Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Ecology (NIE), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIE-B-2022-35).
References
- Al Balasmeh OI, Karmaker T. Effect of temperature and precipitation on the vegetation dynamics of high and moderate altitude natural forests in India. J Indian Soc Remote Sens. 2020;48(1):121-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-019-01065-8.
- Bae KH, Kim JS, Cho HJ, Yun CW, Cho YC. Syngeographical characteristics of forest vegetation in limestone areas, Mt. Deokhang, Kangwondo. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2014;28(2):161-70. https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2014.28.2.161.
- Birks HJB, Willis KJ. Alpines, trees, and refugia in Europe. Plant Ecol Divers. 2008;1(2):147-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550870802349146.
- Chang CS, Kim H, Son S, Kim YS. The red list of selected: vascular plants in Korea. Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum and Korean Plant Specialist Group; 2016. 50 p.
- Chang CS, Kim HW, Kim H. An assessment and review of IUCN red list for vascular plants in Korean Peninsula. J Korean For Soc. 2017;106(2):111-20. https://doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2017.106.2.111.
- Cho HJ, Lee BC, Shin JH. Forest vegetation structure and species composition of the Baekdudaegan Mountain Range in South Korea. J Korean For Soc. 2004;93(5):331-8.
- Choi YE, Kim CH. A study on characteristics of the endangered species Psilotum nudum habitat in Jeju Island. J Korean Soc Environ Restor Technol. 2013;16(3):1-17. https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2013.16.3.001.
- Chung JM, Son SW, Kim SY, Park GW, Kim SS. Genetic diversity and geographic differentiation in the endangered Primula farinosa subsp. modesta, a subalpine endemic to Korea. Korean J Plant Taxon. 2013;43(3):236-43. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2013.43.3.236.
- Chung MY, Son S, Suh GU, Herrando-Moraira S, Lee CH, Lopez-Pujol J, et al. The Korean Baekdudaegan mountains: a glacial refugium and a biodiversity hotspot that needs to be conserved. Front Genet. 2018;9:489. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00489.
- Do BS, Im RJ. Book of the flora (2). Pyongyang: Science Publishing House; 1976.
- Dolezal J, Altman J, Kopecky M, Cerny T, Janecek S, Bartos M, et al. Plant diversity changes during the postglacial in East Asia: insights from Forest Refugia on Halla Volcano, Jeju Island. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33065. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033065.
- Garamvolgyi A, Hufnagel L. Impacts of climate change on vegetation distribution no. 1: climate change induced vegetation shifts in the Palearctic region. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 2013;11(1):79-122. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1101_079122.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). GBIF Dataset. https://www.gbif.org/. Accessed 10 May 2021.
- Hajek M, Hajkova P, Apostolova I, Horsak M, Plasek V, Shaw B, et al. Disjunct occurrences of plant species in the refugial mires of Bulgaria. Folia Geobot. 2009;44(4):365-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-009-9050-0.
- Hyeun JS. Hangeul Sangyeongpyo. Seoul: Peulbit Publishing House; 2000.
- Im RJ. Flora of Coreana (4). Pyongyang: Science & Technology Publishing House; 1998.
- Im RJ. Flora of Coreana (6). Pyongyang: Science Publishing House; 1976.
- Im RJ. Flora of Coreana (7). Pyongyang: Science & Technology Publishing House; 1999.
- Im RJ. Flora of Coreana (8). Pyongyang: Science & Technology Publishing House; 2000.
- Im RJ, Gwak JS, Kim HS. Flora of Coreana (5). Pyongyang: Science Publishing House; 1975.
- Im RJ, Hong GS, Kim YS, Gwak JS, Lee YJ, Hwang HJ. Flora of Coreana (1). Pyongyang: Science & Technology Publishing House; 1996.
- Im RJ, Lee YJ. Flora of Coreana (9). Pyongyang: Science & Technology Publishing House; 2000.
- Kang HS, Paek KJ. Evaluating home ranges of endangered Asiatic black bears for in situ conservation. Korean J Ecol. 2005;28(6):395-404. https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2005.28.6.395.
- Kim HJ, Hong JK, Kim SC, Oh SH, Kim JH. Plant phenology of threatened species for climate change in sub-alpine zone of Korea - especially on the summit area of Mt. Deogyusan. Korean J Plant Res. 2011;24(5):549-56. https://doi.org/10.7732/kjpr.2011.24.5.549.
- Kim JH, Nam GH, Lee SB, Shin S, Kim JS. A checklist of vascular plants in limestone areas on the Korean Peninsula. Korean J Plant Taxon. 2021;51(3):250-93. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2021.51.3.250.
- Kim JS, Chung JM, Kim JH, Lee W, Lee BY, Pak JH. Floristic study and conservation management strategies of algific talus slopes on the Korean peninsula. Korean J Plant Taxon. 2016;46(2):213-46. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2016.46.2.213.
- Kim JS, Yun JH. A study on the vegetation structure of algific talus in Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2013;27(3):357-68.
- Kim NS. Detection of vegetation dieback areas in the subalpine zone of Mt. Baekdu using MODIS time series data. J Korean Geogr Soc. 2012;47(6):825-35.
- Kim NS, Cha JY, Lim CH. Hierarchical landform delineation for the habitats of biological communities on the Korean Peninsula. PLoS One. 2021;16(11):e0259651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259651
- Kim NS, Han DU, Cha JY, Park YS, Cho HJ, Kwon HJ, et al. A detection of novel habitats of Abies Koreana by using species distribution models(SDMs) and its application for plant conservation. J Korean Soc Environ Restor Technol. 2015;18(6)135-49. https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2015.18.6.135.
- Kim NS, Jin SZ, Jin YH, Jung SH. A comparative study on zoology & botany name of South and North Korea building bio-information database of North Korea. J Korean Soc Environ Restor Technol. 2019;22(6):27-39. https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2019.22.6.27.
- Kim NS, Lee HC. A study on changes and distributions of Korean fir in sub-alpine zone. J Korean Soc Environ Restor Technol. 2013;16(5):49-57. https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2013.16.5.049.
- Kong WS. Geoecological analysis of the Korean alpine and subalpine plants and landscapes. J Environ Sci. 1999b;11(2):243-6.
- Kong WS. Global warming and alpine vegetation. Korean J Ecol. 1999a;22(6):363-9.
- Kong WS. The alpine and subalpine geoecology of the Korean Peninsula. Korean J Ecol. 1998;21(4):383-7.
- Kong WS, Kim K, Lee S, Park H, Cho SH. Distribution of high mountain plants and species vulnerability against climate change. J Environ Impact Assess. 2014;23(2):119-36. https://doi.org/10.14249/eia.2014.23.2.119.
- Kong WS, Lee S, Yoon K, Park H. Environmental characteristics of wind-hole and phytogeographical values. J Environ Impact Assess. 2011;20(3):381-95. https://doi.org/10.14249/eia.2011.20.3.381.
- Kong WS, Watts D. Distribution of arboreal arctic-alpine plants and environments in NE Asia and Korea. Geogr Rev Jpn Ser B. 1999;72(2):122-34. https://doi.org/10.4157/grj1984b.72.122.
- Koo KA, Kim DB. Review forty-year studies of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson). Korean J Environ Ecol. 2020;34(5):358-71. https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2020.34.5.358.
- Koo KA, Park SU, Seo C. Effects of climate change on the climatic niches of warm-adapted evergreen plants: expansion or contraction? Forests. 2017;8(12):500. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120500.
- Koo KA, Park WK, Kong WS. Dendrochronological analysis of Abies koreana W. at Mt. Halla, Korea: effects of climate change on the growths. Korean J Ecol. 2001;24(5):281-8.
- Korea Meteorological Administration. Annual climatological report of North Korea. Seoul: Korea Meteorological Administration; 2021. p. 61. Report No.: KMA 11-1360000-001141-10.
- Korea National Institute of Biological Resources. Effects of climate change on biogeographical subregions in Korea. Incheon: National Institute of Biological Resources; 2009. p. 183. Report No.: NIBR 2009-01-008.
- Korea National Institute of Ecology. 4th Nationwide Natural Resources survey report. Seocheon: Korea National Institute of Ecology; 2019.
- Kwon HJ. Geomorphology. 4th ed. Seoul: Beopmunsa; 2010. 498 p.
- Kwon HJ. Korean geography. 3rd ed. Seoul: Beopmunsa; 2003. 580 p.
- Kwon T, Choi SH, Yoo KJ. Establishing the managerial boundary of the Baekdu-daegan: an approach by watershed expanding process. J Korean Assoc Geogr Inf Stud. 2002;5(4):106-18.
- Lee CS, Yu YH. Development and outlook of restoration ecology as an ecology for the future. Korean J Ecol. 2001;24(3):191-202.
- Lee JS. The effect of elevated temperature on growth of several woody species in temperate vegetation [Master's Dissertation]. Seoul: Konkuk University; 2009.
- Lee MB, Kim NS, Cho YC, Cha JY. Landform and environment in border region of N. Korea and China. J Korean Geogr Soc. 2016;51(6):761-77.
- Lee SG. Vulnerability analysis and effect on vegetation distribution by rising of temperature [Master's Dissertation]. Seoul: Kyung Hee University; 2011.
- Lim CH, An JH, Jung SH, Lee CS. Allogenic succession of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wils.) forests in different climate condition. Ecol Res. 2018;33(2):327-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-018-1592-2.
- Nam GH, Kim JH, Kim YC, Kim JS, Lee BY. Floristic study of county Pyeong-chang and Yeong-wol including limestone regions (Prov. Gangwon-do) from Korea. Korean J Environ Ecol. 2012;26(1):11-38.
- Oh BY, Jo DG, Choi BH, Paik WK, Chung GY, Lee YM, et al. 300 target plants adaptable to climate change in the Korean Peninsula. Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum; 2010. p. 492.
- Park JC, Yang KC, Jang DH. The movement of evergreen broad-leaved forest zone in the warm temperate region due to climate change in South Korea. J Clim Res. 2010;5(1):29-41.
- Park YS, Kim JT, Lee WS. Analysis of the main habitat for Siberia musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) restoration in Mt. Odae national park, Korea. J Korean Soc Environ Restor Technol. 2008;11(4):91-102.
- Riordan EC, Montalvo AM, Beyers JL. Using Species Distribution Models with Climate Change Scenarios to Aid Ecological Restoration Decision Making for Southern California Shrublands. 2018. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/56660. Accessed 1 Jul 2022.
- Samuels P. Advice on Exploratory Factor Analysis. 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319165677_Advice_on_Exploratory_Factor_Analysis. Accessed 12 Jul 2022.
- Seo JW, Kim YJ, Choi EB, Park JH, Kim JH. Investigation of death years and inter-annual growth reduction of Korean firs (Abies Koreana) at Yeongsil in Mt. Halla. J Korean Soc Environ Restor Technol. 2019;22(3):1-14. https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2019.22.3.1.
- Stralberg D, Arseneault D, Baltzer JL, Barber QE, Bayne EM, Boulanger Y, et al. Climate-change refugia in boreal North America: what, where, and for how long? Front Ecol Environ. 2020;18(5):261-70. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2188.
- Takhtajan AL. Floristic regions of the world standard. Los Angeles: University of California Press; 1986. 522 p.
- Title PO, Bemmels JB. ENVIREM: an expanded set of bioclimatic and topographic variables increases flexibility and improves performance of ecological niche modeling. Ecography. 2018;41(2):291-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02880.
- Tribsch A, Schonswetter P. Patterns of endemism and comparative phylogeography confirm palaeoenvironmental evidence for Pleistocene refugia in the Eastern Alps. Taxon. 2003;52(3):477-97. https://doi.org/10.2307/3647447.
- Wang S, Leus L, Van Labeke MC, Van Huylenbroeck J. Prediction of lime tolerance in Rhododendron based on herbarium specimen and geochemical data. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:1538. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01538
- Whittaker RH. Communities and ecosystems. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan; 1975. 385 p.
- Wiens JA, Stralberg D, Jongsomjit D, Howell CA, Snyder MA. Niches, models, and climate change: assessing the assumptions and uncertainties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106 Suppl 2:19729-36. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901639106
- WorldClim. WorldClim dataset. https://www.worldclim.org/. Accessed 10 Apr 2021.
- Yun JH, Nakao K, Tsuyama I, Higa M, Matsui T, Park CH, et al. Does future climate change facilitate expansion of evergreen broad-leaved tree species in the human-disturbed landscape of the Korean Peninsula? Implication for monitoring design of the impact assessment. J For Res. 2014;19:174-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-013-0401-6.
- Zhang Z, Xu S, Capinha C, Weterings R, Gao T. Using species distribution model to predict the impact of climate change on the potential distribution of Japanese whiting Sillago japonica. Ecol Indic. 2019;104:333-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.05.023.
- Zhao Y, Cao H, Xu W, Chen G, Lian J, Du Y, et al. Contributions of precipitation and temperature to the large scale geographic distribution of fleshy-fruited plant species: growth form matters. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):17017. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35436-x