Korean Journal of Veterinary Research (대한수의학회지)

The Korean Society of Veterinary Science (대한수의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Molecular identification of the common viral respiratory viruses in backyard chickens in Basrah, Southern Iraq

  • Received : 2023.11.20
  • Accepted : 2023.12.08
  • Published : 2023.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Many viruses can infect different types of birds, with poultry being the most susceptible. These viral diseases have a direct negative impact on the poultry industry, with significant economic losses. This study examined a group of the most important viruses that infect backyard chickens in 2 specific areas of Basrah Governorate, south of Iraq. The study analyzed avian influenza viruses (AIVs), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Two hundred and ninety oropharyngeal swabs, 150 from Abu Al-Khasib and 140 from Shatt Al-Arab regions in the Basrah governorate, were obtained from backyard chickens with clear respiratory signs. The samples were subjected to viral RNA extraction, and the viral nucleic acids were detected using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique. The overall rate of viral infections was 74.8%, which varied depending on the type of virus: 15.8%, 31.3%, and 27.5% for AIV, NDV, and IBV, respectively. The NDV and IBV had much higher infection rates than that of AIV. In addition, the prevalence of AIV in the Shatt Al Arab district was significantly higher than in the Abul Khasib district. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the NDV and the IBV distributions in either of the targeted regions in this study.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, for its assistance in the laboratory testing.

References

  1. Brown Jordan A, Gongora V, Hartley D, Oura C. A review of eight high-priority, economically important viral pathogens of poultry within the Caribbean region. Vet Sci 2018;5:14.
  2. Yehia N, Salem HM, Mahmmod Y, Said D, Samir M, Mawgod SA, Sorour HK, AbdelRahman MA, Selim S, Saad AM, El-Saadony MT, El-Meihy RM, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Tarabily KA, Zanaty AM. Common viral and bacterial avian respiratory infections: an updated review. Poult Sci 2023;102:102553.
  3. Dehgany-Asl S, Allymehr M, Talebi A, Yosefi O, Allahyari E. Monitoring of aquatic birds and surveillance of avian influenza and Newcastle disease of waterfowls at the National Park of Urmia Lake. Vet Med Sci 2022;8:2016-2031. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.867
  4. Bouvier NM, Palese P. The biology of influenza viruses. Vaccine 2008;26 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):D49-D53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039
  5. Al-Mubarak F, Daly J, Christie D, Fountain D, Dunham SP. Identification of morphological differences between avian influenza A viruses grown in chicken and duck cells. Virus Res 2015;199:9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.005
  6. Rebel JM, Peeters B, Fijten H, Post J, Cornelissen J, Vervelde L. Highly pathogenic or low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N1 infection in chicken lungs: small differences in general acute responses. Vet Res 2011;42:10.
  7. Chmielewski R, Swayne DE. Avian influenza: public health and food safety concerns. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2011;2:37-57. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133710
  8. Brown VR, Bevins SN. A review of virulent Newcastle disease viruses in the United States and the role of wild birds in viral persistence and spread. Vet Res 2017;48:68.
  9. Ganar K, Das M, Sinha S, Kumar S. Newcastle disease virus: current status and our understanding. Virus Res 2014;184:71-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.016
  10. Amoia CF, Nnadi PA, Ezema C, Couacy-Hymann E. Epidemiology of Newcastle disease in Africa with emphasis on Cote d'Ivoire: a review. Vet World 2021;14:1727-1740. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1727-1740
  11. Fan W, Wang Y, Wang S, Cheng Z, Guo H, Zhao X, Liu J. Virulence in Newcastle disease virus: a genotyping and molecular evolution spectrum perspective. Res Vet Sci 2017;111:49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.12.001
  12. Cavanagh D. Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Res 2007;38:281-297. https://doi.org/10.1051/vetres:2006055
  13. Quinteros JA, Noormohammadi AH, Lee SW, Browning GF, Diaz-Mendez A. Genomics and pathogenesis of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Aust Vet J 2022;100:496-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.13197
  14. Toro H. Global control of infectious bronchitis requires replacing live attenuated vaccines by alternative technologies. Avian Dis 2021;65:637-642. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00105
  15. Al-Badry M, Al-Mubarak F. Molecular surveillance of avian influenza A viruses in Basrah and Wasit, Iraq. Bulg J Vet Med 2020;23:456-466.
  16. Colvero LP, Villarreal LY, Torres CA, Brando PE. Assessing the economic burden of avian infectious bronchitis on poultry farms in Brazil. Rev Sci Tech 2015;34:993-999. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.34.3.2411
  17. Mehrabadi MH, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Tehrani F, Hajloo SA, Bashashati M, Bahonar AR, Pourjafar H, Ansari F. Assessing the economic burden of multi-causal respiratory diseases in broiler farms in Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022;54:117.
  18. Hill NJ, Bishop MA, Trovao NS, Ineson KM, Schaefer AL, Puryear WB, Zhou K, Foss AD, Clark DE, MacKenzie KG, Gass JD Jr, Borkenhagen LK, Hall JS, Runstadler JA. Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread. PLoS Pathog 2022;18:e1010062.
  19. Aston EJ, Wang Y, Tracy KE, Gallardo RA, Lamont SJ, Zhou H. Comparison of cellular immune responses to avian influenza virus in two genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021;235:110233.
  20. Joshi VG, Chaudhary D, Bansal N, Singh R, Maan S, Mahajan NK, Ravishankar C, Sahoo N, Mor SK, Radzio-Basu J, Herzog CM, Kapur V, Goel P, Jindal N, Goyal SM. Prevalence of Newcastle disease virus in commercial and backyard poultry in Haryana, India. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:725232.
  21. Ahmed AI, Odisho SM. Isolation identification and pathotyping of Newcastle disease viruses form naturally infected chickens in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Iraqi J Agric Sci 2018;49:132-141.
  22. Seger W, Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A, Karimi V, Madadgar O, Vasfi Marandi M, Hashemzadeh M. Prevalence of avian infectious bronchitis virus in broiler chicken farms in south of Iraq, 2014 - 2015. Vet Res Forum 2016;7:317-321.