Acknowledgement
본 논문의 개선을 위해 좋은 의견을 제시해 주신 두 분의 심사위원께 감사를 드립니다. 안순일은 2018년도 과학기술정보통신부의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받았음(NRF-2018R1A5A1024958). 서경환은 과학기술정보통신부의 한국연구재단의 기초연구사업 (No. NRF-2020R1A2C2009414)와 기상청의 연구개발사업(KMI2020-01114)의 지원을 받았음. 김대현은 한국연구재단을 통해 과학기술정보통신부의 「해외우수과학자유치사업」 의 지원을 받았음(NRF-2021H1D3A2A01039352).
References
- Ahn, M.-S., and Coauthors, 2020: MJO propagation across the maritime continent: are CMIP6 models better than CMIP5 models? Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, doi: 10.1029/2020GL087250.
- An, S.-I., 2004: Interdecadal changes in the El Nino-La Nina asymmetry, Geophy. Res. Lett., 31, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021699.
- An, S.-I., and H. Bong, 2015: Inter-decadal change in El Nino-Southern Oscillation examined with Bjerknes stability index analysis. Clim. Dyn., 47, 967-979, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2883-8.
- An, S.-I., and J. Choi, 2009: Seasonal locking of the ENSO asymmetry and its influence on the seasonal cycle of the tropical eastern Pacific sea surface temperature. Atmos. Res., 94, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.029
- An, S.-I., and J. Choi, 2013: Inverse relationship between the equatorial eastern Pacific annual-cycle and ENSO amplitudes in a Coupled General Circulation Model, Clim. Dyn., 40, 663-675, doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1403-3.
- An, S.-I., Y.-G. Ham, J.-S. Kug, A. Timmermann, J. Choi, and I.-S. Kang, 2010: The inverse effect of annual mean state and annual cycle changes on ENSO. J. Climate, 23, 1095-1110. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2895.1
- An, S.-I., W. W. Hsieh, and F.-F. Jin, 2005: A nonlinear analysis of ENSO cycle and its interdecadal changes. J. Climate, 18, 3229-3239. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3466.1
- An, S.-I., S.-H. Im, and S.-Y. Jun, 2018: Changes in ENSO activity during the last 6,000 years modulated by background climate state. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 2497-2475, doi: 10.1002/2017GL076250.
- An, S.-I., and F.-F. Jin, 2000: An eigen analysis of the interdecadal changes in the structure and frequency of ENSO mode. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1573-1576. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011090
- An, S.-I., and F.-F. Jin, 2001: Collective role of thermocline and zonal advective feedbacks in the ENSO mode. J. Climate, 14, 3421-3432. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3421:CROTAZ>2.0.CO;2
- An, S.-I., and F.-F. Jin, 2004: Nonlinearity and asymmetry of ENSO. J. Climate, 17, 2399-2412. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2399:NAAOE>2.0.CO;2
- An, S.-I., and F.-F. Jin, 2011: Linear solutions for the frequency and amplitude modulation of ENSO by the annual cycle. Tellus. A., 63, 238-243, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00482.x.
- An, S.-I., F.-F. Jin, and I.-S. Kang, 1999: The role of zonal advection feedback in phase transition and growth of ENSO in the Cane-Zebiak model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 77, 1151-1160. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.77.6_1151
- An, S.-I., and I.-S. Kang, 2000: A further investigation of the recharge oscillator paradigm for ENSO using a simple coupled model with the zonal mean and eddy separated. J. Climate, 13, 1987-1993. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1987:AFIOTR>2.0.CO;2
- An, S.-I., and I.-S. Kang, 2001: Tropical Pacific basin-wide adjustment and oceanic waves. Geophy. Res. Lett., 28, 3975-3978. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013363
- An, S.-I., H.-J. Kim, W. Park, and B. Schneider, 2017: Impact of ENSO on East Asian winter monsoon during interglacial periods: effect of orbital forcing. Clim. Dyn., 49, 3209-3219, doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3506-8.
- An, S.-I., and J.-W. Kim, 2017: Role of nonlinear ocean dynamic response to wind on the asymmetrical transition of El Nino and La Nina. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 393-400, doi: 10.1002/ 2016GL071971.
- An, S.-I., J.-S. Kug, Y.-G. Ham, and I.-S. Kang, 2008: Successive modulation of ENSO to the future greenhouse warming. J. Climate, 21, 3-21, doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI1500.1.
- An, S.-I., and B. Wang, 2000: Interdecadal change of the structure of the ENSO mode and it impact on the ENSO frequency. J. Climate, 13, 2044-2055. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2044:ICOTSO>2.0.CO;2
- An, S.-I., and B. Wang, 2001: Mechanisms of locking the El Nino and La Nina mature phases to boreal winter. J. Climate, 27, 2164-2176. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2164:MOLOTE>2.0.CO;2
- An, S.-I., Z. Ye, and W. Hsieh, 2006: Changes in the leading ENSO modes associated with the late 1970s climate shift: Role of surface zonal current. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026604.
- Bae, H.-J., S.-J. Kim, B.-M. Kim, and H. Kwon, 2022: Causes of the extreme hot event on February 9, 2020, in Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Front. Environ. Sci., 10, 1-9, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.865775.
- Cha, Y.-M., H.-S. Lee, J. Moon, W.-T. Kwon, and K.-O. Boo, 2007: Future climate projection over East Asia using ECHO-G/S. Atmosphere, 17, 55-68.
- Chaudhari, H. S., and J. H. Oh, 2003: Validation of intraseasonal and interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon in NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Atmosphere, 13, 226-227.
- Choi, J., and S.-I. An, 2013: Quantifying the residual effects of ENSO on low-frequency variability in the tropical Pacific. Int. J. Climatol., 33, doi: 10.1002/joc.3470.
- Choi, J., S.-I. An, B. Dewitte, and W.-W. Hsieh, 2009: Interactive feedback between the tropical Pacific decadal oscillation and ENSO in a coupled general circulation model. J. Climate, 22, 6597-6611, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2782.1.
- Choi, J., S.-I. An, J.-S. Kug, and S.-W. Yeh, 2011: The role of mean state on changes in El Nino's flavor. Clim. Dyn., 37, 1205-1215, doi: 10.1007/s00382-010-0912-1.
- Choi, J., S.-I. An, and S.-W. Yeh, 2012: Decadal amplitude modulation of two types of ENSO and its relationship with the mean state. Clim. Dyn., 38, 2631-2644, doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1186-y.
- Choi, W., and H. Kim, 2010: Annual variation and trends of the Arctic tropopause pressure. Atmosphere, 20, 355-366.
- Choi, W., and S. Yook, 2022: Relationship between Arctic sea ice in autumn and subsequent july air temperature over East Asia and the Western North Pacific. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 197-205, doi: 10.1007/s13143-021-00249-y.
- Chu, J.-E., and K.-J. Ha, 2011: Classification of intraseasonal oscillation in precipitation using Self-Organizing Map for the east Asian summer monsoon. Atmosphere, 21, 221-228, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2011.21.3.221.
- Chun, H.-Y., and J.-M. Ryoo, 2005: A case study of dynamical linkage between the troposphere and stratosphere associated with stratospheric major sudden warmings in 1979 and 1984. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 415-430.
- Chun, Y.-S., and S.-U. Park, 1990: Characteristics of the regional circulation over Asia during the dry Changma period in 1982. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 26, 12-24.
- Cohen, J., and Coauthors, 2014: Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather. Nat. Geosci., 7, 627-637, doi: 10.1038/ngeo2234.
- Cohen, J., and Coauthors, 2020: Divergent consensuses on Arctic amplification influence on midlatitude severe winter weather. Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 20-29, doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0662-y.
- Ding, Q., B. Wang, J. M. Wallace, and G. Branstator, 2011: Tropical-extratropical teleconnections in boreal summer: Observed interannual variability. J. Climate, 24, 1878-1896, doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI3621.1.
- Drbohlav, H.-K. L., and B. Wang, 2003: The mechanism of the northward propagating intraseasonal oscillation: insights from a zonally symmetric model. Atmosphere, 13, 68-69.
- Ha, K.-J., S.-K. Park, and K.-Y. Kim, 2003: Interannual variability in summer precipitation around the Korean Peninsula and its associated East Asian summer circulation. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 39, 575-586.
- Ha, K.-J., Y.-K. Seo, A.-S. Suh, H.-S. Chung, and B.-J. Sohn, 2001: Interaction between the land surface condition and El-Nino associated with the interannual variation of Monsoon rainfall in the East Asia. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 37, 381-398.
- Ha, K.-J., K.-S. Yun, J.-G. Jhun, and C.-K. Park, 2005: Definition of onset/retreat and intensity of Changma during the boreal summer monsoon season. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 41, 927-942.
- Ham, S., and S.-Y. Hong, 2013: Sensitivity of simulated intraseasonal oscillation to four convective parameterization schemes in a coupled climate model. AsiaPac J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 483-496, doi: 10.1007/s13143-013-0043-9.
- Ham, Y.-G., J.-Y. Choi, and J.-S. Kug, 2017: The weakening of the ENSO-Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) coupling strength in recent decades, Clim. Dyn., 49, 249-261, doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3339-5.
- Ham, Y.-G., Y. Jeong, and J.-S. Kug, 2015: Changes in independency between two types of El Nino events under greenhouse warming scenario in CMIP5 models. J. Clim., 28. 7561-7575, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00721.1.
- Ham, Y.-G., I.-S. Kang, D. Kim, and J.-S. Kug, 2012: El Nino Southern Oscillation simulated and predicted in the SNU coupled GCMs. Clim. Dyn., 38, 2227-2242, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1171-5.
- Ham, Y.-G., J. H. Kim, and J. J. Luo, 2019: Deep learning for multi-year ENSO forecasts. Nature, 573, 568-572, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1559-7.
- Ham, Y.-G., J. H. Kim, and J. J. Luo, 2021: Recent progress in ENSO forecast using deep learning. Clivar. Exchanges, 81, doi: 10.36071/clivar.81.2021.
- Ham, Y.-G., and J.-S. Kug, 2014: ENSO phase-locking to the boreal winter in CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Clim. Dyn., 43, 305-318, doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2064-1.
- Ham, Y.-G., and J.-S. Kug, 2015: Role of North Tropical Atlantic SST on the ENSO simulated using CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Clim. Dyn., 45, 3103-3117, doi: 10.1007/s00382-015-2527-z.
- Ham, Y.-G., and J.-S. Kug, 2016: ENSO amplitude changes due to greenhouse warming in CMIP5: Role of mean tropical precipitation in the 20th century. Geophy. Res. Lett., 43, 422-430, doi: 10.1002/2015GL066864.
- Ham, Y.-G., J.-S. Kug, and J.-Y. Park, 2013b: Two distinct roles of Atlantic SSTs in ENSO variability: North Tropical Atlantic SST and Atlantic Nino. Geophy. Res. Lett., 40, 1-6, doi: 10.1002/grl.50729.
- Ham, Y.-G., J.-S. Kug, J.-Y. Park, and F.-F. Jin, 2013a: Sea surface temperature in the North Tropical Atlantic as a trigger for El Nino. Nat. Geosci., 6, 112-116, doi: 10.1038/NGEO1686.
- Ham, Y.-G., J.-S. Kug, W. -H. Yang, and W.-J. Cai, 2018: Future changes in extreme El Nino events modulated by North Tropical Atlantic variability. Geophy. Res. Lett., 45, 6646-6653, doi: 10.1029/2018GL078085.
- Ham, Y.-G., H.-Y. Na, and S.-H. Oh, 2019: Role of sea surface temperature over the Kuroshio extension region on heavy rainfall events over the Korean Peninsula. Asia-Pac J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 19-29, doi: 10.1007/s13143-018-0061-8.
- Han, J.-W., and B.-J. Sohn, 1996: Climate characteristics of the east Asian monsoon related to heat budget. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 32, 619-633.
- Heo, S.-J., K.-J. Ha, and S.-E. Moon, 1997: Characteristic features of the east Asian summer monsoon during 1993 and 1994. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 33, 737-751.
- Holton, J. R., 2004: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 88, International Geophysics Series. Elsevier Academic Press, 535 pp.
- Hong, J.-Y., B.-M. Kim, E.-H. Baek, H.-J. Kim, X. Zhang, and S.-J. Kim, 2020: A critical role of extreme Atlantic windstorms in Arctic warming. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 17-28, doi: 10.1007/s13143-019-00123-y.
- Hwang, J.-D., and C.-K. Park, 2000: Characteristics of circulation pattern over East Asia associated with heavy rainfall events in Korea during the summer 1999. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 36, 573-582.
- Im, S.-H., S.-I. An, S. T. Kim, and F.-F. Jin. 2015: Feedback processes responsible for El Nino-La Nina amplitude asymmetry. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5556-5563, doi: 10.1002/2015GL064853.
- Jang, H.-Y., and S.-W. Yeh, 2013: Analysis of atmosphereocean interactions over South China Sea and its relationship with northeast Asian precipitation variability during summer. Atmosphere, 23, 283-291, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2013.23.3.283.
- Jang, Y.-K., and J.-G. Jhun, 2004: Variation of western North Pacific convection and its influence on EastAsian summer monsoon. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 40, 259-271.
- Jang, Y.-S., D. Kim, Y.-H. Kim, D.-H. Kim, M. Watanabe, F.-F. Jin, and J.-S. Kug, 2013: Simulation of two types of El Nino from different convective parameters. AsiaPac. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 193-199, doi: 10.1007/s13143-013-0020-3.
- Jeong, J.-H., and C.-H. Ho, 2003: The Madden-Julian Oscillation signal in the Arctic oscillation. Atmosphere, 13, 374-377, doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.787680.
- Jeong, J. I., R. J. Park, and S. W. Yeh, 2018: Dissimilar effects of two El Nino types on PM2. 5 concentrations in East Asia. Environ. Pollut., 242, 1395-1403, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.031.
- Jiang, X., and Coauthors, 2020: Fifty years of research on the Madden-Julian Oscillation: recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125, doi: 10.1029/2019JD030911.
- Jiang, X., T. Li, and B. Wang, 2004: Structures and mechanisms of the northward propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Clim., 17, 1022-1039, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1022:SAMOTN>2.0.CO;2.
- Jin, C. S., C. H. Ho, J. H. Kim, D. K. Lee, D. H. Cha, and S. W. Yeh, 2013: Critical role of northern off-equatorial sea surface temperature forcing associated with central pacific El Nino in more frequent tropical cyclone movements toward East Asia. J. Climate., 26, 2534-2545, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00287.1.
- Jin, E. K., and Coauthors, 2008: Current status of ENSO prediction skill in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Clim. Dyn., 31, 647-664, doi: 10.1007/s00382-008-0397-3.
- Jin, F.-F., and S.-I. An, 1999: Thermocline and zonal advection feedbacks within the equatorial ocean recharge oscillator model for ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2989-2992. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL002297
- Jin, F.-F., A. Timmermann, and J. Zhao, 2003: Strong El Nino events and nonlinear dynamical heating. Geophys. Res. Letts., 30, 1120.
- Jin, K., and I.-S. Kang, 2001: Intercomparison of intraseasonal oscillations in 10 AGCMs during the 1997-98 El Nino. Atmosphere, 11, 373-375. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040373
- Jin, F.-F., A. Timmermann, and M.-I. Lee, 2003: An investigation for the improvement of MJO simulations in SNU GCM. Atmosphere, 13, 218-219.
- Jo, E., C. Park, S.-W. Son, J.-W. Roh, G.-W. Lee, and Y.-H. Lee, 2020: Classification of localized heavy rainfall events in South Korea. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-019-00128-7
- Jun, S.-Y., 2019: Simulation of past 6000-year climate by using the Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLOM. Atmosphere, 29, 87-103, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2019.29.1.087.
- Jun, S.-Y., J.-H. Kim, J. Choi, S.-J. Kim, B.-M. Kim, and S.-I. An, 2020: The internal origin of the west-east asymmetry of Antarctic climate change. Sci. Adv., 6, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1490.
- Jung, C.-Y., H.-J. Shin, C. J. Jang, and H.-J. Kim, 2015: Projected change in East Asian summer monsoon by dynamic downscaling: Moisture budget analysis. AsiaPac. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 77-89, doi: 10.1007/s13143-015-0061-x.
- Jung, J.-H., and M.-S. Suh, 2005: Characteristics and types of the diurnal variation of hourly precipitation during rainy season over South Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 41, 533-546.
- Kang, I.-S., and S.-I. An, 1998: Kelvin and Rossby wave contributions to the SST oscillation of ENSO. J. Climate, 11, 2461-2469. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2461:KARWCT>2.0.CO;2
- Kang, I.-S., S.-I. An, and F.-F. Jin, 2001: A Systematic Approximation of the SST Anomaly Equation for ENSO. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.79.1
- Kang, I.-S., S.-I. An, C.-H. Joung, S.-C. Yoon, and S.-M. Lee, 1989: 30-60 day oscillation appearing in climatological variation of outgoing longwave radiation around east Asia during summer. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 221-232.
- Kang, I.-S., C.-H. Ho, Y.-K. Lim, and K.-M. Lau, 1999: Principal modes of climatological seasonal and intraseasonal variations of the Asian summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 322-340, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493 (1999)127<0322:PMOCSA>2.0.CO;2.
- Kang, I.-S., C.-H. Ho, and S. S. Kim, 1987: Interannual and intraseasonal variations of summer precipitation simulated by a GCM and the influence of tropical Pacific SST on the interannual variability. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 12-24.
- Kang, I.-S., and J.-S. Kug, 2000: An El Nino prediction model with an intermediate ocean and statistical atmosphere system. Geophys. Res. Letter., 27, 1167-1170. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011023
- Kang, I.-S., and J.-S. Kug, 2002: El Nino and La Nina SST anomalies: asymmetric characteristics associated with their wind stress anomalies. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4372, doi: 10. 1029/2001JD000393. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000393
- Kang, I.-S., Y.-M. Lee, and S.-I. An, 1995: Interannual variability of Typhoon activity over the western Pacific and El Nino. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 15-26.
- Kim, B.-M., K.-Y. Kim, and G. -H. Lim, 2003: Evidence of the interaction between intraseasonal oscillation of the midlatitude flow and tropical convection deduced by CSEOF. Atmosphere, 13, 224-225.
- Kim, B.-M., H. Choi, S.-J. Kim, and W. Choi, 2017: Amplitude-dependent relationship between the Southern Annular Mode and the El Nino Southern Oscillation in austral summer. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 85-100, doi: 10.1007/s13143-017-0007-6.
- Kim, B.-M., J.-Y. Hong, S.-Y. Jun, X. Zhang, H. Kwon, S.-J. Kim, J.-H. Kim, S.-W. Kim, and H.-K. Kim, 2017a: Major cause of unprecedented Arctic warming in January 2016: Critical role of an Atlantic windstorm. Sci. Rep., 7, 40051, doi: 10.1038/srep40051.
- Kim, B.-M., E. Jung, G.-H. Lim, and H. Kim, 2014: Analysis on winter atmospheric variability related to arctic warming. Atmosphere, 24, 131-140, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2014.24.2.131.
- Kim, B.-M., S.-W. Son, S.-K. Min, J.-H. Jeong, S.-J. Kim, X. Zhang, T. Shim, and J.-H. Yoon, 2014: Weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex by Arctic sea-ice loss. Nat. Commun., 5, 4646, doi: 10.1038/ncomms5646.
- Kim, G.-I., and J.-S. Kug, 2020: Tropical Pacific decadal variability induced by nonlinear rectification of El Nino-Southern Oscillation. J. Climate., 33, 7289-7302, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0123.1.
- Kim, G.-I., and J.-S. Kug, 2022: Process-based analysis of El Nino/Southern Oscillation decadal modulation. J. Climate, 35, 4753-4769, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0181.1.
- Kim, H.-K., K.-H. Seo, S.-W. Yeh, N.-Y. Kang, and B.-K. Moon, 2020: Asymmetric impact of Central Pacific ENSO on the reduction of tropical cyclone genesis frequency over the western North Pacific since the late 1990s. Clim. Dyn., 54, 661-673, doi: 10.1007/s00382-019-05020-8.
- Kim, J., H.-K. Cho, Y.-J. Jung, Y.-G. Lee, and B.-Y. Lee, 2006: Surface energy balance at Sejong Station, King George Island, Antarctica. Atmosphere, 16, 111-124.
- Kim, J., M. Kwon, S.-D. Kim, J.-S. Kug, J.-G. Ryu, and J. Kim, 2022: Spatiotemporal neural network with attention mechanism for El Nino forecast. Sci. Rep., 12, 7204, doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10839-z.
- Kim, J.-S., K. Y. Kim, and S. W. Yeh, 2012: Statistical evidence for the natural variation of the central Pacific El Nino. J. Geophys. Res-Oceans., 117, doi: 10.1029/2012JC008003.
- Kim, J.-S., and J.-S. Kug, 2019: Role of subtropical SST in El Nino teleconnection to East Asia during the decaying phase. Clim. Dyn., doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3473-0.
- Kim, J.-S., J.-S. Kug, S.-W. Yeh, H.-K. Kim and E.-H. Park, 2014: Relation between climate variability in Korea and two types of El Nino, and their sensitivity to definition of two types of El Nino. Atmosphere, 24, 89-99, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2014.24.1.089.
- Kim, J. W., S.-I. An, S.-Y. Jun, H.-J. Park, and S.-W. Yeh, 2016: ENSO and East Asian winter monsoon relationship modulation associated with the anomalous northwest Pacific anticyclone. Clim. Dyn., 49, 1157-1179, doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3371-5.
- Kim, J. W., S. W. Yeh, and E. C. Chang, 2014: Combined effect of El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the East Asian winter monsoon. Clim. Dyn., 42, 957-951, doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1730-z.
- Kim, J.-Y., Y.-K. Hyun, J. Lee, and B.-C. Shin, 2021: Assessment on the East Asian summer monsoon simulation by improved Global Coupled (GC) model. Atmosphere, 31, 563-576, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2021.31.5.563.
- Kim, J.-Y., K.-H. Seo, J.-H. Son, and K.-J. Ha, 2017a: Development of statistical prediction models for Changma precipitation: An Ensemble Approach. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 207-216, doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3371-5.
- Kim, J.-Y., K.-H. Seo, S.-W. Yeh, H.-K. Kim, S.-Y. Yim, H.-S. Lee, M. Kwon, and Y.-G. Ham, 2017b: Analysis of characteristics for 2016 Changma rainfall. Atmosphere, 27, 277-290, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2017.27.3.277.
- Kim, K.-Y., B. D. Hamlington, H. Na, and J. Kim, 2016a: Mechanism of seasonal Arctic sea ice evolution and Arctic amplification. Cryosphere, 10, 2191-2202, doi:10.5194/tc-10-2191-2016.
- Kim, K.-Y., J.-Y. Kim, J. Kim, S. Yeo, H. Na, B. D. Hamlington, and R. R. Leben, 2019: Vertical feedback mechanism of winter Arctic amplification and sea ice loss. Sci. Rep., 1184, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38109-x.
- Kim, K.-Y., and Y. Kim, 2017: A comparison of sea level projections based on the observed and reconstructed sea level data around the Korean Peninsula. Climate Change, 142, 23-36, doi: 10.1007/s10584-017-1901-8.
- Kim, S., H.-S. Kim, S.-K. Min, H.-Y. Son, D.-J. Won, H.-S. Jung and J.-S. Kug, 2015: Intra-winter atmospheric circulation changes over East Asia associated with ENSO in a seasonal prediction model. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 49-60, doi: 10.1007/s13143-014-0059-9.
- Kim, S.-W., H.-Y. Son, and J.-S. Kug, 2017: How well do climate models simulate atmospheric teleconnection over East Asia and the North Pacific associated with ENSO? Clim. Dyn., 48, 971-985, doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3121-8.
- Kim, S.-W., H. Kim, K. Song, S.-W. Son, Y. Lim, H.-S. Kang, and Y.-K. Hyun, 2018a: Subseasonal-to-Seasonal (S2S) prediction skills of GloSea5 model: part 1. geopotential height in the Northern hemisphere Extratropics. Atmosphere, 28, 233-245, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2018.28.3.233.
- Kim, S.-T., W. Cai, F.-F. Jin, A. Santoso, L. Wu, E. Guilyardi, and S.-I. An, 2014: Response of El Nino sea surface temperature variability to greenhouse warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, doi: 10.1038/nclimate2326.
- Kim, S.-Y., and J.-S. Kug, 2018: What controls ENSO teleconnection to East Asia? role of western North Pacific precipitation in ENSO teleconnection to East Asia. J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 123, 10406-10422, doi: 10.1029/2018JD028935.
- Kim, S.-Y., H.-Y. Son, and J.-S. Kug, 2018b: Relative roles of equatorial central Pacific and western North Pacific precipitation anomalies in ENSO teleconnection over the North Pacific. Clim. Dyn., 51, 11-12, doi: 10.1007/s00382-017-3779-6.
- Kim, W. M., S. W. Yeh, J. H. Kim, J. S. Kug, and M. H. Kwon, 2011: The unique 2009~2010 El Nino event: a fast phase transition of warm pool El Nino to La Nina. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048521.
- Kim, Y., H.-R. Kim, Y.-S. Choi, W.-M. Kim, and H.-S. Kim, 2016: Development of statistical seasonal prediction models of Arctic Sea Ice concentration using CERES absorbed solar radiation. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 467-477, doi: 10.1007/s13143-016-0031-y.
- KMA, 2012: White Note on Changma 2011, Korea Meteorological Administration, 267 pp (in Korean).
- Konda, G., and N. K. Vissa, 2021: Assessment of oceanatmosphere interactions for the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations in CMIP5 models over the Indian Monsoon Region. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 717-739, doi: 10.1007/s13143-021-00228-3.
- Kug, J.-S., M.-S. Ahn, M.-K. Sung, S.-W. Yeh, H.-S. Min, and Y.-H. Kim, 2010b: Statistical relationship between two types of El Nino events and climate variation over the Korean Peninsula. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 467-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-010-0027-y
- Kug, J.-S., S.-I. An, F.-F. Jin, and I.-S. Kang, 2005: Preconditions for El Nino and La Nina onsets and their relation to Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi:10.1029/2004GL021674.
- Kug, J.-S., S.-I. An, Y.-G. Ham, and I.-S. Kang, 2010c: Changes in El Nino and La Nina teleconnections over North Pacific-America in the global warming simulation. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 100, 275-282, doi: 10.1007/s00704-009-0183-0.
- Kug, J.-S., J. Choi, S.-I. An, F.-F. Jin, and A.-T. Wittenberg, 2010a: Warm pool and cold tongue El Nino events as simulated by the GFDL2.1 coupled GCM. J. Climate, 23, doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI3293.1.
- Kug, J.-S., and Y.-G. Ham, 2011: Are there two types of La Nina events? Geophy. Res. Lett., 38, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048237.
- Kug, J.-S., and Y.-G. Ham, 2012: Indian Ocean feedback to the ENSO transition in a multimodel ensemble. J.Climate, 25, 6942-6957, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00078.1.
- Kug, J.-S., Y.-G. Ham, E.-J. Lee, and I.-S. Kang, 2011: Empirical singular vector method for ensemble El NinoSouthern Oscillation prediction with a coupled general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 116, doi:10.1029/2010JC006851.
- Kug, J.-S., J.-H. Jeong, Y.-S. Jang, B.-M. Kim, C. K. Folland, S.-K. Min, and S.-W. Son, 2015: Two distinct influences of Arctic warming on cold winters over North America and East Asia. Nat. Geosci., 8, 759-762, doi:10.1038/ngeo2517.
- Kug, J.-S., F.-F. Jin, and S.-I. An, 2009b: Two types of El Nino events: cold tongue El Nino and warm pool El Nino. J. Climate, 22, 1499-1515. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2624.1
- Kug, J.-S., F.-F. Jin, K. P. Sooraj, and I.-S. Kang, 2008: State-dependent atmospheric noise associated with ENSO. Geophy. Res. Lett., 35, L05701, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032017.
- Kug, J.-S., and I.-S. Kang, 2006: Interactive feedback between the Indian Ocean and ENSO. J. Climate, 19, 1784-1801. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3660.1
- Kug, J.-S., I.-S. Kang, and S.-I. An, 2003: Symmetric and antisymmetric mass exchanges between the equatorial and off-equatorial Pacific associated with ENSO. J. Geophy. Res-Oceans., 108, 3284, doi: 10.1029/2002JC001671.
- Kug, J.-S., I.-S. Kang, and S. E. Zebiak, 2001: Impact of the model assimilated wind stress data in the initialization of an intermediate ocean model and the ENSO predictability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3713-3716, doi: 10.1029/2000GL012793.
- Kug, J.-S., B. P. Kirtman, and I.-S. Kang, 2006b: Interactive feedback between the Indian Ocean and ENSO in an interactive coupled model. J. Climate, 19, 6371-6381. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3980.1
- Kug, J.-S., T. Li, S.-I. An, I.-S. Kang, J.-J. Luo, S. Masson, and T. Yamagata, 2006a: Role of the ENSO-Indian Ocean coupling on ENSO variability in a coupled GCM. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024916.
- Kug, J.-S., K.-P. Sooraj, D. Kim, F.-F. Jin, I.-S. Kang, Y. Takayabu, and M. Kimoto, 2009a: Simulation of state-dependent high-frequency atmospheric noise associated with ENSO in climate models. Clim. Dyn., 32, 635-648, doi: 10.1007/s00382-008-0434-2.
- Kug, J.-S., K.-P. Sooraj, T. Li, and F.-F. Jin, 2010d: Precursors of El Nino/La Nina onset and their interrelationship. J. Geophy. Res., 115, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012861.
- Kwon, H., H. Choi, B.-M. Kim, S.-W. Kim, and S.-J. Kim, 2020: Recent weakening of the southern stratospheric polar vortex and its impact on the surface climate over Antarctica. Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 3-9, doi: 10.1038/ngeo2517.
- Kwon, H., S. Kim, S. Kim, and S. Kim, 2021: Topographical effect of the Antarctic Peninsula on a strong wind event. Antarct. Sci., 33, 674-684, doi: 10.1017/S0954102021000444.
- Kwon, H., S.-W. Kim, S. Lee, S.-J. Park, T. Choi, J.-H. Jeong, S.-J. Kim, and B.-M. Kim, 2016: A numerical simulation study of strong wind events at Jangbogo Station, Antarctica. Atmosphere, 26, 617-633, doi:10.14191/ATMOS.2016.26.4.617.
- Kwon, H., S.-J. Park, S. Lee, S.-J. Kim, and B.-M. Kim, 2016: A numerical simulation of blizzard caused by polar low at King Sejong Station, Antarctica. Atmosphere, 26, 277-288, doi: 10.14191/ATMOS.2016.26.2.277.
- Kwon, M.-H., and J. Jhun, 2003a: Interannual variability of summer precipitation over East Asia associated with intraseasonal variability in the northwestern Pacific. Atmosphere, 13, 230-231, doi: 10.1029/2021JD034607.
- Kwon, M.-H., and J. Jhun, 2003b: Impacts of intraseasonal variability in the northwestern Pacific on Interannual variability of summer precipitation over East Asia. Atmosphere, 13, 350-353.
- Kwon, S.-H., K.-O. Boo, S. Shim, and Y.-H. Byun, 2017: Evaluation of the East Asian summer monsoon season simulated in CMIP5 models and the future change. Atmosphere, 27, 133-150, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2017.27.2.133.
- Lee, B.-Y., H.-K. Cho, J. Kim, Y.-J. Jung, and Y.-G. Lee, 2006: Recent changes in solar irradiance, air temperature and cloudiness at King Sejong Station, Antarctica. Atmosphere, 16, 333-342.
- Lee, C., K.-O. Boo, J. Hong, H. Seong, K.-H. Seol, J. Lee, and C. Cho, 2014: Future changes in global terrestrial carbon cycle under RCP scenarios. Atmosphere, 24, 303-315, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2014.24.3.303.
- Lee, D.-K., 1991: Characteristics of East Asian summer monsoon circulation associated with rainfalls over the Korean Peninsula in 1985. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 27, 205-219.
- Lee, D.-K., and Y.-A. Kim, 1992: Variability of East Asian summer monsoon during the period of 1980~1989. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 28, 315-331.
- Lee, H.-J., K.-H. Seo, Q. Wu, S.-S. Lee, and H.-S. Park, 2019: Combined effect of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation on cold temperature over Asia. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 75-89, doi: 10.1007/s13143-018-0091-2.
- Lee, J.-W., S.-W. Son, S.-Y. Kim, and K. Song, 2021: The sensitivity of the extratropical jet to the stratospheric mean state in a dynamic-core general circulation mode. Atmosphere, 31, 171-183, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2021.31.2.171.
- Lee, J.-W., S.-W. Yeh, and H.-S. Jo, 2016: Weather noise leading to El Nino diversity in an ocean general circulation model. Clim. Dyn., 52, 7235-7247, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3438-3.
- Lee, J.-Y., 2015: Interdecadal changes in the boreal summer tropical-extratropical teleconnections occurred around mid-to-late 1990s. Atmosphere, 28, 325-336, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2018.28.3.325.
- Lee, J.-Y., 2018: Interdecadal changes in the boreal tropicalextratropical teleconnections occurred around mid-to-late 1990s. Atmosphere, 28, 325-336, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2018.28.3.325.
- Lee, J.-Y., and K.-J. Ha, 2015: Understanding of interdecadal changes in variability and predictability of the Northern Hemisphere summer tropical-extratropical teleconnection. J. Climate, 28, 8634-8647, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0154.1.
- Lee, J.-Y., M.-H. Cho, Y. Koh, B.-M. Kim, and J.-H. Jeong, 2018: Projection of circum-Arctic features under climate change. Atmosphere, 28, 393-402, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2018.28.4.393.
- Lee, J.-Y., B. Wang, K.-H. Seo, K.-J. Ha, A. Kitoh, and J. Liu, 2015: Effects of mountain uplift on global monsoon precipitation. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 275-290, doi: 10.1007/s13143-015-0077-2.
- Lee, M.-I., 2001: Influence of cloud-radiation interaction in AGCM simulations of tropical intraseasonal oscillation. Atmosphere, 11, 13-16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900143
- Lee, M.-I., and I.-S. Kang, 2001: Impacts of cumulus parameterization in AGCM simulation s of tropical ISO. Atmosphere, 11, 389-392. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040389
- Lee, S., 2014: A theory for polar amplification from a general circulation perspective. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 31-43, doi: 10.1007/s13143-014-0024-7.
- Lee, S.-H., and K.-H. Seo, 2011: A multi-scale analysis of the interdecadal change in the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Atmosphere, 21, 143-149, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2011.21.2.143.
- Lee, S. K., H. Lopez, E. S. Chung, P. DiNezio, S. W. Yeh, and A. T. Wittenberg, 2018: On the fragile relationship between El Nino and California rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 907-915, doi: 10.1002/2017GL076197.
- Lee, T.-Y., and Y.-H. Kim, 2007: Heavy precipitation systems over the Korean Peninsula and their classification. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 43, 367-396.
- Lee, Y. K., S. W. Yeh, B. Dewitte, B. K. Moon, and J. G. Jhun, 2012: The influences of interannual stratification variability and wind stress forcing on ENSO before and after the 1976 climate shift. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 107, 623-631, doi: 10.1007/s00704-011-0514-9.
- Lim, J.-H., and H.-R. Byun, 2000: Characteristics of the development of the Okhotsk High and Its relation to the atmospheric circulation over East Asia. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 36, 507-518.
- Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702-708, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0702:DOADOI>2.0.CO;2.
- Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1972: Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109-1123, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1109:DOGSCC>2.0.CO;2.
- Mansouri, S., M. Masnadi-Shirazi, S. Golbahar-Haghighi, and M. J. Nazemosadat, 2021: An analogy toward the real-time multivariate MJO index to improve the estimation of the impacts of the MJO on the precipitation variability over Iran in the boreal cold months. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 207-222, doi: 10.1007/s13143-020-00188-0.
- Min, H.-J., and J.-G. Jhun, 2010: The Change in the East Asian summer monsoon simulated by the MIROC3.2 high-resolution coupled model under global warming scenarios. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 73-88, doi:10.1007/s13143-010-0008-1.
- Min, S. K., and Coauthros, 2015: Changes in weather and climate extremes over Korea and possible causes: a review. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 103-121, doi:10.1007/s13143-015-0066-5.
- Min, S. K., X. Zhang, F. W. Zwiers, and G. C. Hegerl, 2011: Human contribution to more-intense precipitation extremes. Nature, 470, 378-381, doi: 10.1038/nature09763.
- Moon, J.-Y., and K.-J. Ha, 2002: Coherent life cycle of intraseasonal tropical convection and extratropical circulation during El Nino and La Nina years: Diagnostic study. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 547-563.
- Moon, J.-Y., and K.-J. Ha, 2003: The coherent life cycle of intraseasonal tropical and extratropical circulation during ENSO. Atmosphere, 13, 396-397.
- Moon, J.-Y., B. Wang, and K.-J. Ha, 2005: Coherent life cycle of intraseasonal tropical convection and extratropical circulation during El Nino and La Nina years. AsiaPac. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 201-216.
- Moon, S., 1981: A classification of flow patterns of summer monsoon at 850mb level in east Asia. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 17, 22-27, doi: 10.1007/s13143-017-0024-5.
- Moon, S., and K.-J. Ha, 2017: Temperature and precipitation in the context of the annual cycle over Asia: model evaluation and future change. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 229-242, doi: 10.1007/s13143-017-0024-5.
- Moon, W., B.-M. Kim, G.-H. Yang, and J. S. Wettlaufer, 2022: Wavier jet streams driven by zonally asymmetric surface thermal forcing. P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 119, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2200890119.
- Nicolas, J. P., and D. H. Bromwich, 2014: New reconstruction of Antarctic near-surface temperatures: multidecadal trends and reliability of global reanalysis. J. Climate, 27, 8070-8093, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00733.1.
- Nitta, T., 1987: Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the Northern Hemisphere summer circulation. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 65, 373-390, doi: 10.2151/jmsj1965.65.3_373.
- Oh, J.-H., 1996: Study of the Asian summer monsoon for the El Nino event of 1987 and the La Nina event of 1988 with the METRI/YONU GCM. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 32, 111-129.
- Oh, J.-H., S. Woo, and S.-I. Yang, 2017: Ship accessibility predictions for the Arctic Ocean based on IPCC CO2 emission scenarios. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 43-50, doi: 10.1007/s13143-017-0003-x.
- Olson, R., S.-I. An, Y. Fan, W. Chang, J. P. Evans, and J.-Y. Lee. 2019: A novel method to test non-exclusive hypotheses applied to Arctic ice projections from dependent models. Nat. Commun., 10, 3016, doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10561-x.
- Overland, J. E., K. R. Wood, and M. Wang, 2011: Warm Arctic-cold continents: climate impacts of the newly open Arctic Sea. Polar. Res., 30, 15787, doi: 10.3402/polar.v30i0.15787.
- Park, D.-S., S. Lee, and S. B. Feldstein, 2015a: Attribution of the recent winter sea ice decline over the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean. J. Climate, 28, 4027-4033, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0042.1.
- Park, H., S. Lee, S.-W. Son, S. B. Feldstein, and Y. Kosaka, 2015b: The impact of poleward moisture and sensible heat flux on Arctic winter sea ice variability. J. Climate, 28, 5030-5040, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0074.1.
- Park, J.-H., S.-I. An, J.-S. Kug, Y.-M. Yang, T. Li, and H.-S. Jo, 2020: Mid-latitude leading double-dip La Nina. J. Int. Climatol., 41, E1353-E1370, doi: 10.1002/joc.6772.
- Park, J.-H., J.-S. Kug, T. Li, and S.-K. Behera, 2018: Predicting El Nino beyond 1-year lead: effect of the western hemisphere warm pool. Sci. Rep., 8, 14957, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33191-7.
- Park, J.-H., M.-K. Sung, Y.-M. Yang, J. Zhao, S.-I. An, and J.-S. Kug, 2021: Role of climatological intertropical convergence zone in seasonal footprinting mechanism of El Nino-Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 34, 5243-5256, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0809.1.
- Park, J., H.-S. Kang, Y.-K. Hyun, and T. Nakazawa, 2018: Predictability of the Arctic Sea ice extent from S2S multi model ensemble. Atmosphere, 28, 15-24, doi:10.14191/ATMOS.2018.28.1.015.
- Park, S.-J., T.-J. Choi, and S.-J. Kim, 2013: Heat flux variations over sea ice observed at the coastal area of the Sejong Station, Antarctica. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 443-450, doi: 10.1007/s13143-013-0040-z.
- Park, S.-U., H.-J. Ahn, and Y.-S. Chun, 1988: Evolutionary features of the large-scale circulation over East Asia during the Changma period of 1985. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 24, 22-43.
- Park, S.-U., I.-H. Yoon, and S. K. Chung, 1986: Heat and moisture sources associated with the Chan gma fron t during the summer of 1978. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 22, 1-27.
- Park, J. Y., S. W. Yeh, J. S. Kug, and J. Yoon, 2013: Favorable connections between seasonal footprinting mechanism and El Nino. Clim. Dyn., 40, 1167-1181, doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1477-y.
- Pena-Ortiz, C., D. Gallego, P. Ribera, P. Ordonez, and M. D. C. Alvarez-Castro, 2013: Observed trends in the global jet stream characteristics during the second half of the 20th century. J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 118, 2702-2713, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50305.
- Previdi, M., K. L. Smith, and L. M. Polvani, 2021: Arctic amplification of climate change: a review of underlying mechanisms. Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 093003, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac1c29.
- Rantanen, M., A. Y. Karpechko, A. Lipponen, K. Nordling, O. Hyvarinen, K. Ruosteenoja, T. Vihma, and A. Laaksonen, 2022: The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979. Commun. Earth. Environ3., 168, doi: 10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3.
- Raphael, M. N., and M. S. Handcock, 2022: A new record minimum for Antarctic Sea ice. Nat. Rev. Earth. Environ3., 3, 215-216, doi: 10.1038/s43017-022-00281-0.
- Roxy, M. K., P. Dasgupta, M. J. McPhaden, T. Suematsu, C. Zhang, and D. Kim, 2019: Twofold expansion of the Indo-Pacific warm pool warps the MJO life cycle. Nature, 575, 647-651, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1764-4.
- Seo, K.-H., 2004: Prediction Skill of the Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation in the NCEP Dynamical Extended Range Forecasts. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 649-663.
- Seo, K.-H., and J.-H. Choi, 2022: An economic value for the first precipitation event during Changma period. Atmosphere, 32, 61-70, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2022.32.1.061.
- Seo, K.-H., J. Ok, J.-H. Son, and D.-H. Cha, 2013: Assessing future changes in the East Asian summer monsoon using CMIP5 coupled models. J. Climate, 26, 7662-7675, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00694.1.
- Seo, K.-H., J.-H. Son, and J.-Y. Lee, 2011: A new look at Changma. Atmosphere, 21, 109-121, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2011.21.1.109.
- Serreze, M. C., and R. G. Barry, 2011: Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: a research synthesis. Global. Planet. Change, 77, 85-96, doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004.
- Shim, S., S.-H. Kwon, Y.-J. Lim, S. S. Yum, and Y.-H. Byun, 2019: Understanding climate change over East Asia under stabilized 1.5 and 2.0℃ global warming scenarios. Atmosphere, 29, 391-401, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2019.29.4.391.
- Shin, I. C., H.-I. Yi, W.-T. Kwon, and H.-S. Chung, 2005: Current climate change in the view of paleoclimatology. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 229-237.
- Shin, N.-Y., Y.-G. Ham, J.-H. Kim, M.-S. Cho, and J.-S. Kug, 2022: Application of deep learning to understanding ENSO dynamics. Artif. Intell. Earth. Syst., 1, doi: 10.1175/AIES-D-21-0011.1.
- Shin, N.-Y., J.-S. Kug, F. S. McCormack, and N. J. Holbrook, 2021: The double peaked El Nino and its physical processes. J. Climate, 34, 1291-1303, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0402.1.
- Singh, N., S.-K. Baek, and W.-T. Kwon, 2002: Seasonal/subseasonal rainfall prediction through time series modelling and extrapolation using harmonic analysis. Korean J. Atmos. Sci., 5, 131-145.
- So, E.-M., and M.-S. Suh, 2017: Trends of upper jet streams characteristics (intensity, altitude, latitude and longitude) over the Asia-North Pacific region based on four reanalysis datasets. Atmosphere, 27, 1-16, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2017.27.1.001.
- Sohn, B.-J., and J.-W. Han, 1995: Some climatological features associated with extremes of East Asian summer monsoon. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 31, 477-488.
- Son, H.-Y., J.-Y. Park, and J.-S. Kug, 2016: Precipitation variability in September over the Korean Peninsula during ENSO developing phase. Clim. Dyn., 46, 3419-3430, doi: 10.1007/s00382-015-2776-x.
- Son, H.-Y., J.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kug, J. Yoo, and C.-H. Kim, 2014: Winter Precipitation variation over Korean Peninsula associated with ENSO. Clim. Dyn., 42, 3171-3186, doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-2008-1.
- Son, J.-H., and K.-H. Seo, 2012: Dominant modes of the East Asian summer monsoon using equivalent potential temperature. Atmosphere, 22, 483-488, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2012.22.4.483.
- Son, J.-H., K.-H. Seo, and B. Wang, 2019: Dynamical control of the Tibetan Plateau on the East Asian summer monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 7672-7679, doi: 10.1029/2019GL083104.
- Song, E.-J., and K.-H. Seo, 2012: ?Vertical vorticity structure associated with the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation: barotropic or baroclinic? Atmosphere, 22, 259-265, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2012.22.2.259.
- Song, E.-J., E. Choi, G. H. Lim, Y. H. Kim, J. S. Kug, and S. W. Yeh, 2011: The central Pacific as the export region of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation Sea surface temperature anomaly to Antarctic Sea ice. J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 116, doi: 10.1029/2011JD015645.
- Song, K., H. Kim, S.-W. Son, S.-W. Kim, H.-S. Kang, and Y.-K. Hyun, 2018: Subseasonal-to-Seasonal (S2S) prediction of GloSea5 model: part 2. stratospheric sudden warming. Atmosphere, 28, 123-139, doi: 10.14191/ATMOS.2018.28.2.123.
- Song, K., S.-W. Son, and S.-H. Woo, 2015: Impact of sudden stratospheric warming on the surface air temperature in East Asia. Atmosphere, 25, 461-472, doi:10.14191/ATMOS.2015.25.3.461.
- Song, S.-Y., S.-W. Yeh, and H.-S. Jo, 2021: Changes in the characteristics of North Pacific Jet as a Conduit for US surface air temperature in boreal winter across the late 1990s. J. Climate, 34, 6841-6853, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0353.1.
- Sooraj, K. P., D. Kim, J.-S. Kug, S.-W. Yeh, F.-F. Jin, and I.-S. Kang, 2009a: Effects of the low frequency zonal wind variation on the high-frequency atmospheric variability over the tropics. Clim. Dyn., 33, 495-507, doi: 10.1007/s00382-008-0483-6.
- Sooraj, K. P., J.-S. Kug, T. Li, and I.-S. Kang, 2009b: Impact of El Nino onset timing on the Indian Ocean - Pacific coupling and subsequent El Nino evolution. Theor. Appl. Climatol, 97, 17-27, doi: 10.1007/s00704-008-0067-8.
- Su, J., R. Zhang, T. Li, X. Rong, J.-S. Kug, and C.-C. Hong, 2010: Causes of the El Nino and La Nina amplitude asymmetry in the equatorial eastern Pacific. J. Climate, 23, 605-617, doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2894.1.
- Suh, M.-S., J.-R. Lee, J.-H. Kang, D.-K. Lee, and M.-H. Ahn, 2005: On the relationship between seasonal change of vegetation and climate elements in east Asia. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 557-570.
- Sun, M., C.-H. Cho, Y. Kim, J. Lee, K.-O. Boo, and Y.-H. Byun, 2017: Response of the terrestrial carbon exchange to the climate variability. Atmosphere, 27, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2017.27.2.163
- Sung, M.-K., S.-I. An, B.-M. Kim, and J.-S. Kug, 2015: Asymmetric impact of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on El Nino and La Nina characteristics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4998-5004, doi: 10.1002/2015GL064381.
- Wang, B., and S.-I. An, 2001: Why the Properties of El Nino changed During the Late 1970s. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3421-3432. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013368
- Wang, B., and S.-I. An, 2002: A mechanism for decadal changes of ENSO behavior: roles of background wind changes. Clim. Dyn., 18, 475-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-001-0189-5
- Wang, B., J. Liu, H.-J. Kim, P. J. Webster, S.-Y. Yim, and B. Xiang, 2013b: Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon intensified by mega-El Nino/Southern Oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110, 4347-5352, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219405110.
- Wang, B., and X. Xie, 1997: A model for the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0072:AMFTBS>2.0.CO;2
- Wang, H., B. Wang, F. Huang, Q. Ding, and J.-Y. Lee, 2012: Interdecadal change of the boreal summer circumglobal teleconnection (1958~2010). Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, doi: 10.1029/2012GL052371.
- Watanabe, M., J.-S. Kug, F.-F. Jin, M. Collins, M. Ohba, and A. Wittenburg, 2012: Uncertainty in the ENSO amplitude change from the past to the future. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053305.
- Wie, J., B.-K. Moon, S.-W. Yeh, R. J. Park, and B.-G. Kim, 2021: La Nina-related tropospheric column ozone enhancement over East Asia. Atmos. Environ., 261, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118575.
- Won, Y.-J., S.-W. Yeh, B.-Y. Yim, and H.-K. Kim, 2017: Relationship between Korean monthly temperature during summer and Eurasian snow cover during spring. Atmosphere, 27, 55-65, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2017.27.1.055.
- Wu, R., S. Yang, S. Liu, L. Sun, Y. Lian, and Z. Gao, 2011: Northeast China summer temperature and North Atlantic SST. J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 116, doi: 10.1029/2011JD015779.
- Yeh, S.-W., and Coauthors, 2018: ENSO atmospheric teleconnections and their response to greenhouse gas forcing. Rev. Geophys., 56, 185-206, doi: 10.1002/2017RG000568.
- Yeh, S.-W., B. P. Kirtman, J. S. Kug, W. Park, and M, Latif, 2011: Natural variability of the central Pacific El Nino event on multi-centennial timescales. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, doi: 10.1029/2010GL045886.
- Yeh, S.-W., H.-S. Jo, S.-H. Hyun, W. Cai, and Y.-G. Ham, 2021: Role of the eastern subtropical North Pacific Ocean on the El Nino's transition processes. Clim. Dyn., 56, 1285-1301, doi: 10.1007/s00382-020-05530-w.
- Yeh, S.-W., Y. G. Ham, and B. P. Kirtman, 2014b: A possible explanation on the changes in the spatial structure of ENSO from CMIP3 to CMIP5. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 140-145, doi: 10.1002/2013GL058478.
- Yeh, S.-W., H. Kim, M. Kwon, and B. Dewitte, 2014c: Changes in the spatial structure of strong and moderate El Nino events under global warming. Int. J. Climatol., 34, 2834-2840, doi: 10.1002/joc.3876.
- Yeh, S.-W., J.-S. Kug, and S.-I. An, 2014a: Recent progress on two types of El Nino: observations, dynamics, and future changes. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 69-81, doi: 10.1007/s13143-014-0028-3.
- Yeh, S.-W.,J.-S. Kug, B. Dewitte, M.-H. Kwon, B. Kirtman, and F.-F. Jin, 2009: El Nino in a changing climate. Nature, 461, 511-514. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08316
- Yeh, S. W., X. Wang, C. Wang, and B. Dewitte, 2015: On the relationship between the North Pacific climate variability and the Central Pacific El Nino. J. Climate., 28, 663-677, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00137.1.
- Yeo, S.-R., J.-G. Jhun, and W. Kim, 2012: Intraseasonal variability of western North Pacific subtropical high based on the El Nino Influence and its relationship with East Asian summer monsoon. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 43-53, doi: 10.1007/s13143-012-0005-7.
- Yeo, S.-R., S.-W. Yeh, Y. Kim, and S.-Y. Yim, 2017b: Monthly climate variation over Korea in relation to the two types of ENSO evolution. Int. J. Climatol., 38, 811-824, doi: 10.1002/joc.5212.
- Yeo, S.-R., S.-W. Yeh, K.-Y. Kim, and W. Kim, 2017a: The role of low-frequency variation in the manifestation of warming trend and ENSO amplitude. Clim. Dyn., 49, 1197-1213, doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3376-0.
- Yi, H.-I., and I. C. Shin, 2010: Impact of climate change on the ocean environment in the viewpoint of paleoclimatology. Atmosphere, 20, 379-386.
- Yim, S.-Y., J.-G. Jhun, and E.-J. Lee, 2006: The comparison of characteristics between 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Nino events in terms of the East Asian summer monsoon. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42, 329-338.
- Yoon, J., S.-W. Kim, Y.-H. Kug, J.-S. Min, and H. Min, 2012: Understanding the responses of sea surface temperature to the two different types of El Nino in the Western North Pacific. Prog. Oceanogr., 105, 81-89, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2012.04.007.
- Yoon, J., and S. W. Yeh, 2010: Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the relationship between El Nino and the northeast Asian summer monsoon. J. Climate, 23, 4525-4537, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3352.1.
- Yu, J.-Y., P.-K. Kao, H. Paek, H.-H. Hsu, C.-W. Hung, M.-M. Lu, and S.-I. An, 2015: Linking emergence of the Central-Pacific El Nino to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. J. Climate., 28, 651-662, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00347.1.
- Yun, K. S., K. J. Ha, S. W. Yeh, B. Wang, and B. Xiang, 2015: Critical role of boreal summer North Pacific subtropical highs in ENSO transition. Clim. Dyn., 44, 1979-1992, doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2193-6.
- Yun, K. S., S. W. Yeh, and K.-J. Ha, 2019: Underlying mechanisms leading to El Nino-to-La Nina transition are unchanged under global warming. Clim. Dyn., 52, 1723-1738, doi: 10.1007/s00382-018-4220-5.
- Yun, W.-T., C.-K. Park, J.-W. Lee, H.-S. Lee, and S.-K. Min, 2001: Analysis of the Korean heavy rainfall features in summer 1998. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 37, 181-194.
- Zhang, W., F.-F. Jin, M. F. Stuecker, T. Wittenberg, A. Timmermann, H.-L. Ren, J.-S, Kug, W. Cai, and M. Cane, 2016: Unraveling El Nino's impact on the East Asian monsoon and Yangtze River summer flooding. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 11375-11382, doi: 10.1002/2016GL071190.
- Zhao, J., J.-S. Kug, J.-H. Park, and S.-I. An, 2020: Diversity of North Pacific Meridional Mode and its distinct impacts on El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, doi: 10.1029/2020GL08899.
- Zuo, J., W. Li, C. Sun, L. Xu, and H.-L. Ren, 2013: Impact of the North Atlantic Sea surface temperature tripole on the East Asian summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1173-1186, doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2125-5.