Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea

국립생태원 (National Institute of Ecology)
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Seed Dispersal by Water, Wind, Birds, and Bats in the Caliraya Watershed, Laguna

  • Giancarlo Pocholo L. Enriquez (Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines) ;
  • Lillian Jennifer V. Rodriguez (Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines)
  • 투고 : 2022.11.17
  • 심사 : 2023.01.09
  • 발행 : 2023.02.01
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초록

Seed dispersal supports community structure, maintains genetic connectivity across fragmented landscapes, and influences vegetation assemblages. In the Philippines, only two seed dispersal studies have compared different dispersal agents. We examined the seed dispersal patterns of water, wind, birds, and bats in the Caliraya Watershed, Philippines. We aimed to determine the floral species that were dispersed and how the forest characteristics influenced seed dispersal. By running seed rain traps and drift litter collection from March to June 2022, we analyzed 14,090 seeds in a privately owned study site within the watershed. Water did not exclusively disperse any species and acted as a secondary disperser. Seed density (seeds/trap) was significantly higher for bird-dispersed (n=166) and bat-dispersed (n=145) seeds than for wind-dispersed (n=79) seeds (One-way analysis of variance [ANOVA]: F2,87=16.21, P<0.0001). Species number (species/trap) was significantly higher for bird-dispersed (n=3.7) and bat-dispersed (n=3.9) seeds than for wind-dispersed (n=0.2) seeds (One-way ANOVA: F2,87 =16.67, P<0.0001). Birds dispersed more species because they are more diverse and access a wider variety of fruits, unlike bats. Birds and bats target different fruits and provide separate seed dispersal services. Generalized linear model analyses revealed that the number and basal area of fleshy fruit trees most strongly influenced the bird seed dispersal patterns. Therefore, we recommend a three-way approach to restoration efforts in the Caliraya Watershed: (1) ensure the presence of fleshy fruit trees in restoration zones, (2) assist the establishment of mid-successional and wind-dispersed trees, and (3) intensify the conservation efforts for both flora and faunal diversity.

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과제정보

We would like to sincerely thank Tammy Africa for generously allowing us to conduct our study in their property, Dr. Carmela Espanola, Ramon Bandong, and Abigail Garrino for help in identifying uncommon species, and Dr. Nina Ingle and Dr. Regielene Gonzales for the guidance throughout the whole study. We would also like to acknowledge the UP Diliman College of Science and the UP Institute of Biology for providing permits to conduct field experiments in our study sites. This study was funded by the Department of Science and Technology - Higher Education Institute through the Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resource Development Program.

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