Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The thickness of the soft soil layer and canal-side road failure: A case study in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province, Thailand

  • Salisa Chaiyaput (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang) ;
  • Taweephong Suksawat (Bureau of Testing, Research and Development, Department of Rural Roads) ;
  • Lindung Zalbuin Mase (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bengkulu) ;
  • Motohiro Sugiyama (Department of Civil Engineering, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tokai University) ;
  • Jiratchaya Ayawanna (School of Ceramic Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology)
  • Received : 2022.10.23
  • Accepted : 2023.11.16
  • Published : 2023.12.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Canal-side roads frequently collapse due to an unexpectedly greater soft-clay thickness with a rapid drawdown situation. This causes annually increased repair and reconstruction costs. This paper aims to explore the effect of soft-clay thickness on the failure in the canal-side road in the case study of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya rural road no. 1043 (AY. 1043). Before the actual construction, a field vane shear test was performed to determine the undrained shear strength and identify the thickness of the soft clay at the AY. 1043 area. After establishing the usability of AY. 1043, the resistivity survey method was used to evaluate the thickness of the soft clay layer at the failure zone. The screw driving sounding test was used to evaluate the undrained shear strength for the road structure with a medium-stiff clay layer at the failure zone for applying to the numerical model. This model was simulated to confirm the effect of soft-clay thickness on the failure of the canal-side road. The monitoring and testing results showed the tendency of rapid drawdown failure when the canal-side road was located on > 9 m thick of soft clay with a sensitivity > 4.5. The result indicates that the combination of resistivity survey and field vane shear test can be successfully used to inspect the soft-clay thickness and sensitivity before construction. The preliminary design for preventing failure or improving the stability of the canal-side road should be considered before construction under the critical thickness and sensitivity values of the soft clay.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Department of Rural Roads, University of Bengkulu, Tokai University, Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), and Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI).

References

  1. Abramson, L.W., Lee, T.S., Sharma, S. and Boyce, G.M. (2002), Slope Stabilisation and Stabilisation Methods, John Willey & Sons Inc.
  2. Artidteang, S., Bergado, D.T. and Chaiyaput, S. (2013), "Stability analyses of embankment with limited life woven geosynthetics (LLGs) reinforced on soft clay", Proceedings of the 18th Southeast Asian Geotechnical & Inaugural AGSSEA Conference, Singapore, May.
  3. ASTM D-2488 (2017), Description of identification of soils (visual-manual procedure). Annual Book of ASTM Standard. Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  4. ASTM D-2573 (2018), Standard test method for field vane shear test in saturated fine-grained soils. Annual Book of ASTM Standard. Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  5. Bergado, D.T., Chaiyaput, S., Voottipriex, P., Hino, T. and Chanmee, N. (2017), "Mitigations of flooding and soil erosions geo-disasters in Thailand and Laos due to climate change: from mountains to Lowlands", Lowl Technol. Int., 19(1), 63-76.
  6. Bjerrum, L. (1972), "Embankments on soft ground", Proceedings of the ASCE Conference on Performance of Earth-Supported Structures, Purdue University, June.
  7. Bow, V.L. (2019), "Incorporating geophysical data in slope stability modeling for two slopes in Arkansas", Graduate Theses and Dissertation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
  8. Chaiyaput, S., Bergado, D.T. and Artidteang, S. (2012), "FEM 2D numerical simulations reinforced embankment on soft ground by limited life geosynthetics (LLGs)", Proceedings of the 5th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetics (GA2012), Bangkok, Thailand, December.
  9. Chaiyaput, S., Bergado, D.T. and Artidteang, S. (2014), "Measured and simulated results of a kenaf limited life geosynthetics (LLGs) reinforced test embankment on soft clay", Geotext Geomembranes, 42(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2013.12.006.
  10. Chaiyaput, S. and Bergado, D.T. (2018), "Reconfirmation of Skempton-Bjerrum 2D to 3D settlement conversion using FEM of full scale embankments", Lowl Technol. Int., 20(1), 1-14.
  11. Chaiyaput, S., Suksawat, T. and Ayawanna, J. (2021), "Evaluation of the road failure using resistivity and screw driving sounding testing techniques: A case study in Ang Thong province, Thailand", Eng. Fail. Anal., 121, 105171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.105171.
  12. Chaiyaput, S., Sutti, N., Suksawat, T. and Ayawanna, J. (2022), "Electrical resistivity survey for evaluating the undrained shear strength of soft Bangkok clay at some of the canal-side road investigation sites", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 81, 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02537-3.
  13. Dahlin, T. and Zhou, B. (2006), "Multiple-gradient array measurement for multichannel 2-D resistivity imaging", Near Surf. Geophys., 4(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2005037.
  14. Department of Mineral Resources (2021), Geological map, [online]. Available from: http://www.dmr.go.th/download/pdf/Central_East/ayuttaya.pdf. [Accessed 5 January 2021].
  15. Duncan, J.M., and Wright, S.G. (2005), Soil Strength and Slope Stability. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  16. Godio, A., Strobbia, C. and Bacco, G.D. (2006), "Geophysical characterisation of a rockslide in an Alpine region", Eng. Geol., 83, 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.06.034.
  17. He, K., Ma, G., Hu, X., Liu, B. and Han, M. (2022), "The July 2, 2017, Lantian landslide in Leibo, China: mechanisms and mitigation measures", Geomech. Eng., 28(3), 283-298. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2022.28.3.283.
  18. Hou, X.P., Chen, S.H. and Shahrour, I. (2021), "Judgement of rapid drawdown conditions in slope stability analysis", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 80, 4379-4387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02253-y.
  19. Jamsawang, P., Voottipruex, P., Jongpradist, P. and Likitlersuang, S. (2021), "Field and three-dimensional finite element investigations of the failure cause and rehabilitation of a composite soil-cement retaining wall", Eng. Fail. Anal., 127, 105532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105532.
  20. Kaufman, A.A. and Hoekstra, P. (2001), Electromagnetic Soundings. Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  21. Latha, G.M. and Garaga, A. (2010), "Stability analysis of a rock slope in Himalayas", Geomech. Eng., 2(2), 125-140. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2010.2.2.125.
  22. Likitlersuang, S., Surarak, C., Wanatowski, D., Oh, E. and Balasubramaniam, A. (2013), "Finite element analysis of a deep excavation: a case study from the Bangkok MRT", Soils Found, 53, 756-773. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.sandf.2013.08.013.
  23. Loke, M.H. and Barker, R.D. (1996a), "Rapid least-squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-Newton method", Geophys. Prospect, 44(1), 131-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1996.tb00142.x. 
  24. Loke, M.H. and Barker, R.D. (1996b), "Practical techniques for 3D resistivity surveys and data inversion", Geophys. Prospect, 44(3), 499-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1996.tb00162.x.
  25. Lundstrom, K., Larsson, R. and Dahlin, T. (2009), "Mapping of quick clay formations using geotechnical and geophysical methods", Landslides, 6, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0144-9.
  26. Neoh, C.A. (2009), "Slope stabilization and protection for residential development profile", Proceedings of the Conference on Landslide Risk Mitigation and Hillslope Re-engineering Planning, PWTC Kuala Lumpur.
  27. New Zealand Geotechnical Society (2005), Guidelines for the field classification and description of soil and rock for engineering purposes, New Zealand Geotechnical Society.
  28. Orense, R.P., Mirjafari, Y. and Suemasa, N. (2019), "Screw driving sounding: a new test for field characterization", Geotech. Res., 6(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgere.18.00024.
  29. Prabhakar, C. and Deshpande, R.A. (2014), "Evaluation of soil resistivity and design of grounding system for hydroelectric generating station in a hilly terrain - A case study", Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Energy Conversion Technologies (ICAECT), Manipal. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAECT.2014.6757070.
  30. Rao, P., Wu, J., Jiang, G., Shi, Y., Chen, Q. and Nimbalkar, S. (2021), "Seismic stability analysis for a two-stage slope", Geomech. Eng, 27(2), 189-196. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae2021.27.2.189.
  31. Song, K., Yan, E., Zhang, G., Lu, S. and Yi, Q. (2015), "Effect of hydraulic properties of soil and fluctuation velocity of reservoir water on landslide stability", Environ. Earth. Sci., 74, 5319-5329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4541-1.
  32. Sun, G., Yang, Y., Jiang, W. and Zheng, H. (2017), "Effects of an increase in reservoir drawdown rate on bank slope stability: a case study at the Three Gorges Reservoir, China", Eng. Geol., 221, 61-69. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.02.018.
  33. Tran, A.T.P., Kim, A.R. and Cho, G.C. (2019), "Numerical modeling on the stability of slope with foundation during rainfall", Geomech. Eng., 17(1), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.17.1.109.
  34. Udomchai, A., Hoy, M., Horpibulsuk, S., Chinkulkijniwat, A. and Arulrajah, A. (2018), "Failure of riverbank protection structure and remedial approach: A case study in Suraburi province, Thailand", Eng Fail. Anal., 91, 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.04.040.
  35. Viberg, L. (1984), "Landslide risk mapping in soft clays in Scandinavia and Canada", 4th International symposium on landslides, Toronto.
  36. Wang, L. and Zhang, G. (2014), "Centrifuge model test study on pile reinforcement behavior of cohesive soil slopes under earthquake conditions", Landslides, 11(2), 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0388-2.
  37. Zhang, S.L., Yin, Y.P., Hu, X.W., Wang, W.P., Li, Z.L., Wu, X.M., Luo, G. and Zhu, S.N. (2021), "Geo-structures and deformation-failure characteristics of rockslide areas near the Baige landslide scar in the Jinsha River tectonic suture zone", Landslides, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01741-2.