Acknowledgement
This study was supported by a grant from the Korean Society of Echocardiography.
References
- Erickson CT, Patel MD, Choudhry S, et al. Persistence of right ventricular dysfunction and altered morphometry in asymptomatic preterm Infants through one year of age: cardiac phenotype of prematurity. Cardiol Young 2019;29:945-53.
- Mourani PM, Abman SH. Pulmonary hypertension and vascular abnormalities in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol 2015;42:839-55.
- Ehrmann DE, Mourani PM, Abman SH, et al. Echocardiographic measurements of right ventricular mechanics in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. J Pediatr 2018;203:210-217.e1.
- Al-Ghanem G, Shah P, Thomas S, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension: a meta-analysis. J Perinatol 2017;37:414-9.
- Haque U, Stiver C, Rivera BK, et al. Right ventricular performance using myocardial deformation imaging in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Perinatol 2017;37:81-7.
- Sehgal A, Malikiwi A, Paul E, Tan K, Menahem S. Right ventricular function in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: association with respiratory sequelae. Neonatology 2016;109:289-96.
- Urheim S, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Angelsen B, Smiseth OA. Myocardial strain by Doppler echocardiography. Validation of a new method to quantify regional myocardial function. Circulation 2000;102:1158-64.
- Wakami K, Ohte N, Asada K, et al. Correlation between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and peak left atrial wall strain during left ventricular systole. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:847-51.
- Luijnenburg SE, Peters RE, van der Geest RJ, et al. Abnormal right atrial and right ventricular diastolic function relate to impaired clinical condition in patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:833-9.
- Kalikkot Thekkeveedu R, Guaman MC, Shivanna B. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a review of pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Respir Med 2017;132:170-7.
- Kang SJ, Cho YS, Hwang SJ, Kim HJ. Outcomes of left ventricular function according to treatment response for a patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2017;25:131-7.
- Papile LA, Burstein J, Burstein R, Koffler H. Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm. J Pediatr 1978;92:529-34.
- Palleri E, Aghamn I, Bexelius TS, Bartocci M, Wester T. The effect of gestational age on clinical and radiological presentation of necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2018;53:1660-4.
- Lopez L, Colan SD, Frommelt PC, et al. Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23:465-95.
- Levy PT, Patel MD, Groh G, et al. Pulmonary artery acceleration time provides a reliable estimate of invasive pulmonary hemodynamics in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016;29:1056-65.
- Mourani PM, Sontag MK, Younoszai A, Ivy DD, Abman SH. Clinical utility of echocardiography for the diagnosis and management of pulmonary vascular disease in young children with chronic lung disease. Pediatrics 2008;121:317-25.
- Patel MD, Breatnach CR, James AT, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular afterload in preterm infants: maturational patterns of pulmonary artery acceleration time over the first year of age and implications for pulmonary hypertension. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019;32:884-894.e4.
- Kang SJ, Kwon YW. Right atrial deformation mechanics in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018;26:201-13.
- Kang SJ, Kim M, Hwang SJ, Kim HJ. Progression of right ventricular systolic dysfunction detected by myocardial deformation imaging in asymptomatic preterm children. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2017;25:98-104.
- Kutty S, Padiyath A, Li L, et al. Functional maturation of left and right atrial systolic and diastolic performance in infants, children, and adolescents. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:398-409.e2.
- Gaynor SL, Maniar HS, Bloch JB, Steendijk P, Moon MR. Right atrial and ventricular adaptation to chronic right ventricular pressure overload. Circulation 2005;112:I212-8.
- Sato T, Tsujino I, Ohira H, et al. Right atrial volume and reservoir function are novel independent predictors of clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015;34:414-23.
- Levy PT, El-Khuffash A, Patel MD, et al. Maturational patterns of systolic ventricular deformation mechanics by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in preterm infants over the first year of age. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017;30:685-698.e1.
- Son JW. Early detection for right ventricular dysfunction in bronchopulmonary dysplasia without pulmonary hypertension. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2016;24:268-9.
- Patel SG, Woolman P, Li L, Craft M, Danford DA, Kutty S. Relation of right atrial volume, systemic venous dimensions, and flow patterns to right atrial pressure in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 2017;119:1473-8.
- Sade LE, Gulmez O, Eroglu S, Sezgin A, Muderrisoglu H. Noninvasive estimation of right ventricular filling pressure by ratio of early tricuspid inflow to annular diastolic velocity in patients with and without recent cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:982-8.
- Ta HT, Alsaied T, Steele JM, et al. Atrial function and its role in the non-invasive evaluation of diastolic function in congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2020;41:654-68.
- Okumura K, Slorach C, Mroczek D, et al. Right ventricular diastolic performance in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease: correlation of echocardiographic parameters with invasive reference standards by high-fidelity micromanometer catheter. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:491-501.
- Jone PN, Schafer M, Li L, Craft M, Ivy DD, Kutty S. Right atrial deformation in predicting outcomes in pediatric pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;10:e006250.
- Mourani PM, Mandell EW, Meier M, et al. Early pulmonary vascular disease in preterm infants is associated with late respiratory outcomes in childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019;199:1020-7.