Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society (천문학회지)

The Korean Astronomical Society (한국천문학회)
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A Deep Optical Survey of Young Stars in the Carina Nebula. I. UBVRI Photometric Data and Fundamental Parameters

  • Hyeonoh Hur (The Young Astronauts Korea) ;
  • Beomdu Lim (Department of Earth Science Education, Kongju National University) ;
  • Moo-Young Chun (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)
  • Received : 2022.07.20
  • Accepted : 2023.04.24
  • Published : 2023.12.30
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Abstract

We present the deep homogeneous UBV RI photometric data of 135,071 stars down to V ~ 23 mag and I ~ 22 mag toward the Carina Nebula. These stars are cross-matched with those from the previous surveys in the X-ray, near-infrared, and mid-infrared wavelengths as well as the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3). This master catalog allows us to select reliable members and determine the fundamental parameters distance, size, stellar density of stellar clusters in this star-forming region. We revisit the reddening toward the nebula using the optical and the near-infrared colors of early-type stars. The foreground reddening [E(B-V)fg] is determined to be 0.35 ± 0.02, and it seems to follow the standard reddening law. On the other hand, the total-to-selective extinction ratio of the intracluster medium (RV,cl) decreases from the central region (Trumpler 14 and 16, RV,cl ~ 4.5) to the northern region (Trumpler 15, RV,cl ~ 3.4). It implies that the central region is more dusty than the northern region. We find that the distance modulus of the Carina Nebula to be 11.9 ± 0.3 mag (d = 2.4 ± 0.35 kpc) using a zero-age main-sequence fitting method, which is in good agreement with that derived from the Gaia EDR3 parallaxes. We also present the catalog of 3,331 pre-main-sequence (PMS) members and 14,974 PMS candidates down to V ~ 22 mag based on spectrophotometric properties of young stars at infrared, optical, and X-ray wavelengths. From the spatial distribution of PMS members and PMS candidates, we confirm that the member selection is very reliable down to faint stars. Our data will have a legacy value for follow-up studies with different scientific purposes.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors thank the anonymous referee for many constructive comments and suggestions. The authors also wish to thank Professor Michael S Bessell for many comments and discussions. We dedicate this work to our colleague Hwankyung Sung. This paper has made use of data obtained from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. PACS has been developed by a consortium of institutes led by MPE (Germany) and including UVIE (Austria); KU Leuven, CSL, IMEC (Belgium); CEA, LAM (France); MPIA (Germany); INAF-IFSI/OAA/OAP/OAT, LENS, SISSA (Italy); IAC (Spain). This development has been supported by the funding agencies BMVIT (Austria), ESA-PRODEX (Belgium), CEA/CNES (France), DLR (Germany), ASI/INAF (Italy), and CICYT/MCYT (Spain). This research has also made use of the SIMBAD database (Wenger et al. 2000), operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (Grant No. 2022R1C1C2004102).

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