-24.
  22. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (2003), Istanbul Earthquake Master Plan Report, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Istanbul, Turkiye.
  23. Institute for Research in Construction National Research Council Canada (1992), Manual for Screening of Buildings for Seismic Investigation, Institute for Research in Construction National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
  24. JICA (2002), Seismic Mapping Study for Istanbul, Istanbul Municipality, Istanbul, Turkiye.
  25. OASP (2000), Provisions for Pre-Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment of Public Buildings (Part A), Greek Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, Athens, Greece.
  26. Ozmen, B., Nurlu, M. and Guler, H. (1997), Seismic Investigation for Seismic Regions, Governmental Organization, Ankara, Turkiye.
  27. Mansouri, B., Ashtiany, M.G., Hosseini, K.A., Nourju, R. and Mousavi, M. (2010), "Building seismic loss model for Tehran", Earthq. Spectra, 26(1), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3280377.
  28. Motamed, H., Ghafory-Ashtiany, M. and Amini-Hosseini, K. (2012), "An earthquake risk-sensitive model for spatial land-use allocation", 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, September.
  29. Nateghi, F. (2000), "Existing and proposed earthquake disaster management organization for Iran", Disaster Prev. Manag., 9(3), 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560010335130
  30. Nateghi, F. (1998), Earthquakes, Vulnerabilities and Earthquake Disaster Management, IIEES Publications, Tehran, Iran.
  31. NZSEE (2006), New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Assessment and Improvement of the Structural Performance of Buildings in Earthquakes, NZSEE Study Group on Earthquake Risk Buildings, Wellington, New Zealand.
  32. NRCC (1993), Manual for Screening Buildings for Seismic Investigation by the Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
  33. Pay, C. (2001), "A new methodology for the seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings in Turkiye", M.Sc. Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye.
  34. Papaioannou, G., Vasiliades, L. and Loukas, A. (2015), "Multi-criteria analysis framework for potential flood-prone areas mapping", Water Resour. Manag., 29(2), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0817-6.
  35. Petruzzelli, F. and Iervolino, I. (2021), "NODE: A large-scale seismic risk prioritization tool for Italy based on nominal structural performance", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 19(7), 2763-2796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01093-1
  36. Rautela, P., Joshi, G.C., Bhaisora, B., Dhyani, C., Ghildiyal, S. and Rawat, A. (2015), "Seismic vulnerability of Nainital and Mussoorie, two major lesser Himalayan tourist destinations of India", Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., 13, 400-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.08.008.
  37. Mert, N., Ahmadi, N. and Kasap, H. (2021), "Performance analysis of reinforced concrete structures with vertical irregularity", 5th International Symposium on Natural Hazards and Disaster Management, Sakarya, Turkiye, November.
  38. Nanda, R.P., Paul, N.K. and Chanu, N.M. (2019), "Seismic loss estimation tool as a rapid survey for prioritizing buildings for disaster preparedness: A case study to hospital buildings", Nat. Hazard., 95, 769-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3518-2.
  39. Sonmezer, Y.B., Akbas, S.O. and Bas, S. (2018), "Seismic risk estimation of the Kirikkale province through a survey-based rapid assessment method (SSRA)", Earthq. Struct., 14(6), 615-626. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.14.6.615.
  40. Singh, Y., Gade, P., Lang, D.H. and Erduran, E. (2012), "Seismic behavior of buildings located on slopes - An analytical study and some observations from Sikkim earthquake of 18th September 2011", 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, September.
  41. Sucuoglu, H., Yakut, A., Ozmen, A. and Kubin J. (2015), "Seismic risk prioritization and retrofit cost evaluation of code-deficient RC public buildings in Turkiye", Earthq. Spectra, 31(1), 601-614. https://doi.org/10.1193/040513EQS092T.
  42. SIA 2018 (2004), Assessment of Existing Buildings Concerning Earthquakes (in German) Technical Note 2018, Swiss Society of Civil Engineers and Architects, Zurich, Switzerland.
  43. Sinha, R. and Goyal, A. (2004), "A national policy for seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings and procedure for rapid visual screening of buildings for potential seismic vulnerability", Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
  44. Sucuoglu, H. and Yazgan, U. (2003), "Simple Survey Procedures for Seismic Risk Assessment in Urban Building Stocks", Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
  45. Taymaz, T. (2001), "Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea", Symposia on Seismotectonics of the North-Western Anatolia - Aegean And Recent Turkish Earthquakes, Istanbul, Turkiye, May.
  46. Temur, R. (2006), "Rapid investigation for structural properties", Structural Investigation on Assessment Conference, Denizli, Turkiye, December.
  47. Tezcan, S.S. and Ipek, M. (1996), "A reconnaissance report: 1995 Dinar, Turkiye, Earthquake", Eng. Struct., 18(12), 906-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(95)00219-7.
  48. Turkish Building Earthquake Code (2018), Turkish Building Earthquake Code, The Republic of Turkiye Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, Ankara, Turkiye.
  49. Turkish Design Code, (2007), Regulation on Structures to Be Made in Earthquake Zones, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, Turkiye.
  50. Yakut, A. (2004), "Preliminary seismic performance assessment procedure for existing RC buildings", Eng. Struct., 26(10), 1447-1461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.05.011.
  51. Yakut, A., Gulkan, P., Bakir, B.S. and Yilmaz, M.T. (2005), "Reexamination of damage distribution in Adapazari: Structural considerations", Eng. Struct., 27(7), 990-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.02.001.
  52. Yakut, A., Ozcebe, G. and Yucemen, M.S. (2006), "Seismic vulnerability assessment using regional empirical data", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 35(10), 1187-1202. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.572.