Animal Bioscience

  • 제36권3호
  • /
  • Pages.492-497
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 2765-0189(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2765-0235(eISSN)
아세아태평양축산학회 (Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Demonstration of constant nitrogen and energy amounts in pig urine under acidic conditions at room temperature and determination of the minimum amount of hydrochloric acid required for nitrogen preservation in pig urine

  • Jongkeon Kim (Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University) ;
  • Bokyung Hong (Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University) ;
  • Myung Ja Lee (Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University) ;
  • Beob Gyun Kim (Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University)
  • 투고 : 2022.06.23
  • 심사 : 2022.09.11
  • 발행 : 2023.03.01
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Objective: The objectives were to demonstrate that the nitrogen and energy in pig urine supplemented with hydrochloric acid (HCl) are not volatilized and to determine the minimum amount of HCl required for nitrogen preservation from pig urine. Methods: In Exp. 1, urine samples of 3.0 L each with 5 different nitrogen concentrations were divided into 2 groups: 1.5 L of urine added with i) 100 mL of distilled water or ii) 100 mL of 6 N HCl. The urine in open plastic containers was placed on a laboratory table at room temperature for 10 d. The weight, nitrogen concentration, and gross energy concentration of the urine samples were determined every 2 d. In Exp. 2, three urine samples with different nitrogen concentrations were added with different amounts of 6 N HCl to obtain varying pH values. All urine samples were placed on a laboratory table for 5 d followed by nitrogen analysis. Results: Nitrogen amounts in urine supplemented with distilled water decreased linearly with time, whereas those supplemented with 6 N HCl remained constant. Based on the linear broken-line analysis, nitrogen was not volatilized at a pH below 5.12 (standard error = 0.71 and p<0.01). In Exp. 3, an equation for determining the amount of 6 N HCl to preserve nitrogen in pig urine was developed: additional 6 N HCl (mL) to 100 mL of urine = 3.83×nitrogen in urine (g/100 mL)+0.71 with R2 = 0.96 and p<0.01. If 62.7 g/d of nitrogen is excreted, at least 240 mL of 6 N HCl should be added to the urine collection container. Conclusion: Nitrogen in pig urine is not volatilized at a pH below 5.12 at room temperature and the amount of 6 N HCl required for nitrogen preservation may be up to 240 mL per day for a 110-kg pig depending on urinary nitrogen excretion.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP; Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning) (No. 2021R1A2C2009921).

참고문헌

  1. Kong C, Adeola O. Evaluation of amino acid and energy utilization in feedstuff for swine and poultry diets. AsianAustralas J Anim Sci 2014;27:917-25. https://doi.org/10.5713/ ajas.2014.r.02
  2. van Kempen TATG, Baker DH, van Heugten E. Nitrogen losses in metabolism trials. J Anim Sci 2003;81:2649-50. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81102649x
  3. Maison T, Liu Y, Stein HH. Digestibility of energy and detergent fiber and digestible and metabolizable energy values in canola meal, 00-rapeseed meal, and 00-rapeseed expellers fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2015;93:652-60. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-7792
  4. Kong C, Kim KH, Ji SY, Kim BG. Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in meat meal, fish meal, and soybean meal fed to pigs. Anim Biosci 2021;34:1822-8. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0102
  5. Sung JY, Kim BG. Prediction equations for digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations in feed ingredients and diets for pigs based on chemical composition. Anim Biosci 2021;34:306-11. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.20.0293
  6. Nelson DW. Gaseous losses of nitrogen other than through denitrification. In: Stevenson FJ, editor. Nitrogen in agricultural soils. Madison, WI, USA: ASA; 1982. p. 327-63.
  7. Canh TT, Verstegen MW, Aarnink AJ, Schrama JW. Influence of dietary factors on nitrogen partitioning and composition of urine and feces of fattening pigs. J Anim Sci 1997;75:7006. https://doi.org/10.2527/1997.753700x
  8. Knowlton KF, McGilliard ML, Zhao Z, Hall KG, Mims W, Hanigan MD. Effective nitrogen preservation during urine collection from Holstein heifers fed diets with high or low protein content. J Dairy Sci 2010;93:323-9. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2600
  9. Kerr BJ, Jha R, Urriola PE, Shurson GC. Nutrient composition, digestible and metabolizable energy content, and prediction of energy for animal protein byproducts in finishing pig diets. J Anim Sci 2017;95:2614-26. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.1165
  10. Li PL, Chen YF, Lyu ZQ, et al. Concentration of metabolizable energy and digestibility of amino acids in Chinese produced dehulled double-low rapeseed expellers and non-dehulled double-low rapeseed co-products fed to growing-finishing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017;234:10-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.09.001
  11. Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhang S, Lai C, Ma D, Huang C. Effect of inclusion level of corn germ meal on the digestible and metabolizable energy and evaluation of ileal AA digestibility of corn germ meal fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2019;97: 768-78. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky469
  12. Horwitz W, Latimer GW. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 21st ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC International; 2019.
  13. Kim BG, Petersen GI, Hinson RB, Allee GL, Stein HH. Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration in a novel source of high-protein distillers dried grains and their effects on growth performance of pigs. J Anim Sci 2009;87:4013-21. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2060
  14. Park CS, Aderibigbe AS, Ragland D, Adeola O. Digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations and amino acid digestibility of dried yeast and soybean meal for growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2021;99:skaa385. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa385
  15. Christianson CB, Carmona G, Klein MO, Howard RG. Impact on ammonia volatilization losses of mixing KCl of high pH with urea. Fertil Res 1994;40:89-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00750092
  16. Ghosh BC, Bhat R. Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields. Environ Pollut 1998;102:123-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80024-9
  17. Mathews CK, van Holde KE, Appling DR, Anthony-Cahill SJ. Biochemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson education, Inc.; 2013.
  18. Farrell DJ. Metabolizable energy in feeding systems for pigs and poultry. Proc Aust Soc Anim Prod 1978;12:62-7.
  19. Fuller MF, Cadenhead A. The preservation of faeces and urine to prevent losses of energy and nitrogen during metabolism experiments. In: Blaxter KL, Kielanowski J, Thorbek G, editors. Energy metabolism of farm animals. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England: Oriel Press; 1967. p. 455-60.
  20. Adeola O. Digestion and balance techniques in pigs. In: Lewis AJ, Southern LL, editors. Swine nutrition. Washington, DC, USA: CRC Press; 2001. p. 903-16.
  21. Low AG. Role of dietary fibre in pig diets. In: Haresign W, Cole DJA, editors. Recent advances in animal nutrition. London, UK: Butterworths; 1985. p. 87.
  22. Canh TT, Aarnink AJA, Schutte JB, Sutton A, Langhout DJ, Verstegen MWA. Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs. Livest Prod Sci 1998;56:181-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(98)00156-0
  23. Valaja J, Siljander-Rasi H. Effect of dietary crude protein and energy content on nitrogen utilisation, water intake and urinary output in growing pigs. Agric Food Sci 1998;7:38190. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72869
  24. Portejoie S, Dourmad JY, Martinez J, Lebreton Y. Effect of lowering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion, manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs. Livest Prod Sci 2004;91:45-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.06.013
  25. Figueroa J, Lewis A, Miller PS. Nitrogen balance and growth trials with pigs fed low-crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets. Nebraska Swine Reports 2000;100:25-8.
  26. Grandhi RR. Effect of dietary ideal amino acid ratios, and supplemental carbohydrase in hulless-bar ley-based diets on pig performance and nitrogen excretion in manure. Can J Anim Sci 2001;81:125-32. https://doi.org/10.4141/A00-064