DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Survey and Identification of Didymellaceae Causing Stem Canker Disease of Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis) in Ethiopia

  • Admasu, Wendu (University of Gondar, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science) ;
  • Sintayehu, Assefa (University of Gondar, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science) ;
  • Gezahgne, Alemu (Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute)
  • Received : 2022.08.08
  • Accepted : 2022.09.20
  • Published : 2022.09.30

Abstract

Plantation forests are established by planting Eucalyptus tree species to provide timber and pulp for the construction industries and to meet the energy needs in Ethiopia. Besides the extensive Eucalyptus plantations in the country, fungal pathogen-related diseases are the main challenges to successful production and management. The disease survey was conducted in the Eucalyptus growing areas of Ethiopia during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. The objective of this research was to assess the diseases associated with Eucalyptus plant species and identify the causal fungal species. Plants of E. camaldulensis were the dominant species in the survey fields and were severely associated with stem and branch canker diseases. Diseased samples were collected and fungal species were identified as Didymellaceae according to culture morphology and affirmed by internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. In phylogeny, isolates in the study and a reference strain formed supportive monophyletic clades with strong 90% and 95% support with Didymella coffeae-arabicae and Didymella pinodella respectively. Pathogenicity tests revealed that Didymellaceae could infect E. camaldulensis. The findings are the first reports of Eucalyptus stem canker disease caused by Didymellaceae in Ethiopia.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research was financially supported by the Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute (EEFRI) and the Ethiopian Environment Forest and Climate change Commission (EEFCC). We thank Dr. Wubalem Tadesse for his understanding and unreserved contribution in finding a fund for molecular analysis and CABI for molecular identification of part of the fungal isolates in the study.

References

  1. Ahmadpour, S. A., Farokhinejad, R. and Mehrabi-Koushki, M. 2017. Further characterization and pathogenicity of Didymella microchlamydospora causing stem necrosis of Morus nigra in Iran. Mycosphere 8: 835-852. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/8/7/3
  2. Aveskamp, M. M., de Gruyter, J., Woudenberg J. H. C., Verkley, G. J. M. and Crous, P. W. 2010. Highlights of the Didymellaceae: a polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera. Stud. Mycol. 65: 1-60. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2010.65.01
  3. Aveskamp, M. M., Verkley, G. J. M., De Gruyter, J., Murace, M. A., Perello, A., Woudenberg, J. H. C. et al. 2009. DNA phylogeny reveals polyphyly of Phoma section Peyronellaea and multiple taxonomic novelties. Mycologia 101: 363-382. https://doi.org/10.3852/08-199
  4. Barilli, E., Cobos, M. J. and Rubiales, D. 2016. Clarification on host range of Didymella pinodes the causal agent of pea ascochyta blight. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 592.
  5. Bewket, W. 2009. Rainfall variability and crop production in Ethiopia case study in the Amhara region. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, eds. by S. Ege, H. Aspen, B. Teferra and S. Bekele, pp. 823-836. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
  6. Chen, Q., Hou, L. W., Duan, W. J., Crous, P. W. and Cai, L. 2017. Didymellaceae revisited. Stud. Mycol. 87: 105-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2017.06.002
  7. Chen, Q., Jiang, J. R., Zhang, G. Z., Cai, L. and Crous, P. W. 2015. Resolving the Phoma enigma. Stud. Mycol. 82: 137-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2015.10.003
  8. Chungu, D., Muimba-Kankolongo, A., Wingfield, M. J. and Roux, J. 2010. Identification of fungal pathogens occurring in eucalyptus and pine plantations in Zambia by comparing DNA sequences. Forestry 83: 507-515. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpq033
  9. Darge, W. A. 2017. Diversity of pathogenic fungi on plantation forests of North and North-West Ethiopia. Int. J. Phytopathol. 6: 27-34. https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.006.02.2254
  10. Darge, W. A. and Bogale, A. T. 2017. Eucalyptus globulus (E. globulus) leaf spot and stem canker diseases due to Phoma spp. in North and North-West Ethiopia. Int. J. Plant Pathol. 8: 14-22. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijpp.2017.14.22
  11. Demissie, A. G., Darge, W. A. and Cafa, G. 2020. Neofusicoccum parvum causing Eucalyptus canker and die-back diseases in Ethiopia. Int. J. Plant Pathol. 11: 1-5.
  12. Dessie, A. B., Abtew, A. A. and Koye, A. D. 2019. Determinants of the production and commercial values of Eucalyptus woodlot products in Wogera District, Northern Ethiopia. Environ. Syst. Res. 8: 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-019-0132-6
  13. Dessie, G. and Erkossa, T. 2011. Eucalyptus in East Africa, Socioeconomic and Environmental Issues. Planted Forests and Trees Working Paper FP46/E. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. 30 pp.
  14. El-Gali, Z. I. and El-Zahaf, B. S. 2015. Status and symptomatology of Alternaria alternata ceratoni blight of carob (Ceratoni asiliqua L.) in adjoining areas of El-Beida City-Libya. Sky J. Microbiol. Res. 3: 030-035.
  15. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2009. Eucalyptus in East Africa, the Socio-economic and Environmental Issues. Food and Agriculture Organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 30 pp.
  16. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2020. Global forest resources assessment: 2020 main report. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. 184 pp.
  17. Gebremichael, A., Quraishi, S. and Mamo, G. 2014. Analysis of seasonal rainfall variability for agricultural water resource management in southern region, Ethiopia. J. Nat. Sci. Res. 4: 56-79.
  18. Gezahgne, A., Cortinas, M.-N., Wingfield, M. J. and Roux, J. 2005. Characterization of the Coniothyrium stem canker pathogen on Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Ethiopia. Australas. Plant Pathol. 34: 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP04079
  19. Gezahgne, A., Roux, J., Hunter, G. C. and Wingfield, M. J. 2006. Mycosphaerella species associated with leaf disease of Eucalyptus globulus in Ethiopia. For. Pathol. 36: 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00448.x
  20. Gezahgne, A., Roux, J. and Wingfield, M. J. 2003. Diseases of exotic Eucalyptus and Pinus species in Ethiopia plantations. S. Afr. J. Sci. 99: 29-33.
  21. Golani, M., Abbo, S., Sheman, A., Frenkel, O. and Shtienbrg, D. 2016. The temperature response and aggressiveness of Peyronellaea pinodes isolates originating from wild and domesticated Pisum sp. in Israel. Phytopathology 106: 824-832. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-11-15-0306-R
  22. Hall, T. A. 1999. Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 41: 95-98.
  23. Keirnan, E. C., Tan, Y. P., Laurence, M. H., Mertin, A. A., Liew, E. C. Y., Summerell, B. A. et al. 2021. Cryptic diversity found in Didymellaceae from Australian native legumes. MycoKeys 78: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.78.60063
  24. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. and Tamura, K. 2018. MEGA 10: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35: 1547-1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
  25. Lemenih, M. and Kassa, H. 2014. Re-greening Ethiopia: history, challenges and lessons. Forests 5: 1896-1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5081896
  26. Li, G. Q., Liu, F. F., Li, J. Q. and Chen, S. F. 2018. Botryosphaeriaceae from Eucalyptus plantations and adjacent plants in China. Persoonia 40: 63-95. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.03
  27. Li, G., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M. J. and Chen, S. 2020. Variation in Botryosphaeriaceae from Eucalyptus plantations in YunNan province in southwestern China across a climatic gradient. IMA Fungus 11: 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00043-x
  28. Maid, M. and Ratnama, W. 2014. Incidences and severity of vascular wilt in Acacia mangium plantations in Sabah, Malaysia. AIP Conf. Proc. 1614: 784-789.
  29. Masood, A., Saeed, S., Iqbal, N., Malik, M. T. and Kazmi, M. R. 2010. Methodology for the evaluation of symptoms severity of mango sudden death syndrome in Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 42: 1289-1299.
  30. Mesfin, A. and Wubalem, T. 2014. Eucalyptus in Ethiopia: risk or opportunity?". URL http://www.eiar.gov.et [1 August 2022].
  31. Mohali, S. R., Slippers, B. and Wingfield, M. J. 2007. Identification of Botryosphaeriaceae from Eucalyptus, Acacia and Pinus in Venezuela. Fungal Divers. 25: 103-125.
  32. Noordeloos, M. E., De Gruyter, J., Van Eijk, G. W. and Roeijmans, H. J. 1953. Production of dendritic crystals in pure cultures of Phoma and Ascochyta and its value as a taxonomic character relative to morphology, pathology and cultural characteristics. Mycol. Res. 97: 1343-1350.
  33. Old, K. M., Wingfield, M. J. and Yuan, Z. Q. 2003. A Manual of Diseases of Eucalyptus in South-East Asia. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. 104 pp.
  34. Perez, C. A., Wingfield, M. J., Slippers, B., Altier, N. A. and Blanchette, R. A. 2009. Neofusicoccum Eucalyptorum, Eucalyptus pathogen, on native Myrtaceae in Uruguay. Plant Pathol. 58: 964-970. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02116.x
  35. Pillay, K., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M. J. and Gryzenhout, M. 2013. Diversity and distribution of co-infecting Botryosphaeriaceae from Eucalyptus grandis and Syzygium cordatum in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 84: 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2012.09.003
  36. Raja, H. A., Miller, A. N., Pearce, C. J. and Oberlies, N. H. 2017. Fungal identification using molecular tools: a primer for the natural products research community. J. Nat. Prod. 80: 756-770. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01085
  37. Sanchez Marquez, S., Bills., G. F. and Zabalgogeazcoa, I. 2010. Fungal species diversity in juvenile and adult leaves of Eucalyptus globulus from plantations affected by Mycosphaerella leaf disease. Ann. Appl. Biol. 158: 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2010.00449.x
  38. SAS Institute Inc. 2011. SAS 9.3 system options: reference. 2nd ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  39. Slippers, B. and Wingfield, M. J. 2007. Botryosphaeriaceae as endophytes and latent pathogens of woody plants: diversity, ecology and impact. Fungal Biol. Rev. 21: 90-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2007.06.002
  40. Silva, X., Roux, J. and Asiegbu, F. O. 2020. Diseases of Eucalypts in Paraguay and first report of Theratosphaeria zuluensis from South America. Forests 11: 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11101035
  41. Tadesse, W., Gezahgne, A., Tesema T., Shibabaw B., Tefera B. and Kassa H. 2019. Plantation forests in Amhara region: challenges and best measures for future improvements. World J. Agric. Res. 7: 149-157.
  42. Tadesse, W., Gezahgne, A., Tesema T., Shibabaw B., Tefera B. and Kassa, H. 2019. Plantation forests in Amhara region: challenges and best measures for future improvements. World J. Agric. Res. 7: 149-157.
  43. Tamura, K. 1992. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+Ccontent biases. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9: 678-687.
  44. Tamura, K., Nei, M. and Kumar, S. 2004. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbour-joining method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101: 11030-11035. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404206101
  45. Vu, D., Groenewald, M., de Vries, M., Gehrmann, T., Stielow, B., Eberhard, U. et al. 2019. Large-scale generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon delimitation. Stud. Mycol. 92: 135-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.05.001
  46. White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. and Taylot, J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, eds. by M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky and T. J. White TJ, pp. 315-322. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
  47. Wingfield, M. J., Slippers, B., Hurley, B. P., Coutinho, T. A., Wingfield, B. D. and Roux, J. 2008. Eucalypt pests and diseases: growing threats to plantation productivity. South. For. 70: 139-144. https://doi.org/10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.2.9.537