The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business

  • 제10권2호
  • /
  • Pages.247-256
  • /
  • 2023
  • /
  • 2288-4637(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2288-4645(eISSN)
한국유통과학회 (Korea Distribution Science Association)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Achieving the Agility of Human Resources Through Job Empowerment Practices and Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence from the Banking Sectors

  • 투고 : 2022.11.30
  • 심사 : 2023.03.15
  • 발행 : 2023.03.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Financial sectors, like other sectors with strict hierarchies, need help to be adaptive or agile enough to satisfy the needs of competitive situations. In this regard, this study aims to evaluate the influence of job satisfaction on the link between job empowerment practices and the agility of human resources and fills the gaps in the current literature. To fulfill these aims, the study employs data collected through a survey of 460 employees randomly selected across various levels of commercial banking. AMOS 25 was used to conduct a statistical data analysis by applying structural equation modelling to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed positive and direct associations between job empowerment practices, job satisfaction, and the agility of human resources. In addition, employee satisfaction served as a powerful intermediary between empowerment practices and the agility of human resources. This study is one of the first to analyze the association between these factors in this field. These results imply that banks should develop effective job empowerment strategies to increase employee job satisfaction, which can lead to a more agile workforce. As mentioned in this paper, it also has important and helpful implications for academics and banks.

키워드

1. Introduction

The competitive business climate has unquestionably accelerated the rate at which firms must innovate to maintain and improve their competitive position. One of the characteristics of a cr0eative firm is its capacity to promote, develop, and utilize the abilities of its employees (Martín et al., 2022). The primary concern of organizations is how to incentivize their workers to generate creative ideas and provide an environment in which organizational members may implement their innovative concepts (Lai et al., 2021). The current challenge has compelled businesses to increase resilience, expand their adaptability, and easily perform their operations. Indeed, agility began as a novel response to managing a dynamic and changing environment and subsequently became a vital success element for enterprises (Kustyadji & Windijarto, 2021).

Adopting innovative techniques, like the agility of human resources, also enables financial sectors to respond to environmental changes. Human resources are now a key strategic source of knowledge and advancement and a foundation for brilliance. They enable sectors to carry out their duties professionally and efficiently and achieve the competitive edge that ensures their survival, growth, and success (Menon & Suresh, 2022). In addition, the extended plurality of sources, such as Alavi (2016), Muduli (2016), and Sherehiy and Karwowski (2014), confirmed that the agility of human resources focuses on three measures: “proactivity, adaptability, and resilience.” In this sense, human resource agility can be attained through advanced methodologies. New research demonstrates that firms cannot be nimble without a talented staff. Human resource agility depends on knowledge, learning bias, and other organizational support activities that should be prioritized in an agile-seeking firm (Alavi, 2016).

In this context, empowerment is viewed as the emancipation of the human from restrictions, the encouragement of the individual, and the motivation and reward for exercising entrepreneurship and innovation. On the other hand, empowerment liberates the person from severe control, rigid laws, and precise policies, allowing him to assume responsibility for his actions. Under tight bureaucracy and authoritarian governments, an individual’s potential and abilities will unavoidably remain dormant and exploited (Ibrahim, 2015). Moreover, job satisfaction is one of the organizationally beneficial behaviors in developed nations, which drives employees to boost their output. Organizational loyalty reduces absenteeism and enhances employees’ interest in the company, enhancing its ability to adapt to changing surroundings and achieve its objectives (Kim & Kim, 2021).

Our study provides many important contributions. First, this study demonstrates the significance of empowering practices and job satisfaction in attaining the agility of human resources, therefore expanding our empirical knowledge of the factors of human resource agility in financial sectors. Second, the study investigates the interdependencies between empowering practices, job satisfaction, and human resource agility. Despite the intuitive attractiveness of the theoretical argument for the contribution, including both empowering practices and the agility of human resources in financial sectors, there is no research on this topic. In addition to addressing these challenges, our research investigates whether or not job satisfaction mediates this relationship, which has useful implications for practitioners and policymakers in all nations seeking to develop agility-driven competitiveness.

2. Literature Review and Hypotheses

2.1. Job Empowerment Practices

Empowerment enables individuals to contribute their talents and responsibilities, motivates them to make the right decisions, and gives them authority and confidence to perform their work without management intrusion (Siswanti & Muafi, 2020; Rajalingam et al., 2011). Yin et al. (2020) defined employee empowerment as consolidating administration and employee connections, incentives, involvement in decision-making, and eliminating internal managerial barriers between administration and employees. For a long time, giving employees more power has been a focus of many practices and studies. It has been done in many ways, including getting employees involved and participating in decision-making, which led to the trendy empowerment perspective (Thani et al., 2022). Similarly, human resources are viewed as an essential organizational asset, and employee empowerment is a key notion for human resource development that boosts productivity. Improving the organization’s quality and profitability depends on how employees perceive their competence (Yin et al., 2019).

This article focuses on the most significant aspects of employee empowerment, including decision-making and delegation of authority. The delegation of power refers to transferring authority to other management levels so that employees can impact decisions concerning their performance (Liu, 2017; Bani-Melhem et al., 2020). According to Juhana et al. (2020), the delegation of power is essential in major businesses, where the overall managers cannot potentially assume entire responsibility. Managers must be able to delegate authority to their helpers, who are provided with a specific subset of the manager’s rules to follow legal or natural guidelines. The second aspect of employee empowerment is decision-making, empowering employees to voice their suggestions, recommendations, and opinions concerning their unit and job ( Le et al., 2020).

Likewise, this paper seeks to confine the impact of these factors on the agility of human resources. In this context, agility is a new notion in human resource management, yet it has been a commonly taught topic for several years. It is researched to determine how firms may be and remain successful in a dynamic environment and to ensure they acquire a competitive edge (Ulrich & Yeung, 2019). Besides that, many scholars have independently examined the link between empowering techniques and the agility of human resources. According to Anwar and Abdullah (2021), the delegation of authority significantly impacts the overall effectiveness of human resources. In addition, all staffers should consider human resource agility for businesses to be agile. Al-Jammal et al. (2015), Aldalayeen and Aldofairy (2016), Farahani and Salimi (2015), and Nouri and Mousavi (2020) reported that the agility of employees may be accomplished if individuals interact, share their perspectives, and have decision-making authority and that there is a significant and positive association between the delegation authority (DA) and agility of human resources.

From another angle, multiple studies have independently investigated the relationship between decision-making practices and the agility of human resources. This has resulted in favorable arguments in academic literature. For instance, Muduli (2016, 2017) examined the effect of employee participation in “decision-making” on the agility of the workforce. Findings indicated that collaboration in decision-making is judged vital for agile workforces. Harraf et al. (2015), Muduli and Pandya (2018), Munteanu et al. (2020), and Natapoera and Mangundjaya (2020) reported that employees with decision-making authority and collaboration tend to be more adaptive and flexible to the surrounding environment. These results led us to propose the following research hypotheses:

H1: The empowerment practices of employees have an influence on the agility of human resources.

H2: The delegation of authority for employees affects the agility of human resources.

H3: The decision-making strategy affects the agility of human resources.

2.2. Job Satisfaction

The topic of job satisfaction (JS) is how the staff feels regarding their profession and the many aspects of their work. There are many causes why businesses must be focused on the satisfaction of employees, like the fact that staff expects to be treated with care and that satisfaction in the work can drive worker manners in ways that impact organizational objectives (Milana, 2018). According to Garg et al. (2018), job satisfaction is critical to the business’s success since if a person is unhappy with his job, he will not be committed to the business. Employees’ dissatisfaction with their work leads them to seek employment elsewhere, affecting the business (Bayarçelik & Findikli, 2016).

In this research, job satisfaction evaluates as an independent variable (IV) on the agility of human resources and a mediator (M) between the agility of human resources and empowerment practices, which establishes a bond between the organization and its employees to achieve organizational goals. It assists individuals inside the business to overcome dynamic environments (Al-Abbadi & Mensah, 2022; Marta et al., 2021). Moreover, various things impact job satisfaction, including intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction. Intrinsic satisfaction relates to employment tasks, including autonomy, variety, and skill application. Extrinsic satisfaction, on the other hand, derives from working techniques, remuneration, supervisor, promotion opportunities, and coworkers (Park & Johnson, 2019). In this context, Azmy (2021) and Nabatchian et al. (2014) discovered that when employees are satisfied with their occupations, they are more adaptable, responsive, and inclined to initiate corporate change. Maintaining a high level of efficiency takes a great deal of satisfaction. Besides that, it was shown that employee satisfaction directly and positively influences human resources’ agility. Similarly, the satisfaction of the employees contributes to a productive and motivated workforce, which assists employees in acquiring the data necessary, knowledge, and skills to expand the business (Al-Abdullat & Dababneh, 2018).

Generally, businesses must be able to adjust to their environments to maintain and enhance their effectiveness in the face of a variety of continual environmental changes. As a result, Aidan et al. (2018), Hameed et al. (2022), Momeni and Pourasadi (2015), and Rahardi et al. (2022) confirmed that there is a considerable positive correlation between satisfaction and the agility of human resources.

In this approach, the justifications for this research were underlined by Otuya (2019) and Sidhu et al. (2021), who highlighted that if the clear link between three factors is significant, one can mediate the connection between the others. Similarly, limited (if any) research has utilized job satisfaction as a mediator variable between the agility of human resources and empowering practices. It might be a novel finding that job satisfaction mediates the link between agile human resources and empowering practices. Finally, these results led us to propose the following research hypotheses:

H4: job satisfaction influences the agility of human resources.

H5: Job satisfaction mediates the relationship between human resources agility and employees’ empowerment practices.

H6: Job satisfaction mediates the relationship between the agility of human resources and the delegation of authority for employees.

H7: Job satisfaction mediates the relationship between the agility of human resources and the decision-making strategy.

3. Research Method

3.1. Instrument Design and Respondents

Our research is based on a questionnaire. There are four sections inside the questionnaire. The first section contains demographic information about respondents and their organizations, which is commonly employed in business research (this section has five factors). The second section gathers information about the agility of human resources, with adaptation, proactivity, and resiliency as its components. 21 items were used to measure this section. The third section measures employee empowerment practices, including decision-making strategy and delegation of authority. 9 items were used to measure this section. The final section covers job satisfaction, with its components being intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction. 12 items were used to measure this section. Each item was evaluated on a Likert-type scale with different options, ranging from one (strongly disagree) to five (strongly agree).

All active commercial banks in Jordan constituted the target population of “21247 workers”. Referring to Krejcie and Morgan (1970), this study needed 379 responses, while Guetterman et al. (2015) suggested getting 20 percent to the number of respondents. As a suitable sample, 460 individuals from various sectors were chosen for this study. The data was analyzed utilizing “SPSS and AMOS”; following a screening of the data, it was specified that 448 were valid for analysis. The results of the participants’ characteristics are shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Characteristics of the Participants

OTGHEU_2023_v10n2_247_t0001.png 이미지

In addition, Table 2 provides information on the analysis of the variables, including Cronbach’s alpha, factor loading, AVE, and CR.

Table 2: AVE, Cronbach’s Alpha, Factor Loading, and CR

OTGHEU_2023_v10n2_247_t0002.png 이미지

Pr: proactivity; Ad: adaptability; Re: resiliency; ES: extrinsic satisfaction; IS: intrinsic satisfaction.

As depicted in Table 2, all factors’ measures of Cronbach’s α “internal consistency” are far above the 0.7 thresholds. The factor loadings vary from 0.50 to 0.94, beyond typical cutoff levels. Regarding the convergent validity of all measures, the CR “composite reliability” is significantly above the indicated cutoff of 0.700. Besides that, the AVE “average variance extracted” exceeds the recommended threshold of 0.500. Considering these factors, we may infer that our measurements are reliable (Hair et al., 2010; Shiau et al., 2019). The fit of the model was also measured for all variables. Chi-square = 2353.359, DF = 997, relative Chi-Square = 2.360 < 5, CFI = 0.923, and RMSEA = 0.055 < 0.080. The data and the hypothesized model fit well (Hair et al., 2010; Ong & Puteh, 2017). Based on how strongly these variables are linked in our model (view Table 3).

Table 3: Mean values (M), Standard Deviations (SD), and variables Correlation

OTGHEU_2023_v10n2_247_t0003.png 이미지

4. Results

4.1. The Direct Effect of Independent Variables on The Agility of Human Resources

We started by analyzing the direct relationship between empowerment practices “EP” and the agility of human resources “AHR.” The standardized path coefficients indicate that the empowerment practices “EP” has a positive and significant impact on the agility of human resources (β = 0.570, p < 0.001). This evidence supports the first hypothesis (H1).

Second, by analyzing the direct relationship between decision-making “DM” and the agility of human resources. The standardized path coefficients indicate that decision-making has a positive and significant impact on “AHR” the agility of human resources (β = 0.100, p < 0.05). This evidence supports the second hypothesis (H2).

Third, by analyzing the direct relationship between the delegation authority “DA” and the agility of human resources. The standardized path coefficients indicate that delegation authority has a positive and significant impact on “AHR” the agility of human resources (β = 0.215, p < 0.05). This evidence supports the third hypothesis (H3). Fourth, by analyzing the direct relationship between job satisfaction “JS” and the agility of human resources “AHR.” The standardized path coefficients indicate that job satisfaction has a positive and significant impact on “AHR” the agility of human resources (β = 0.0.270, p < 0.001). This evidence supports the fourth hypothesis (H4).

These findings illustrate the direct effect of independent variables (IVs) on the agility of human resources “AHR,” whereas Table 4 details the standard regression weights for the direct effects of independent variables (IVs) on the agility of human resources.

Table 4: Direct Effects

OTGHEU_2023_v10n2_247_t0004.png 이미지

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

4.2. Mediation Analysis

This study revealed that the effect of empowerment practices (EP) on the agility of human resources (AHR) was 0.57 (p-value = 0.000). In contrast, the direct influence of EP on AHR with the mediating effect of JS was likewise significant at 0.45 (p-value = 0.000). The statistical significance of the effects of EP on JS was 0.75 (p-value = 0.000). Lastly, the effect of JS on AHR was similarly statistically significant (p-value = 0.000) at 0.44. JS strongly mediated the effects of EP on AHR at 0.333 (p-value = 0.000). These results supported hypothesis 5.

Besides that, this study also revealed that the effect of decision-making (DM) on the agility of human resources (AHR) was 0.100 (p-value = 0.001). In contrast, DM’s direct influence on AHR with JS’s mediating effect was likewise significant at 0.010 (p-value = 0.845). The statistical significance of the effects of DM on JS was 0.100 (p-value = 0.101). The effect of JS on AHR was similarly statistically significant (p-value = 0.000) at 0.98. JS strongly mediated the effects of DM on AHR at 0.097 (p-value = 0.001). These results supported hypothesis 6.

Lastly, this study also revealed that the effect of delegation authority (DA) on the agility of human resources (AHR) was 0.22 (p-value = 0.001). In contrast, the direct influence of DA on AHR with the mediating effect of JS was likewise significant at –0.090 (p-value = 0.177). The statistical significance of the effects of DA on JS was 0.170 (p-value = 0.014). Lastly, JS strongly mediated the effects of DA on AHR at 0.167 (p-value = 0.001). These results supported hypothesis 7. Therefore, job satisfaction was a full mediator in the model (hypotheses 5, 6, and 7). Table 5 outlines the mediation effects in the structural model between the independent variables and the agility of human resources.

Table 5: Mediation’s Results

OTGHEU_2023_v10n2_247_t0005.png 이미지

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

5. Discussion

This paper tested and proposed a conceptual model of the effect of job empowerment practices (JEP) on the agility of human resources (AHR), as mediated by the intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction elements of the job satisfaction scale (JS).

The positive influence of job empowerment practices on the agility of human resources was consistent with findings from earlier research indicating that empowerment practices affect the agility of human resources (Al-Ganemi & Chalab, 2021; GhalichKhani & Hakkak, 2016; Muduli, 2017; Muduli & Pandya, 2018; Nouri & Mousavi, 2020; Greasley et al., 2005).

Besides that, the positive influence of job satisfaction “JS” on the agility of human resources was consistent with findings from earlier research indicating that the satisfaction of employees affects the agility of human resources (Aidan et al., 2018; Azmy, 2021; Goodarzi et al., 2018; Momeni & Pourasadi, 2015; Nabatchian et al., 2014).

These outcomes provide good feedback to the management of the financial sectors, encouraging them to prioritize employee empowerment and urge them to voice their opinions. These discoveries also enable the financial industry to design techniques to achieve competitive advantages, improve staff abilities, and respond to external and internal changes in the workplace. Empowered staff will be more content with their positions, will be able to respond to changes more quickly, will be able to expand their abilities, will improve the quality of financial services, and will acquire a competitive edge.

Specifically, the findings demonstrated that a positive influence of decision-making “DM” on the agility of human resources was consistent with findings from earlier research indicating that decision-making affects the agility of human resources (Munteanu et al., 2020; Natapoera & Mangundjaya, 2020; Sherehiy & Karwowski, 2014; Thani et al., 2022). Furthermore, the JS mediates the influence of decision-making and the agility of human resources to the extent that the influence of decision-making and human resources becomes significant and even positive.

In addition, the findings revealed that a positive effect of delegation authority “DA” on the agility of human resources was consistent with past study findings demonstrating that delegation authority influences the agility of human resources (Al-Jammal et al., 2015; Aldalayeen & Aldofairy, 2016; Farahani & Salimi, 2015; Ibrahim & Mona, 2018; Lassoued et al., 2020; Nouri & Mousavi, 2020). Moreover, the JS mediates the impact of delegation authority and the agility of human resources to the point that the influence of delegation authority and human resources becomes significant and even positive.

Lastly, the decision-making and delegation authority leads policymakers to execute and develop actions that might help establish a design of more suitable principles for generating and executing successful decisions relating to agility. Banks with the most promising future will have the most adaptable people resources. They are also essential to expanding banks, their financial performance, and attaining a comparative edge.

In conclusion, the preceding debates highlight the significance of job satisfaction, decision-making, a delegation of authority, and agility of human resources, which are strongly interrelated. In addition, job satisfaction is essential as a mediator between agility of human resources, decision-making, and delegation power inside banks, and it provides a significant theoretical contribution by offering a new study path on job satisfaction.

6. Conclusion

This study evaluates the influence of job satisfaction on the link between job empowerment practices and the agility of human resources. The findings demonstrated a positive influence of job satisfaction and job empowerment practices on the agility of human resources, which are strongly interrelated. On the other hand, job satisfaction is essential as a mediator between agility of human resources, decision-making, and delegation of authority inside banks. This paper is not devoid of limitations. First, concentrating on two elements of decision-making and delegation authority, namely job empowerment practices, necessitates the inclusion of well-known important components such as effective communication and work teams to understand the role of job empowerment practices in a more general context. Secondly, administrators might have more favorable opinions than bank employees or vice versa. Specifically, this study has prioritized and combined the vital research drivers that aid banks in enforcing and embracing practices that promote adaptation to a dynamic and fast environment. Consequently, this paper helps fill the gaps in the existing literature, gives important answers to academics, and enhances management literature.

참고문헌

  1. Aidan, Z., Alibabaei, A., & Mohammad, H. S. (2018). Identify the relationship between employer brand attractiveness, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and workforce agility in telecom industries based on structural equation modeling (SEM): A case study of Huawei Technologies service Iranian). Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 18(1&2), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2018/21068
  2. Al-Abbadi, G. M., & Agyekum-Mensah, G. (2022). The effects of motivational factors on construction professionals' productivity in Jordan. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(5), 820-831. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2019.1652951
  3. Al-Abdullat, B. M., & Dababneh, A. (2018). The mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between organizational culture and knowledge management in the Jordanian banking sector. Benchmarking, 25(2), 517-544. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-06-2016-0081
  4. Al-Ganemi, S. S. W., & Chalab, I. D. (2021). Reflection of the effect of empowering leadership behaviors on workforce agility (An analytical study of the opinions of teachers in the private schools of the Diwaniyah governorate center). Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(14), 2120-2149.
  5. Al-Jammal, H. R., Al-Khasawneh, A. L., & Hamadat, M. H. (2015). The impact of the delegation of authority on employees' performance at Great Irbid Municipality: A case study. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 5(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v5i3.8062
  6. Alavi, S. (2016). The influence of workforce agility on external manufacturing flexibility of Iranian SMEs. International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation, and Development, 8(1), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTLID.2016.075185
  7. Alavi, S., Abd. Wahab, D., Muhamad, N., & Arbab Shirani, B. (2014). Organic structure and organizational learning as the main antecedents of workforce agility. International Journal of Production Research, 52(21), 6273-6295. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.919420
  8. Aldalayeen, A., & Aldofairy, M. (2016). The impact of delegation of authority on performance efficiency at public sector organizations in Kuwait, Applied study on Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor.
  9. Anwar, G., & Abdullah, N. N. (2021). The impact of human resource management practice on Organizational performance. International Journal of Engineering, Business, and Management, 5(1), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.1.4
  10. Azmy, A. (2021). The effect of employee engagement and job satisfaction on workforce agility through talent management in public transportation companies. Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 36(2), 212. https://doi.org/10.24856/mem.v36i2.2190
  11. Bani-Melhem, S., Quratulain, S., & Al-Hawari, M. A. (2020) Customer incivility and frontline employees' revenge intentions: Interaction effects of employee empowerment and turnover intentions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 29(4), 450-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2019.1646180
  12. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
  13. Bayarcelik, E. B., & Findikli, M. A. (2016). The mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relation between organizational justice perception and intention to leave. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 403-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.050
  14. Beltran-Martin, I., Guinot-Reinders, J., & Rodriguez-Sanchez, A. M. (2022). Employee psychological conditions as mediators of the relationship between human resource management and employee work engagement. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2078990
  15. Farahani, A. H., & Salimi, F. (2015). The study of the relationship between employees' empowerment and organizational agility: A case study in Azarab industrial company. Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 4(1), 1067-1076.
  16. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). SEM with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800101
  17. Garg, K., Dar, I. A., & Mishra, M. (2018). Job satisfaction and work engagement: A study using private sector bank managers. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 20(1), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422317742987
  18. GhalichKhani, R. D., & Hakkak, M. (2016). A model for measuring the direct and indirect impact of business intelligence on organizational agility with the partial mediatory role of empowerment: A case study of Tehran Construction Engineering Organization (TCEO) and ETKA Organization Industries. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences.
  19. Goodarzi, B., Shakeri, K., Ghaniyoun, A., & Heidari, M. (2018). Assessment 230(May), 413-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.052 correlation of the organizational agility of human resources with the performance staff of Tehran Emergency Center. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(January), 142. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_109_18
  20. Greasley, K., Bryman, A., Dainty, A., Price, A., Soetanto, R., & King, N. (2005). Employee perceptions of empowerment. Employee Relations, 27(4), 354-368. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450510605697
  21. Guetterman, T. C., Fetters, M. D., & Creswell, J. W. (2015). Integrating quantitative and qualitative results in health science mixed methods research through joint displays. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(6), 554-561. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1865
  22. Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective. In Multivariate Data Analysis (Vol. 7th).
  23. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
  24. Hameed, D. L. M., Taher, D. M. H., & Hussein, D. A. M. (2022). The impact of job satisfaction in achieving strategic agility through the mediating role of knowledge sharing. Webology, 19(1), 807-831. https://doi.org/10.14704/WEB/V19I1/WEB19057
  25. Harraf, A., Wanasika, I., Tate, K., & Talbott, K. (2015). Organizational agility. Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(2), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i2.9160
  26. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  27. Ibrahim, M. (2015). The paradigm of employees empowerment: A business proposal. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences, 3(3), 58-68.
  28. Ibrahim, M., & Mona, L. (2018). The role of high-performance human resources operations in enhancing the agility of the workforce and the creativity of employees in the public business sector companies for pharmaceutical industries in Egypt. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 2(1), 16-19.
  29. Juhana, J., Wasistiono, S., Tahir, I., & Kusworo. (2020). The importance of delegation of authority, budget allocation, and leadership in improving performance. International Journal of Science and Society, 2(1), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i1.72
  30. Kim, D. K., & Kim, B. Y. (2021). The effect of emotional intelligence on job satisfaction: A case study of SME management consultants in Korea. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(5), 1129-1138. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no5.1129
  31. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1261/rna.2763111
  32. Kustyadji, G., & Windijarto, W. (2021). Ambidexterity and leadership agility in micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) 's performance: An empirical study in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(7), 303-311. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no7.0303
  33. Lai, H., Pitafi, A. H., Hasany, N., & Islam, T. (2021). Enhancing employee agility through information technology competency: An empirical study of China. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006687
  34. Lassoued, K., Awad, A., & Ben Guirat, R. B. (2020). The impact of managerial empowerment on problem-solving and decision-making skills: The case of Abu Dhabi University. Management Science Letters, 10(4), 769-780. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.10.020
  35. Le, O. T. T., Tran, P. T. T., Tran, T. V., & Nguyen, C. V. (2020). Application of cost-volume-profit analysis in decisionmaking by Public Universities in Vietnam. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(6), 305-316. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2020.VOL7.NO6.305
  36. Liu, Y. (2017). Unpacking the relationship between value and empowering behaviors of leaders. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 6(5), 79. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20170605.12
  37. Marta, I. A., Supartha, I. W. G., Dewi, I. G. A. M., & Wibawa, I. M. A. (2021). Job enrichment, empowerment, and organizational commitment: The mediating role of work motivation and job satisfaction. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 8(1), 1031-1040. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.1031
  38. Menon, S., & Suresh, M. (2022). Assessment framework for workforce agility in higher education institutions. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 12(6), 1169-1188. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-01-2022-0014
  39. Milana, E. (2018). Impact of job satisfaction on public service quality: Evidence from Syria. Serbian Journal of Management, 13(2), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.5937/sjm13-14734
  40. Momeni, M., & Pourasadi, M. J. (2015). Investigation of the relationship between organizational agility and staff's job satisfaction at Samen credit institution. Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, 3(1), 36-41.
  41. Muduli, A. (2016). Exploring the facilitators and mediators of workforce agility: An empirical study. Management Research Review, 39(12), 1567-1586. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-10- 2015-0236
  42. Muduli, A. (2017). Workforce agility: Examining the role of organizational practices and psychological empowerment. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 36(5), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21800
  43. Muduli, A., & Pandya, G. (2018). Psychological empowerment and workforce agility. Psychological Studies, 63(3), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-018-0456-8
  44. Munteanu, A. I., Bibu, N., Nastase, M., Cristache, N., & Matis, C. (2020). Analysis of practices to increase workforce agility and to develop a sustainable and competitive business. Sustainability, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12093545
  45. Nabatchian, G., Moosavi, S. J., & Safania, A. M. (2014). Reviewing the relationship between organizational agility and job satisfaction staff in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Iran. International Journal of Modern Communication Technologies & Research, 2(2), 1-4.
  46. Natapoera, M., & Mangundjaya, W. (2020). The effect of employee involvement and work engagement on workforce agility. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Administrative Science, Policy, and Governance Studies, ICASPGS 2019, October 30-31, Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-10-2019.2299408
  47. Nouri, B., & Mir Mousavi, M. (2020). Effect of cooperative management on organizational agility with the mediating role of employee empowerment in the public transportation sector. Cuadernos de Gestion, 20(2), 15-46. https://doi.org/10.5295/CDG.170873BA
  48. Ong, M. H. A., & Puteh, F. (2017). Quantitative data analysis: Choosing between SPSS, PLS, and AMOS in social science research. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1), 14-25.
  49. Otuya, W. (2019). A case of employee job satisfaction as a mediator between ethical climate and performance among sugarcane transport SMEs in western Kenya. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 12, 108-118. https://doi.org/10.7176/JESD
  50. Park, K. A., & Johnson, K. R. (2019). Job satisfaction, work engagement, and turnover intention of CTE health science teachers. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training, 6(3), 224-242. https://doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.6.3.2
  51. Rahardi, D., Nurbaiti, B., & Fauzi, A. (2022). The effect of job satisfaction, learning agility, and resilience on performance with work stress as an intervening variable in sales department employees of Pt Bungasari flour mills, Indonesia during the Covid-19. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 3(4), 715-724.
  52. Rajalingam, Y., Jauhar, J., & Abdul Ghani, B. (2011). A study on the impact of empowerment on employee performance in the automotive industry in Malaysia. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 3(1), 92-104.
  53. Sherehiy, B., & Karwowski, W. (2014). The relationship between work organization and workforce agility in small manufacturing enterprises. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 44(3), 466-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2014.01.002
  54. Shiau, W., Sarstedt, M., & Hair, J. F. (2019). Internet research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Internet Research, 29(3), 398-406. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-10-2018-0447
  55. Sidhu, A., Bhalla, P., & Zafar, S. (2021). Mediating effect and review of its statistical measures changing dimensions of visual merchandising view project mediating effect and review of its statistical measures. The Empirical Economic Letters, 20(4), 29-40.
  56. Siswanti, Y., & Muafi, M. (2020). Empowering leadership and individual creativity: The mediation role of psychological empowerment in facing Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(11), 809-816. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.809
  57. Sofijanova, E., & Zabijakin, C. (2013). Employee involvement and organizational performance: Evidence from the manufacturing sector in the Republic of Macedonia. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 11, 31-36.
  58. Thani, F., Mazari, E., Asadi, S., & Mashayekhikhi, M. (2022). The impact of self-development on the tendency toward organizational innovation in higher education institutions with the mediating role of human resource agility. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(2), 852-873. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-05-2020-0151
  59. Ulrich, D., & Yeung, A. (2019). Agility: The new response to dynamic change. Strategic HR Review, 18(4), 161-167. https://doi.org/10.1108/SHR-04-2019-0032
  60. Yin, Y., Wang, Y., & Lu, Y. (2019). Antecedents and outcomes of employee empowerment practices: A theoretical extension with empirical evidence. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(4), 564-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12243