Acknowledgement
The authors thank all members of the academic committee of Korean Dementia Association: Kee Hyung Park, Kunho Lee, Juhee Chin, Jae-Won Jang, Seong-Ho Koh, Hee-Jin Kim, Geon Ha Kim, So Young Moon, Young Ho Park, Jae-Sung Lim, Jeewon Suh, Yun Jeong Hong, Byung Seok Ye, Hyon Lee, Jae-Sung Bae, Hoon Ryu, Cheil Moon, Yong Jeong, Hui Jin Ryu, Jaeseol Park, and Jiyoung Yeom.
References
- Gurdon B, Kaczorowski C. Pursuit of precision medicine: Systems biology approaches in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Neurobiol Dis 2021;161:105558.
- Kim HR, Lee T, Choi JK, Jeong Y; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Genetic variants beyond amyloid and tau associated with cognitive decline: a cohort study. Neurology 2020;95:e2366-e2377.
- Cummings J, Lee G, Zhong K, Fonseca J, Taghva K. Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2021. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2021;7:e12179.
- Tariot PN, Cummings JL, Soto-Martin ME, Ballard C, Erten-Lyons D, Sultzer DL, et al. Trial of pimavanserin in dementia-related psychosis. N Engl J Med 2021;385:309-319. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034634
- Sevigny J, Chiao P, Bussiere T, Weinreb PH, Williams L, Maier M, et al. The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2016;537:50-56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19323
- Cummings J, Aisen P, Lemere C, Atri A, Sabbagh M, Salloway S. Aducanumab produced a clinically meaningful benefit in association with amyloid lowering. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021;13:98.
- Haeberlein SB, von Hehn C, Tian Y, Chalkias S, Muralidharan KK, Chen T, et al. EMERGE and ENGAGE topline results: two phase 3 studies to evaluate aducanumab in patients with early Alzheimer's disease. San Diego: 12th Clinical Trials on Alzheimer's Disease, 2019;1-25.
- Li C, Gotz J. Tau-based therapies in neurodegeneration: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017;16:863-883. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.155
- Iadecola C, Gottesman RF. Neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction in hypertension. Circ Res 2019;124:1025-1044. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313260
- Jacobson AM, Ryan CM, Braffett BH, Gubitosi-Klug RA, Lorenzi GM, Luchsinger JA, et al. Cognitive performance declines in older adults with type 1 diabetes: results from 32 years of follow-up in the DCCT and EDIC Study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021;9:436-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00086-3
- Koekkoek PS, Kappelle LJ, van den Berg E, Rutten GE, Biessels GJ. Cognitive function in patients with diabetes mellitus: guidance for daily care. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:329-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70249-2
- Xue M, Xu W, Ou YN, Cao XP, Tan MS, Tan L, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 144 prospective studies. Ageing Res Rev 2019;55:100944.
- Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E, Brayne C, Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70284-2
- Janssen J, van den Berg E, Zinman B, Espeland MA, Geijselaers SL, Mattheus M, et al. HbA1c, insulin resistance, and β-cell function in relation to cognitive function in type 2 diabetes: the CAROLINA cognition substudy. Diabetes Care 2019;42:e1-e3. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-0914
- Biessels GJ, Despa F. Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018;14:591-604. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-018-0048-7
- Duering M, Zieren N, Herve D, Jouvent E, Reyes S, Peters N, et al. Strategic role of frontal white matter tracts in vascular cognitive impairment: a voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study in CADASIL. Brain 2011;134:2366-2375. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr169
- Duering M, Gesierich B, Seiler S, Pirpamer L, Gonik M, Hofer E, et al. Strategic white matter tracts for processing speed deficits in age-related small vessel disease. Neurology 2014;82:1946-1950. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000475
- Duering M, Righart R, Wollenweber FA, Zietemann V, Gesierich B, Dichgans M. Acute infarcts cause focal thinning in remote cortex via degeneration of connecting fiber tracts. Neurology 2015;84:1685-1692. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001502
- Duering M, Schmidt R. Remote changes after ischaemic infarcts: a distant target for therapy? Brain 2017;140:1818-1820. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx135
- Tiedt S, Duering M, Barro C, Kaya AG, Boeck J, Bode FJ, et al. Serum neurofilament light: a biomarker of neuroaxonal injury after ischemic stroke. Neurology 2018;91:e1338-e1347. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006282
- Wollenweber FA, Darr S, Muller C, Duering M, Buerger K, Zietemann V, et al. Prevalence of amyloid positron emission tomographic positivity in poststroke mild cognitive impairment. Stroke 2016;47:2645-2648. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013778
- Mok VCT, Lam BYK, Wang Z, Liu W, Au L, Leung EYL, et al. Delayed-onset dementia after stroke or transient ischemic attack. Alzheimers Dement 2016;12:1167-1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.05.007
- Zietemann V, Georgakis MK, Dondaine T, Muller C, Mendyk AM, Kopczak A, et al. Early MoCA predicts long-term cognitive and functional outcome and mortality after stroke. Neurology 2018;91:e1838-e1850. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006506
- Schindler SE, Bollinger JG, Ovod V, Mawuenyega KG, Li Y, Gordon BA, et al. High-precision plasma β-amyloid 42/40 predicts current and future brain amyloidosis. Neurology 2019;93:e1647-e1659. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008081
- Janelidze S, Teunissen CE, Zetterberg H, Allue JA, Sarasa L, Eichenlaub U, et al. Head-to-head comparison of 8 plasma amyloid-β 42/40 assays in Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 2021;78:1375-1382. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3180
- Barthelemy NR, Horie K, Sato C, Bateman RJ. Blood plasma phosphorylated-tau isoforms track CNS change in Alzheimer's disease. J Exp Med 2020;217:e20200861.
- Horie K, Barthelemy NR, Sato C, Bateman RJ. CSF tau microtubule binding region identifies tau tangle and clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2021;144:515-527. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa373
- Regional Committee for Europe 71st Session. Seventy-first Regional Committee for Europe: virtual session, 13-15 September 2021: global actions on epilepsy and other neurological disorders [Internet]. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 29]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/343347.
- Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, Costafreda SG, Huntley J, Ames D, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 2017;390:2673-2734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia, disability and frailty in later life - midlife approaches to delay or prevent onset [Internet]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2015 [cited 2021 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng16.