Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Bio-Industry Technology Development Program of the Ministry of Agriculture, Doo fans Rural Affairs (313019-03-3-HD030).
References
- Leung DY, Boguniewicz M, Howell MD, Nomura I, Hamid QA. New insights into atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 2004;113:651-7. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI21060
- Hon KL, Leung AK. Use of moisturizers in patients with atopic dermatitis. In: Loden M, Maibach HI, editors. Treatment of Dry Skin Syndrome. Berlin: Springer; 2012. p.59-73.
- Bylund S, Kobyletzki LB, Svalstedt M, Svensson A. Prevalence and incidence of atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol 2020;100:adv00160.
- Brar K, Leung DY. Recent considerations in the use of recombinant interferon gamma for biological therapy of atopic dermatitis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016;16:507-14. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2016.1135898
- Wahn U, Bos JD, Goodfield M, Caputo R, Papp K, Manjra A, Dobozy A, Paul C, Molloy S, Hultsch T, et al. Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatrics 2002;110:e2.
- Tomi NS, Luger TA. The treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical immunomodulators. Clin Dermatol 2003;21:215-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-081X(02)00367-X
- Gupta AK, Chow M. Pimecrolimus: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003;17:493-503. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00692.x
- Reitamo S. Tacrolimus: a new topical immunomodulatory therapy for atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:445-8. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.113521
- Reitamo S, Wollenberg A, Schopf E, Perrot JL, Marks R, Ruzicka T, Christophers E, Kapp A, Lahfa M, Rubins A, et al. Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:999-1006. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.136.8.999
- Kondo K, Nagami T, Teramoto S. Differences in hematopoietic death among inbred strains of mice. In: Bond PV, Sugahara T, editors. Comparative Cellular and Species Radiosensitivity. Tokyo: Igakushoin; 1969. p.20-9.
- Vestergaard C, Yoneyama H, Matsushima K. The NC/Nga mouse: a model for atopic dermatitis. Mol Med Today 2000;6:209-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1357-4310(00)01683-X
- Matsuda H, Watanabe N, Geba GP, Sperl J, Tsudzuki M, Hiroi J, Matsumoto M, Ushio H, Saito S, Askenase PW, et al. Development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion with IgE hyperproduction in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunol 1997;9:461-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/9.3.461
- Inoue J, Aramaki Y. Suppression of skin lesions by transdermal application of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in NC/Nga mice, a model of human atopic dermatitis. J Immunol 2007;178:584-91. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.584
- Park SJ, Lee HA, Kim JW, Lee BS, Kim EJ. Platycodon grandiflorus alleviates DNCB-induced atopy-like dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2012;44:469-74. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.99306
- Novak N, Bieber T, Leung DY. Immune mechanisms leading to atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:S128-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.032
- Nagai H, Teramachi H, Tuchiya T. Recent advances in the development of anti-allergic drugs. Allergol Int 2006;55:35-42. https://doi.org/10.2332/allergolint.55.35
- James-Martin G, Williams G, Stonehouse W, O'Callaghan N, Noakes M. Health and Nutritional Properties of Pears (Pyrus): A Literature Review. Adelaide: CSIRO; 2015.
- Nawirska A, Kwasniewska M. Dietary fibre fractions from fruit and vegetable processing waste. Food Chem 2005;91:221-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.10.005
- Martin-Cabrejas M, Esteban R, Lopez-Andreu F, Waldron K, Selvendran R. Dietary fiber content of pear and kiwi pomaces. J Agric Food Chem 1995;43:662-6. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00051a020
- Chang S, Cui X, Guo M, Tian Y, Xu W, Huang K, Zhang Y. Insoluble dietary fiber from pear pomace can prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats mainly by improving the structure of the gut microbiota. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017;27:856-67. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1610.10058
- Sharma K, Kang S, Gong D, Oh SH, Park EY, Oak MH, Yi E. Combination of Garcinia cambogia extract and pear pomace extract additively suppresses adipogenesis and enhances lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2018;14:220-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_388_17
- Rhyu J, Kim MS, You MK, Bang MA, Kim HA. Pear pomace water extract inhibits adipogenesis and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutr Res Pract 2014;8:33-9. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2014.8.1.33
- You MK, Rhuy J, Kim HA. Pear pomace water extract suppresses hepatic lipid peroxidation and protects against liver damage in rats fed a high fat/cholesterol diet. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017;26:801-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0084-4
- You MK, Kim HJ, Rhyu J, Kim HA. Pear pomace ethanol extract improves insulin resistance through enhancement of insulin signaling pathway without lipid accumulation. Nutr Res Pract 2017;11:198-205. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2017.11.3.198
- Yang G, Lee K, Lee MH, Kim SH, Ham IH, Choi HY. Inhibitory effects of Chelidonium majus extract on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;138:398-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.028
- Choi JH, Kim HG, Jin SW, Han EH, Khanal T, Do MT, Hwang YP, Choi JM, Chun SS, Chung YC, et al. Topical application of Pleurotus eryngii extracts inhibits 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice by the regulation of Th1/Th2 balance. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;53:38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.025
- Park HS, Hwang YH, Kim MK, Hong GE, Lee HJ, Nagappan A, Yumnam S, Kim EH, Heo JD, Lee SJ, et al. Functional polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa aqueous extract inhibit atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015;79:147-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2014.963500
- Ha H, Lee H, Seo CS, Lim HS, Lee JK, Lee MY, Shin H. Artemisia capillaris inhibits atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in Dermatophagoides farinae-sensitized Nc/Nga mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:100.
- Ko E, Park S, Lee JH, Cui CH, Hou J, Kim MH, Kim SC. Ginsenoside Rh2 ameliorates atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice by suppressing NF-kappaB-mediated thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression and T helper type 2 differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:6111.
- Shin JH, Chung MJ, Seo JG. A multistrain probiotic formulation attenuates skin symptoms of atopic dermatitis in a mouse model through the generation of CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells. Food Nutr Res 2016;60:32550.
- Galli SJ, Maurer M, Lantz CS. Mast cells as sentinels of innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1999;11:53-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(99)80010-7
- Kim J, Lee I, Park S, Choue R. Effects of Scutellariae radix and Aloe vera gel extracts on immunoglobulin E and cytokine levels in atopic dermatitis NC/Nga mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:529-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.049
- Emrick JJ, Mathur A, Wei J, Gracheva EO, Gronert K, Rosenblum MD, Julius D. Tissue-specific contributions of Tmem79 to atopic dermatitis and mast cell-mediated histaminergic itch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018;115:E12091-100.
- Saunders SP, Goh CS, Brown SJ, Palmer CN, Porter RM, Cole C, Campbell LE, Gierlinski M, Barton GJ, Schneider G, et al. Tmem79/Matt is the matted mouse gene and is a predisposing gene for atopic dermatitis in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;132:1121-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.046
- Sasaki T, Shiohama A, Kubo A, Kawasaki H, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Yamada T, Hachiya T, Shimizu A, Okano H, Kudoh J, et al. A homozygous nonsense mutation in the gene for Tmem79, a component for the lamellar granule secretory system, produces spontaneous eczema in an experimental model of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;132:1111-1120.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.027
- Ramasamy R, Vannucci SJ, Yan SS, Herold K, Yan SF, Schmidt AM. Advanced glycation end products and RAGE: a common thread in aging, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. Glycobiology 2005;15:16R-28R. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwi053
- Hofmann MA, Drury S, Fu C, Qu W, Taguchi A, Lu Y, Avila C, Kambham N, Bierhaus A, Nawroth P, et al. RAGE mediates a novel proinflammatory axis: a central cell surface receptor for S100/calgranulin polypeptides. Cell 1999;97:889-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80801-6
- O'Neill LA, Kaltschmidt C. NF-kappa B: a crucial transcription factor for glial and neuronal cell function. Trends Neurosci 1997;20:252-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(96)01035-1
- Serasanambati M, Chilakapati SR. Function of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in human diseases-a review. South Indian J Biol Sci 2016;2:368-87. https://doi.org/10.22205/sijbs/2016/v2/i4/103443
- MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu Rev Immunol 1997;15:323-50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.323
- Reiland H, Slavin J. Systematic review of pears and health. Nutr Today 2015;50:301-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000112
- Karuppagounder V, Arumugam S, Thandavarayan RA, Sreedhar R, Giridharan VV, Watanabe K. Molecular targets of quercetin with anti-inflammatory properties in atopic dermatitis. Drug Discov Today 2016;21:632-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.011
- Weng Z, Zhang B, Asadi S, Sismanopoulos N, Butcher A, Fu X, Katsarou-Katsari A, Antoniou C, Theoharides TC. Quercetin is more effective than cromolyn in blocking human mast cell cytokine release and inhibits contact dermatitis and photosensitivity in humans. PLoS One 2012;7:e33805.
- Liang N, Kitts DD. Role of chlorogenic acids in controlling oxidative and inflammatory stress conditions. Nutrients 2015;8:16.
- Hwang SJ, Kim YW, Park Y, Lee HJ, Kim KW. Anti-inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Inflamm Res 2014;63:81-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-013-0674-4
- Bisht A, Dickens M, Rutherfurd-Markwick K, Thota R, Mutukumira AN, Singh H. Chlorogenic acid potentiates the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. Nutrients 2020;12:2706.