Economic and Environmental Geology (자원환경지질)

The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental Geology (대한자원환경지질학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on Conservation Management Systems based on Deterioration Diagnosis of the Fossil Site: Tracksite of Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs in Sanbuk-dong, Gunsan, Korea

화석지 손상도 정밀진단 기반 보존관리체계 연구: 군산 산북동 공룡발자국과 익룡발자국 화석산지

  • Hye Ri Yang (Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University) ;
  • Gyu Hye Lee (Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University) ;
  • Chan Hee Lee (Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University)
  • 양혜리 (국립공주대학교 문화재보존과학과) ;
  • 이규혜 (국립공주대학교 문화재보존과학과) ;
  • 이찬희 (국립공주대학교 문화재보존과학과)
  • Received : 2023.11.26
  • Accepted : 2023.12.13
  • Published : 2023.12.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The tracksite of dinosaurs and pterosaurs in Sanbuk-dong of Gunsan is the largest early Cretaceous dinosaur footprint fossil site in Korea, and all the footprints are important evidence indicating that large ornithopod and theropod dinosaurs inhabited the Korean peninsula during the early Cretaceous. The Sanbuk-dong site was covered with waterproof sheet in an outdoor environment until the installation of a protective enclosure in 2021. As a result, various factors such as shear force, load reduction, temperature and humidity fluctuations, acid rain, salinity and microorganisms have complexly interacted in the substrate of fossils, exacerbating the damage to footprints. For 159 footprints in 12 trackways among the footprints found in the site, the damage types were classified in detail and the level of each damage was assessed. The damages were classified into 6 types through the classification of deterioration degree of individual footprints. As a result of ultrasonic physical property evaluation on the surface of the fossil site, most of these footprints are in the completely weathered (CW) stage. Furthermore, various weathering patterns were observed in the study area, and surface contaminants were analyzed along the stratigraphy. Although the patterns of freshness and contaminants varied at different points within the fossil site, the chemical compositions were similar. Based on the results, an efficient conservation management system for dinosaur footprint fossils was established, and a conservation treatment type for each footprint was proposed.

군산 산북동 공룡과 익룡발자국 화석산지는 국내 최대의 전기 백악기 공룡발자국 화석지이며, 모든 발자국은 대형 조각류와 수각류 공룡들이 전기 백악기에 한반도에 서식하였음을 지시하는 중요한 증거이다. 산북동 화석산지는 2021년 보호각 설치 이전까지 야외 환경에서 방수포로 보호되어 있었다. 이로 인해 화석의 기반암에는 전단력, 하중 감소, 온습도변화, 산성비, 염분 및 미생물 등이 복합적으로 작용하여 발자국의 손상이 가중되었다. 이 연구에서는 발자국 화석 중 형태 및 보행렬 확인이 가능한 12개 보행렬의 159개 발자국을 대상으로 각각의 손상정도를 평가하고 6개의 손상유형으로 분류하였다. 화석산지 전체 표면에 대한 초음파 물성평가 결과, 대부분 완전풍화단계(CW)를 보였다. 또한 연구대상 화석산지에는 다양한 풍화양상이 나타나 층준별 표면의 오염원을 분석한 결과, 화석산지의 신선부와 오염물은 지점별로 양상은 상이하나 조성은 거의 유사하였다. 이를 바탕으로 공룡 및 익룡발자국 화석산지의 효율적인 보존관리체계를 구축하였으며 각 발자국의 보존처리 유형을 제안하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Huh, M., Hwang, K.G., Paik, I.S., Chung, C.H. and Kim, B.S. (2003) Dinosaur tracks from the Cretaceous of South Korea: distribution, occurrences and paleobiological significance. The Island Arc, v.12(2), p.132-144. doi:10.1046/j.1038-4871.2003.00386.x
  2. Iliev, I.G. (1966) An attempt to estimate the degree of weathering of intrusive rocks from their physical-mechanical properties. Proceedings of the International Congress on Rock Mechanics, v.1, p.109-114.
  3. Jo, Y.H. and Lee, C.H. (2011) Making method of deterioration map and evaluation techniques of surface and three-dimensional deterioration rate for stone cultural heritage. Journal of Conservation Science, v.27(3), p.251-260. (in Korean with English abstract)
  4. Jo, Y.H. and Lee, C.H. (2014) Establishment of ultrasonic measurement method for stone cultural heritage considering water content and anisotropy. Journal of Conservation Science, v.30, p.467-480. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2014.30.4.15
  5. Jo, Y.H. and Lee, C.H. (2015) A study on selection of ultrasonic transducer and contact material for surface irregularities of stone cultural heritage. Journal of Conservation Science, v.31, p.267-278. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2015.31.3.07
  6. Kim, J.Y., Kim, S.H., Kim, K.S. and Lockley, M.G. (2006) The oldest record of webbed bird and pterosaur tracks from South Korea (Cretaceous Haman Formation, Changseon and Sinsu Islands): more evidence of high avian diversity in East Asia. Cretaceous Research. v.27, p.56-69. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.005.
  7. Kim, K.S., Lim, J.D., Lockley, M.G., Xing, L. and Choi, Y. (2017a) Korean trackway of a hopping, mammaliform trackmaker is first from the Cretaceous of Asia. Cretaceous Research. v.74, p.188-191. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.02.005
  8. Kim, K.S., Lockley, M.G., Lim, J.D., Pinuela, L., Xing, L. and Moon, H.W. (2017b) First report of lacertiform (lizard) tracks from the Cretaceous of Asia. Cretaceous Research. v.69, p.62-70. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.08.013
  9. Lee, C.H. and Jo, Y.H. (2017) Correlation and correction factor between direct and indirect methods for the ultrasonic measurement of stone samples. Environmental Earth Sciences, v.76, p.1-12. doi:10.1007/s12665-017-6810-7
  10. Lee, C.H., Jo, Y.H. and Chun, Y.G. (2009) Establishment of ultrasonic measurement and correlations of direct-indirect method for weathering evaluation of stone cultural heritage. Journal of Conservation Science, v.25, p.233-244. (in Korean with English abstract)
  11. Lee, C.H., Jo, Y.H. and Kim, S.D. (2012) Three-dimensional image analysis, deterioration evaluation and scientific conservation treatment of the Daechiri dinosaur trackways in Haman County, Korea. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, v.48, p.179-191. (in Korean with English abstract)
  12. Lee, G.H., Park, J.H. and Lee, C.H. (2019) Conservation scientific diagnosis and evaluation of bird track sites from the Haman Formation at Yongsanri in Haman, Korea. Korean Journal ofCultural Heritage Studies, v.52, p.74-93. doi: 10.22755/kjchs.2019.52.3.74. (in Korean with English abstract)
  13. Lee, H.J., Lee, Y.N., Fiorillo, A.R. and Lu, J. (2018a) Lizards ran bipedally 110 million years ago. Scientific Reports, v.8, p.1-7. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20809-z.
  14. Lee, Y.N., Lee, H.J., Han, S.Y., Park, E. and Lee, C.H. (2018b) A new dinosaur track site from the Lower Cretaceous Sanbukdong Formation of Gunsan City, South Korea. Cretaceous Research, v.91, p.208-216. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.003
  15. Lee, Y.N., Yang, S.Y., Seo, S.J., Baek, K.S., Yi, M.S., Lee, D.J., Park, E.J. and Han, S.W. (2000) Distribution and paleobiological significance of dinosaur tracks from the Jindong Formation (Albian) in Kosong County, Korea. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea Special Publication, v.4, p.1-12.
  16. Lockley, M. G. and Rice, A. (1990). Did "Brontosaurus"; ever swim out to sea?: Evidence from brontosaur and other dinosaur footprints. Ichnos: An International Journal of Plant & Animal, v.1(2), p.81-90.
  17. Lockley, M.G., Houck, K.J., Yang, S.Y., Matsukawa, M. and Lim, S.K. (2006) Dinosaur- dominated footprint assemblages from the Cretaceous Jindong Formation, Hallyo Haesang National Park area, Goseong County, South Korea: evidence and implications. Cretaceous Research, v.27(1), p.70-101. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.010
  18. Lockley, M.G., Huh, M., Kim, J.Y., Lim, J.D. and Kim, K.S. (2012) Recent advances in Korean vertebrate ichnology: the KCDC comes of age. Ichnos, v.19(1), p.1-5. doi:10. 1080/10420940.2012.660400 https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2012.660400
  19. Norman, D.B. (1998). On Asian ornithopods(Dinosauria: Ornithischia). A new species of iguanodontid dinosaur. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v.122(1-2), p.291-348. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02533.x
  20. Prudencio, M.I., Braga, M.A.S. and Gouveia, M.A. (1993). REE mobilization, fractionation and precipitation during weathering of basalts. Chemical Geology, v.107(3-4), p.251-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90185-L
  21. Sharma, A. and Rajamani, V. (2000). Major element, REE and other trace element behavior in amphibolite weathering under semiarid conditions in southern India. The Journal of Geology, v.108(4), p.487-496. https://doi.org/10.1086/314409
  22. Yang, H.R. (2019) A study on precise diagnosis and conservation scheme of Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs footprints from the Sanbukdong in Gunsan, Korea. MS Thesis, Kongju National University, p.1-288. (in Korean with English abstract)
  23. Yang, H.R., Lee, C.H. and Park, J.H. (2021) Deterioration diagnosis and evaluation of physical properties in the dinosaur footprint fossils in Cheongsong Sinseongri, Korea, for the conservation plans. Economic and Environmental Geology, v.54(3), p.311-330. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2021.54.3.311 (in Korean with English abstract)