International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security

International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security (국제컴퓨터통신보호논문지학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Consciousness, Cognition and Neural Networks in the Brain: Advances and Perspectives in Neuroscience

  • Muhammad Saleem (Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University) ;
  • Muhammad Hamid (Department of Statistics and Computer science, University of veterinary and animal sciences)
  • Received : 2023.02.05
  • Published : 2023.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This article reviews recent advances and perspectives in neuroscience related to consciousness, cognition, and neural networks in the brain. The neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes, such as perception, attention, memory, and decision-making, are explored. The article also examines how these processes give rise to our experience of consciousness. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the brain and its functions are presented, as well as potential applications of this knowledge in fields such as medicine, psychology, and artificial intelligence. Additionally, the article explores the concept of a quantum viewpoint concerning consciousness, cognition, and creativity and how incorporating DNA as a key element could reconcile classical and quantum perspectives on human behaviour, consciousness, and cognition, as explained by genomic psychological theory. Furthermore, the article explains how the human brain processes external stimuli through the sensory nervous system and how it can be simulated using an artificial neural network (ANN) consisting of one input layer, multiple hidden layers, and an output layer. The law of learning is also discussed, explaining how ANNs work and how the modification of weight values affects the output and input values. The article concludes with a discussion of future research directions in this field, highlighting the potential for further discoveries and advancements in our understanding of the brain and its functions.

Keywords

References

  1. G. Matsumoto, "Neurocomputing-neurons as microcomputers," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 4, pp. 39-51, 1988.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-739X(88)90018-0
  2. D. Dennett and M. Kinsbourne, "Time and the Observer: the Where and When of Consciousness in the Brain," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 17, pp. 175-175, 1994.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00033914
  3. D. C. Dennett, "Darwin's dangerous idea," The Sciences, vol. 35, pp. 34-40, 1995.  https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2326-1951.1995.tb03633.x
  4. P. Guyer and A. W. Wood, "Immanuel Kant: Critique of Pure Reason," The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, 1998. 
  5. J. W. Brown, "The Physiology of Truth: Neuroscience and Human Knowledge," The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 194, pp. 145-146, 2006.  https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000198203.00631.56
  6. S. Hameroff, "The "conscious pilot"-dendritic synchrony moves through the brain to mediate consciousness," Journal of biological physics, vol. 36, pp. 71-93, 2010.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10867-009-9148-x
  7. D. J. Chalmers, The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory: Oxford Paperbacks, 1996. 
  8. C. Von der Malsburg, "The what and why of binding: the modeler's perspective," Neuron, vol. 24, pp. 95-104, 1999.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80825-9
  9. P. Fries, J.-H. Schroder, P. R. Roelfsema, W. Singer, and A. K. Engel, "Oscillatory neuronal synchronization in primary visual cortex as a correlate of stimulus selection," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 22, pp. 3739-3754, 2002.  https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03739.2002
  10. R. Penrose and N. D. Mermin, "The emperor's new mind: Concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics," ed: American Association of Physics Teachers, 1990. 
  11. R. Penrose, "The emperor's new mind: Concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics, 1989," New York: Oxford, 1999. 
  12. E. Yechiam and J. R. Busemeyer, "Comparison of basic assumptions embedded in learning models for experience-based decision making," Psychonomic bulletin & review, vol. 12, pp. 387-402, 2005.  https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193783
  13. L. Gabora, "Introduction to the Special Issue on Quantum Cognition," 2009. 
  14. J. Lu, L. Niu, and G. Zhang, "A situation retrieval model for cognitive decision support in digital business ecosystems," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, pp. 1059-1069, 2012.  https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2012.2188253
  15. D. Hebb, "Organization of behavior. new york: Wiley," J. Clin. Psychol, vol. 6, pp. 335-307, 1949. 
  16. F. Rosenblatt, "The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain," Psychological review, vol. 65, p. 386, 1958. 
  17. D. F. Cook and C.-C. Chiu, "Predicting the internal bond strength of particleboard, utilizing a radial basis function neural network," Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 10, pp. 171-177, 1997.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-1976(96)00068-1
  18. Y. Chauvin and D. E. Rumelhart, Backpropagation: theory, architectures, and applications: Psychology press, 2013. 
  19. P. D. Wasserman, Neural computing: theory and practice: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1989. 
  20. I. Aleksander and H. Morton, "An Introduction to Neural Computing, 1990," Chapman and Hall, London), vol. 38, pp. 133-155. 
  21. G. E. Hinton, "How neural networks learn from experience," Scientific American, vol. 267, pp. 144-151, 1992.  https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0992-144
  22. A. K. Jain, J. Mao, and K. M. Mohiuddin, "Artificial neural networks: A tutorial," Computer, vol. 29, pp. 31-44, 1996.  https://doi.org/10.1109/2.485891
  23. M. H. Hassoun, Fundamentals of artificial neural networks: MIT press, 1995. 
  24. K. S. Pollard, S. R. Salama, N. Lambert, M.-A. Lambot, S. Coppens, J. S. Pedersen, et al., "An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans," Nature, vol. 443, pp. 167-172, 2006.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05113
  25. M. H. Segall, W. J. Lonner, and J. W. Berry, "Cross-cultural psychology as a scholarly discipline: On the flowering of culture in behavioral research," American Psychologist, vol. 53, p. 1101, 1998. 
  26. P. A. M. Dirac, The principles of quantum mechanics: Oxford university press, 1981. 
  27. S. Dehaene, L. Charles, J.-R. King, and S. Marti, "Toward a computational theory of conscious processing," Current opinion in neurobiology, vol. 25, pp. 76-84, 2014.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.005
  28. E. Rossi and K. Rossi, "An integrated quantum field theory of the evolution of life, consciousness, cognition and the neuroscience of neuropsychotherapy," Science of Psychotherapy, vol. 6, pp. 42-51, 2018. 
  29. M. Mars, "Present status of the Penrose inequality," Classical and Quantum Gravity, vol. 26, p. 193001, 2009. 
  30. A. Walker, "The Break-Out Heuristic: The New Neuroscience Of Mirror Neurons, Consciousness, And Creativity In Human Relationships. 2007. By Ernest Rossi. Phoenix, Az: Milton H. Erickson Foundation Press," ed: Taylor & Francis, 2007. 
  31. E. L. Rossi and O. E. Rossler, The symptom path to enlightenment: The new dynamics of self-organization in hypnotherapy: An advanced manual for beginners: Palisades Gateway Publishing, 1996. 
  32. E. Rossi and K. Rossi, "An evolutionary RNA/DNA psychogenomic theory of the transformations of consciousness: The quest for therapeutic mind/gene search algorithms," The International Journal for Transformations of Consciousness, vol. 1, pp. 1-20, 2014. 
  33. S. Dehaene, E. Dupoux, and J. Mehler, "Is numerical comparison digital? Analogical and symbolic effects in two-digit number comparison," Journal of experimental Psychology: Human Perception and performance, vol. 16, p. 626, 1990. 
  34. S. Hameroff and R. Penrose, "Consciousness in the universe: A review of the 'Orch OR'theory," Physics of life reviews, vol. 11, pp. 39-78, 2014.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2013.08.002
  35. G. Rizzolatti and C. Sinigaglia, Mirrors in the brain: How our minds share actions and emotions: Oxford University Press, USA, 2008. 
  36. G. Brocco, "Notes of despair and consciousness: performativity and visibility of albinism in musical practices," Disability & Society, vol. 35, pp. 67-88, 2020.  https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1609422
  37. L. Q. Uddin, M. Iacoboni, C. Lange, and J. P. Keenan, "The self and social cognition: the role of cortical midline structures and mirror neurons," Trends in cognitive sciences, vol. 11, pp. 153-157, 2007.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.01.001
  38. Y. Grodzinsky and I. Nelken, "The neural code that makes us human," science, vol. 343, pp. 978-979, 2014.  https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251495
  39. V. Mainguy, F. Maltais, D. Saey, P. Gagnon, S. Martel, M. Simon, et al., "Peripheral muscle dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension," Thorax, vol. 65, pp. 113-117, 2010.  https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.117168
  40. J. Drnevich, K. L. Replogle, P. Lovell, T. P. Hahn, F. Johnson, T. G. Mast, et al., "Impact of experience-dependent and-independent factors on gene expression in songbird brain," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, pp. 17245-17252, 2012.  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200655109
  41. K. J. Meador, G. A. Baker, N. Browning, M. J. Cohen, R. L. Bromley, J. Clayton-Smith, et al., "Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study," The Lancet Neurology, vol. 12, pp. 244-252, 2013.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70323-X
  42. P. H. Gunaratne, Y.-C. Lin, A. L. Benham, J. Drnevich, C. Coarfa, J. B. Tennakoon, et al., "Song exposure regulates known and novel microRNAs in the zebra finch auditory forebrain," BMC genomics, vol. 12, pp. 1-14, 2011.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-1
  43. C. M. Morell, Unwomanly conduct: The challenges of intentional childlessness: Routledge, 2014. 
  44. D. Atkinson, S. Iannotti, M. Cozzolino, S. Castiglione, A. Cicatelli, B. Vyas, et al., "A new bioinformatics paradigm for the theory, research, and practice of therapeutic hypnosis," American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, vol. 53, pp. 27-46, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2010.10401745