Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a grant from the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No.2021M3E5D1A02015263).
References
- Forman SF, McKenzie N, Hehn R, Monge MC, Kapphahn CJ, Mammel KA, et al. Predictors of outcome at 1 year in adolescents with DSM-5 restrictive eating disorders: report of the national eating disorders quality improvement collaborative. J Adolesc Health 2014;55:750-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.014
- Gosseaume C, Dicembre M, Bemer P, Melchior JC, Hanachi M. Somatic complications and nutritional management of anorexia nervosa. Clin Nutr Exp 2019;28:2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.09.001
- Treasure J, Duarte TA, Schmidt U. Eating disorders. Lancet 2020;395:899-911. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3
- Westmoreland P, Krantz MJ, Mehler PS. Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Am J Med 2016;129:30-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.031
- Mehler PS, Brown C. Anorexia nervosa - medical complications. J Eat Disord 2015;3:11.
- Cass K, McGuire C, Bjork I, Sobotka N, Walsh K, Mehler PS. Medical complications of anorexia nervosa. Psychosomatics 2020;61:625-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2020.06.020
- Giovinazzo S, Sukkar SG, Rosa GM, Zappi A, Bezante GP, Balbi M, et al. Anorexia nervosa and heart disease: a systematic review. Eat Weight Disord 2019;24:199-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0567-1
- Sardar MR, Greway A, DeAngelis M, Tysko EO, Lehmann S, Wohlstetter M, et al. Cardiovascular impact of eating disorders in adults: a single center experience and literature review. Heart Views 2015;16:88-92. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-705X.164463
- Harrington BC, Jimerson M, Haxton C, Jimerson DC. Initial evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Am Fam Physician 2015;91:46-52.
- Mont L, Castro J, Herreros B, Pare C, Azqueta M, Magrina J, et al. Reversibility of cardiac abnormalities in adolescents with anorexia nervosa after weight recovery. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;42:808-13. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046867.56865.EB
- Kastner S, Salbach-Andrae H, Renneberg B, Pfeiffer E, Lehmkuhl U, Schmitz L. Echocardiographic findings in adolescents with anorexia nervosa at beginning of treatment and after weight recovery. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012;21:15-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0227-8
- Fleming S, Thompson M, Stevens R, Heneghan C, Pluddemann A, Maconochie I, et al. Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: a systematic review of observational studies. Lancet 2011;377:1011-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62226-X
- Haque IU, Zaritsky AL. Analysis of the evidence for the lower limit of systolic and mean arterial pressure in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007;8:138-44. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PCC.0000257039.32593.DC
- Bazett HC. An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 1997;2:177-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474X.1997.tb00325.x
- Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:450-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(86)90771-X
- Silverman NH, Ports TA, Snider AR, Schiller NB, Carlsson E, Heilbron DC. Determination of left ventricular volume in children: echocardiographic and angiographic comparisons. Circulation 1980;62:548-57. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.62.3.548
- Kalla A, Krishnamoorthy P, Gopalakrishnan A, Garg J, Patel NC, Figueredo VM. Gender and age differences in cardiovascular complications in anorexia nervosa patients. Int J Cardiol 2017;227:55-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.209
- Casiero D, Frishman WH. Cardiovascular complications of eating disorders. Cardiol Rev 2006;14:227-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.crd.0000216745.96062.7c
- Sullivan PF. Mortality in anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1073-4. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.10.1533
- Isner JM, Roberts WC, Heymsfield SB, Yager J. Anorexia nervosa and sudden death. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:49-52. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-102-1-49
- Sharp CW, Freeman CP. The medical complications of anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry 1993;162:452-62. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.4.452
- Neumarker KJ. Mortality and sudden death in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 1997;21:205-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199704)21:3<205::AID-EAT1>3.0.CO;2-O
- Yahalom M, Spitz M, Sandler L, Heno N, Roguin N, Turgeman Y. The significance of bradycardia in anorexia nervosa. Int J Angiol 2013;22:83-94. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1334138
- Anderson E, Gunn J. Extreme bradycardia as presentation of an eating disorder. BMJ Case Rep 2021;14:e238224.
- Spaulding-Barclay MA, Stern J, Mehler PS. Cardiac changes in anorexia nervosa. Cardiol Young 2016;26:623-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104795111500267X
- Marin B V, Rybertt V, Briceno AM, Abufhele M, Donoso P, Cruz M, et al. [Female adolescents with eating disordes: cardiac abnormalities]. Rev Med Chil 2019;147:47-52. Spanish. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872019000100047
- Kollai M, Bonyhay I, Jokkel G, Szonyi L. Cardiac vagal hyperactivity in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Eur Heart J 1994;15:1113-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060636
- Cooke RA, Chambers JB, Singh R, Todd GJ, Smeeton NC, Treasure J, et al. QT interval in anorexia nervosa. Br Heart J 1994;72:69-73. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.72.1.69
- Panagiotopoulos C, McCrindle BW, Hick K, Katzman DK. Electrocardiographic findings in adolescents with eating disorders. Pediatrics 2000;105:1100-5. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.105.5.1100
- Uvelin A, Pejakovic J, Mijatovic V. Acquired prolongation of QT interval as a risk factor for torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia: a narrative review for the anesthesiologist and intensivist. J Anesth 2017;31:413-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-017-2314-6
- Bazoukis G, Yeung C, Wui Hang Ho R, Varrias D, Papadatos S, Lee S, et al. Association of QT dispersion with mortality and arrhythmic events-a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Arrhythm 2019;36:105-15.
- DiVasta AD, Walls CE, Feldman HA, Quach AE, Woods ER, Gordon CM, et al. Malnutrition and hemodynamic status in adolescents hospitalized for anorexia nervosa. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010;164:706-13.
- Vedel-Larsen E, Iepsen EW, Lundgren J, Graff C, Struijk JJ, Hansen T, et al. Major rapid weight loss induces changes in cardiac repolarization. J Electrocardiol 2016;49:467-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.02.005
- Zhu W, Wan R, Liu F, Hu J, Huang L, Li J, et al. Relation of body mass index with adverse outcomes among patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e004006.
- Swenne I, Larsson PT. Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia nervosa and eating disorders: risk factors for QTc interval prolongation and dispersion. Acta Paediatr 1999;88:304-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01101.x
- Rigaud D, Tallonneau I, Verges B. Hypercholesterolaemia in anorexia nervosa: frequency and changes during refeeding. Diabetes Metab 2009;35:57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2008.08.004
- Inagaki T, Yamamoto M, Tsubouchi K, Miyaoka T, Uegaki J, Maeda T, et al. Echocardiographic investigation of pericardial effusion in a case of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2003;33:364-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10146
- Dai S, Harrist RB, Rosenthal GL, Labarthe DR. Effects of body size and body fatness on left ventricular mass in children and adolescents: Project HeartBeat! Am J Prev Med 2009;37(1 Suppl):S97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.04.011
- Guleri N, Rana S, Chauhan RS, Negi PC, Diwan Y, Diwan D. Study of left ventricular mass and its determinants on echocardiography. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:OC13-6.
- Escudero CA, Potts JE, Lam PY, De Souza AM, Mugford GJ, Sandor GG. An echocardiographic study of left ventricular size and cardiac function in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2016;24:26-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2409