Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021MC043), Natural Science Foundation of China (31972594), Special Economic Animal Industry Technology System of Shandong Province (SDAIT-21-16), Modern Agro-industry Technology Research system (CARS-43-B-1), Shandong Post-doctoral Innovation Project (2020), Taishan Industry Leadership Project (TSCY20190107), Key R & D projects of Xinjiang Autonomous Region (2020B01004-1-3).
References
- Zhu YL, Wang CY, Wang XP, Li B, Sun LZ, Li FC. Effects of dietary fiber and starch levels on the non-specific immune response of growing rabbits. Livest Sci 2013;155:285-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.04.018
- Fu CY, Liu L, Gao Q, Sui XY, Li FC. Cloning, molecular characterization, and spatial and developmental expression analysis of GPR41 and GPR43 genes in New Zealand rabbits. Animal 2017;11:1798-806. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111700043X
- Liu L, Liu H, Fu C, Li C, Li F. Acetate induces anorexia via up-regulating the hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in rabbits. J Anim Feed Sci 2017; 26:266-73. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/75979/2017
- Marques C, Oliveira CS, Alves S, et al. Acetate-induced apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells involves lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin D release. Cell Death Dis 2013;4:e507. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2013.29
- Tanabe J, Yamamoto DJ, Sutton B, et al. Effects of alcohol and acetate on cerebral blood flow: a pilot study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019;43:2070-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14173
- Zambell KL, Fitch MD, Fleming SE. Acetate and butyrate are the major substrates for de novo lipogenesis in rat colonic epithelial cells. J Nutr 2003;133:3509-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.11.3509
- Liu L, Fu CY, Li FC. Acetate affects the process of lipid metabolism in rabbit liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Animals 2019;9:799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100799
- Li G, Yao W, Jiang H. Short-chain fatty acids enhance adipocyte differentiation in the stromal vascular fraction of porcine adipose tissue. J Nutr 2014;144:1887-95. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.198531
- Fu C, Liu L, Li F. Acetate alters the process of lipid metabolism in rabbits. Animal 2018;12:1895-902. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117003275
- Shimobayashi M, Hall MN. Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014;15:155-62. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3757
- Cho HJ, Park J, Lee HW, Lee YS, Kim JB. Regulation of adipocyte differentiation and insulin action with rapamycin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;321:942-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.050
- Gagnon A, Lau S, Sorisky A. Rapamycin-sensitive phase of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation after clonal expansion. J Cell Physiol 2001;189:14-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1132
- Yu W, Chen Z, Zhang J, et al. Critical role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascade in adipogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2008;310:11-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-007-9661-9
- Chen PL, Riley DJ, Chen Y, Lee WH. Retinoblastoma protein positively regulates terminal adipocyte differentiation through direct interaction with C/EBPs. Genes Dev 1996;10:2794-804. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.10.21.2794
- Siersbaek R, Nielsen R, Mandrup S. PPARgamma in adipocyte differentiation and metabolism--novel insights from genomewide studies. FEBS Lett 2010;584:3242-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.010
- Zhang T, Sawada K, Yamamoto N, Ashida H. 4-Hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol from Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) suppress differentiation of preadiopocytes to adipocytes via AMPK and MAPK pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013;57: 1729-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300020
- Tang QQ, Otto TC, Lane MD. Mitotic clonal expansion: a synchronous process required for adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:44-9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 0137044100
- Engelman JA, Lisanti MP, Scherer PE. Specific inhibitors of p38 mitogen- activated protein kinase block 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 1998;273:32111-20. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.48.32111
- Prusty D, Park BH, Davis KE, Farmer SR. Activation of MEK/ ERK signaling promotes adipogenesis by enhancing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and C/EBPalpha gene expression during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Biol Chem 2002;277:46226-32. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M207776200
- Hong YH, Nishimura Y, Hishikawa D, et al. Acetate and propionate short chain fatty acids stimulate adipogenesis via GPCR43. Endocrinology 2005;146:5092-9. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0545
- Liu L, Fu CY, Liu YX, Li FC. Acetate stimulates lipogenesis via AMPKα signaling in rabbit adipose-derived stem cells. Gen Comp Endocr 2021;303:113715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113715
- Gu W, Song L, Li XM, Wang D, Guo XJ, Xu WG. Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate airway inflammation and emphysema in COPD through down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 via p38 and ERK MAPK pathways. Sci Rep 2015;5:8733. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08733
- Liu J, Zheng L, Zhong J, Wu N, Liu G, Lin X. Oleanolic acid induces protective autophagy in cancer cells through the JNK and mTOR pathways. Oncol Rep 2014;32:567-72. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3239
- Liu L, Fu C, Li FC. Dietary niacin supplementation suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation in rabbits. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2016;29:1748-55. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0824
- Weibel ER. Stereological techniques for electron microscopic morphometry. In: Hayat MA, editor. Principles and techniques of electron microscopy, biological application. New York, USA: Van Nostrand Rheinhold; 1973. pp. 237-96.
- Zhang YY, Zhu SZ, Wang XP, Wang CY, Li FC. The effect of dietary selenium levels on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GSHPx1) mRNA expression in growing meat rabbits. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011;169:259-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.07.006
- Liu L, Xu S, Wang X, Jiao H, Lin H. Peripheral insulin doesn't alter appetite of broiler chicks. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2016;29:1294-9. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0674
- Wang XJ, Liu L, Zhao JP, Jiao HC, Lin H. Stress impairs the reproduction of laying hens: an involvement of energy. World Poult Sci J 2017;73:845-56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917000794
- Kimura I, Inoue D, Hirano K, Tsujimoto G. The SCFA receptor GPR43 and energy metabolism. Front Endocrinol 2014;5:85. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00085
- Liu L, Zhao XY, Liu YX, Zhao H, Li FC. Dietary addition of garlic straw improved the intestinal barrier in rabbits. J Anim Sci 2019;97:4248-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz277
- Weitkunat K, Stuhlmann C, Postel A, et al. Short-chain fatty acids and inulin, but not guar gum, prevent diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance through differential mechanisms in mice. Sci Rep 2017;7:6109. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06447-x
- Rumberger JM, Arch JR, Green A. Butyrate and other shortchain fatty acids increase the rate of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Peer J 2014;2:e611. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.611
- Ge H, Li X, Weiszmann J, et al. Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 43 in adipocytes leads to inhibition of lipolysis and suppression of plasma free fatty acids. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4519-26. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-0059
- Kraemer FB, Shen WJ. Hormone-sensitive lipase knockouts. Nutr Metab 2006;3:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-3-12
- Uehara T, Tokumitsu Y, Nomura Y. Wortmannin inhibits insulin-induced ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation related to adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;210:574-80. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1995.1698
- Camp HS, Tafuri SR. Regulation of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma activity by mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1997;272:10811-6. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.16.10811
- Greenberg AS, Shen WJ, Muliro K, et al. Stimulation of lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 2001;276:45456-61. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M104436200
- Laplante M, Sabatini DM. mTOR signaling in growth control and disease. Cell 2012;149:274-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.017
- Liu DD, Han CC, Wan HF, et al. Effects of inhibiting PI3KAkt-mTOR pathway on lipid metabolism homeostasis in goose primary hepatocytes. Animal 2016;10:1319-27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116000380
- Polak P, Cybulski N, Feige JN, Auwerx J, Ruegg MA, Hall MN. Adipose-specific knockout of raptor results in lean mice with enhanced mitochondrial respiration. Cell Metab 2008;8:399-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2008.09.003
- Skiba-Cassy S, Lansard M, Panserat S, Medale F. Rainbow trout genetically selected for greater muscle fat content display increased activation of liver TOR signaling and lipogenic gene expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009;297:1421-9. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00312.2009