Nuclear Engineering and Technology

Korean Nuclear Society (한국원자력학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Traffic management for large-scale evacuation with public transportation and calculation of appropriate operating ratio

  • Ham, Seunghee (Fire Protection Engineering, University of Seoul) ;
  • Lee, Jun (Department of Road Transport, Korea Transport Institute) ;
  • Lee, Sang Jo (Department of Road Transport, Korea Transport Institute)
  • Received : 2021.07.12
  • Accepted : 2022.04.17
  • Published : 2022.09.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In 2013, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) changed the recommended maximum range of the Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) to 30 km, and the Kori Nuclear Power Plant in Republic of Korea has also expanded the EPZ to 30 km, following the recommendation. As a result, metropolitan cities with a high population density are contained within the EPZ, and evacuating millions of people should be considered if the 30 km range of evacuation is to take place. This study proposes an evacuation plan using buses (public transportation) to transport people outside of the EPZ, quickly and efficiently. To verify the appropriate mode share ratio of buses that can guarantee the right of vulnerable road users and reduce traffic congestion, a model was built simulating the Kori Nuclear Power Plant in Ulsan Metropolitan City. The scenarios were established by changing the mode share ratio of buses and passenger cars by 10%. Considering a large-scale network analysis at the city level, a cell transmission model was applied to calculate the evacuation time in each scenario. The result shows that the optimal mode share ratio of buses is 40%, with a total evacuation time of 132 min, considering feasible bus fleets in Ulsan Metropolitan City.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Korea Foundation of Nuclear Safety (KoFONS) [Development of methodology for emergency traffic control in nuclear power plant accident.(grant No. 2104040)].

References

  1. Smr Regulators' Forum, Report from Working Group on Emergency Planning Zone, SMR Regulators' Forum Pilot Project report, 2018, p. 12.
  2. KOSIS, Korean Statistrical Information Service, http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/pressReleases/1/index.board.
  3. T. Urbanik, A. Desrosiers, M.K. Lindell, C.R. Schuller, Analysis of Techniques for Estimating Evacuation Times for Emergency Planning Zones, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission, 1980, pp. 11-25. NUREG/CR-1745, BHARC-Q1/W-017.
  4. IAEA, Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS SERIES., 2002, pp. 27-44. NO. GS-R-2.
  5. H.Y.D.R.O. Korea, NUCLEAR POWER CO. LTD, Shin Kori Unit 3 and 4 Radiation Emergency Plan, 2013, pp. 261-267.
  6. J.H. Lee, J.J. Jeong, W.K. Shin, E.Y. Song, C.W. Cho, The estimated evacuation time for the emergency planning zone of the kori nuclear site with a focus on the precautionary action zone, J. Radiat. Prot. Res. 41 (3) (2016) 196-205. https://doi.org/10.14407/jrpr.2016.41.3.196
  7. L.J. Dotson, J. Jones, Development of Evacuation Time Estimate Studies for Nuclear Power Plants, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission, 2005, pp. 1-16. NUREG/CR-6863, SAND 2004-5900.
  8. IAEA, Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS SERIES., 2015, pp. 6-47. NO. GSR Part 7.
  9. R. Leonard, Mass evacuation in disasters, J. Emerg. Med. 2 (4) (1985) 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(85)90108-8
  10. F. Cirianni, C. Rindone, D. Ianno, Public transport in evacuation planning: the case of Italy, in: European Transport Conference 2014, October 5, 2014. FrankFurt, Germany, September 29.
  11. A. Jahedul, A.H. Muhammad, A Dynamic Programming Optimization for Traffic Microsimulation Modelling of a Mass Evacuation, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102946.
  12. A. Mujaddad, R. Prakash, B.C. Seosamh, J. Nirojan, J. Sithika, Emergency evacuation modelling ising traffic simulation: a case study of Auckland, in: Australasian Transport Research Forum 2017 Proceedings, 2017, pp. 27-29. Auckland, New Zealand, Novemeber.
  13. A. Hossam, A. Baher, Large-scale evacuation using subway and bus transit: approach and application in city of Toronto, J. Transport. Eng. 138 (10) (2012) 1215-1232. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000371
  14. G. Younes, A. Maurice A, B. Neila, C. Simon, Estimating travel time distribution under different traffic conditions, Transport. Res. Procedia 3 (2014) 339-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.10.014
  15. IAEA, Method for Developing Arrangements for Response to a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, IAEA., 2003, pp. 2-14. EPR-METHOD, Updating IAEATECDOC-953.
  16. IAEA, Actions to Protect the Public in an Emergency Due to Severe Conditions at a Light Water Reactor, Emergency Preparedness and Response, EPR-NPPPPA, 2013, pp. 102-114.
  17. B.K. Grimes, J.W. Mcconnell, Criteria for Preparation and Evaluation of Radiological Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness in Support of Nuclear Power Plants, Appendix 1 to 4, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission., 1980, pp. 1.1-4.1. NUREG-0654, FEMA-REP-1.
  18. J. Jones, F. Walton, B. Wolshon, J. Laughlin, Criteria for Development of Evacuation Time Estimate Studies, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2011, pp. 1-37. NUREG/CR-7002, SAND2010-0016P.
  19. A.H. Dong, S.H. Lee, J.E. Kang, Appropriateness of location of nuclear accident evacuation shelters based on population characteristics and accessibility, J. Korea Assoc. Geogr. Inf. Stud. 22 (4) (2019) 131-145.
  20. B.D. Greenshields, J.T. Thompson, H.C. Dickinson, R.S. Swinton, The Photographic method of studying traffic behavior, Highw. Res. Board Proc. 13 (1) (1934) 382-399.
  21. H. Greenberg, An analysis of traffic flow, Oper. Res. 7 (1) (1959) 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.7.1.79
  22. F.D. Carlos, The cell transmission model: a dynamic representation of highway traffic consistent with the hydrodynamic theory, Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 28 (4) (1994) 269-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(94)90002-7
  23. L. Munoz, X. Sun, R. Horowitz, L. Alvarez, Traffic density estimation with the cell transmission model, in: Proceedings of the 2003 American Control Conference, 2003. Denver, USA, June 4-6.