Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science

korean Academy of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science (물리치료재활과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparison of Abdominal Muscle Activity Between the Abdominal Bracing Technique Emphasizing Inhalation and the General Bracing Technique and Hollowing Technique

  • Yun, Kyoungup (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Sahmyook University) ;
  • Jung, Ki-Bum (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Sahmyook University) ;
  • Lee, Yongwoo (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Sahmyook University)
  • Received : 2022.06.20
  • Accepted : 2022.06.28
  • Published : 2022.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the abdominal muscle activity difference while performing the abdominal bracing technique focusing on inspiration (abdominal bracing group), the general abdominal bracing technique (general bracing group), and the abdominal hollowing technique (abdominal hallowing group) Design: A cross-sectional study design. Methods: Thirty-three healthy participants were recruited for this study. The participants were allocated to 3 different groups; Abdominal bracing group, general bracing group, and abdominal hallowing group. The surface electromyography was placed over the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique muscles to collect the activation of abdominal muscles during the trial. Results: The muscle activity of the abdominal bracing group and general bracing groups was significantly higher in all abdominal muscles than in the abdominal hollowing group (p<0.05) Both rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles showed higher muscle activations in the abdominal bracing group over the general bracing group (p<0.05). However, the ratio of bilateral external obliques and rectus abdominis to bilateral internal obliques was highest when the hollowing technique was applied (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of study showed the abdominal bracing technique that emphasized inhalation rather than the abdominal hollowing technique or general abdominal bracing technique increased the activity of the abdominal muscles. Therefore, this study is considered to be a data for effective training if the abdominal bracing technique that emphasizes inhalation is applied as a method to increase the activation of the abdominal muscles.

Keywords

References

  1. Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:363-70. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200102013440508
  2. Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24:769-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002
  3. Simpson AK, Cholewicki J, Grauer J. Chronic low back pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2006;10:431-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-006-0074-3
  4. O'Sullivan PB, Burnett A, Floyd AN, Gadsdon K, Logiudice J, Miller D, et al. Lumbar repositioning deficit in a specific low back pain population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28:1074-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000061990.56113.6F
  5. Frymoyer J, Selby D. Segmental instability. Rationale for treatment. Spine. 1985;10:280-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198504000-00017
  6. McGill S. Low back disorders: evidence-based prevention and rehabilitation: Human Kinetics; 2015.
  7. Kahlaee AH, Ghamkhar L, Arab AM. Effect of the abdominal hollowing and bracing maneuvers on activity pattern of the lumbopelvic muscles during prone hip extension in subjects with or without chronic low back pain: a preliminary study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2017;40:106-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2016.10.009
  8. McGill SM, Karpowicz A. Exercises for spine stabilization: motion/motor patterns, stability progressions, and clinical technique. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:118-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.06.026
  9. Richardson C, Jull G, Toppenberg R, Comerford M. Techniques for active lumbar stabilisation for spinal protection: a pilot study. Aust J Physiother. 1992;38:105-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60555-9
  10. Richardson C, Jull G. Muscle control-pain control. What exercises would you prescribe? Man ther. 1995;1:2-10. https://doi.org/10.1054/math.1995.0243
  11. O'Sullivan PB, Twomey L, Allison GT. Altered abdominal muscle recruitment in patients with chronic back pain following a specific exercise intervention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;27:114-24. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1998.27.2.114
  12. Taniguchi M, Tateuchi H, Takeoka T, Ichihashi N. Kinematic and kinetic characteristics of Masai Barefoot Technology footwear. Gait Posture. 2012;35:567-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.11.025
  13. Kisner C, Colby LA, Borstad J. Therapeutic exercise: foundations and techniques: Fa Davis; 2017.
  14. Macedo LG, Maher CG, Latimer J, McAuley JH. Motor control exercise for persistent, nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review. Phys Ther. 2009;89:9-25. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080103
  15. Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain: a motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996;21:2640-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199611150-00014
  16. Kwon N-H, Lee H-O, Park D-J. The use of real-time ultrasound imaging for feedback during abdominal hollowing. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine. 2011;6:303-10.
  17. Grenier SG, McGill SM. Quantification of lumbar stability by using 2 different abdominal activation strategies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:54-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2006.10.014
  18. Vera-Garcia FJ, Elvira JL, Brown SH, McGill SM. Effects of abdominal stabilization maneuvers on the control of spine motion and stability against sudden trunk perturbations. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2007;17:556-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.07.004
  19. Moon H-J, Cho S-H, Goo B-O. Difference of trunk muscles activity during hollowing vs bracing contraction in various position. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine. 2013;8:11-8. https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2013.8.1.011
  20. Campbell E, Green J. The variations in intra-abdominal pressure and the activity of the abdominal muscles during breathing; a study in man. J Physiol. 1953;122:282. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004999
  21. Aspden RM. The spine as an arch. A new mathematical model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1989;14:266-74. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198903000-00005
  22. Richardson CA, Snijders CJ, Hides JA, Damen L, Pas MS, Storm J. The relation between the transversus abdominis muscles, sacroiliac joint mechanics, and low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27:399-405. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200202150-00015
  23. Frank AW. The wounded storyteller: Body, illness, and ethics: University of Chicago Press; 2013.
  24. Nouwen A, Van Akkerveeken PF, Versloot JM. Patterns of muscular activity during movement in patients with chronic low-back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1987;12:777-82. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198710000-00012
  25. Lehman GJ, Hoda W, Oliver S. Trunk muscle activity during bridging exercises on and off a swissball. Chiropr Osteopat. 2005;13:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-13-1
  26. Kim K, Park R-J, Bae S-S. Effect of diaphragmatic breathing exercise on activation of trunk muscle of patients with low back pain. The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy. 2005;17:311-27.
  27. Cholewicki J, Juluru K, McGill SM. Intra-abdominal pressure mechanism for stabilizing the lumbar spine. J Biomech. 1999;32:13-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00129-8
  28. Cholewicki J, McGill SM. EMG assisted optimization: a hybrid approach for estimating muscle forces in an indeterminate biomechanical model. J Biomech. 1994;27:1287-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(94)90282-8
  29. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G. Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41:1149-60. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  30. Madokoro S, Yokogawa M, Miaki H, Effect of the abdominal draw-in maneuver and bracing on abdominal muscle thickness and the associated subjective difficulty in healthy individuals. Healthcare (Basel); 2020.
  31. Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG, Rodgers MM, Romani WA. Muscles: testing and function with posture and pain: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Baltimore, MD; 2005.
  32. Stevens VK, Vleeming A, Bouche KG, Mahieu NN, Vanderstraeten GG, Danneels LA. Electromyographic activity of trunk and hip muscles during stabilization exercises in four-point kneeling in healthy volunteers. Eur Spine J. 2007;16:711-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-006-0181-1
  33. McGill SM. Low back stability: from formal description to issues for performance and rehabilitation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2001;29:26-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200101000-00006
  34. Critchley D. Instructing pelvic floor contraction facilitates transversus abdominis thickness increase during low-abdominal hollowing. Physiother Res Int. 2002;7:65-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.243
  35. Norris C. Functional load abdominal training: part 1. Phys Ther Sport. 2001;2:29-39. https://doi.org/10.1054/ptsp.2000.0032
  36. Suehiro T, Mizutani M, Watanabe S, Ishida H, Kobara K, Osaka H. Comparison of spine motion and trunk muscle activity between abdominal hollowing and abdominal bracing maneuvers during prone hip extension. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014;18:482-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.04.012
  37. Barnett F, Gilleard W. The use of lumbar spinal stabilization techniques during the performance of abdominal strengthening exercise variations. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2005;45:38-43.
  38. Criswell E. Cram's introduction to surface electromyography: Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2010.
  39. Marshall P, Murphy B. The validity and reliability of surface EMG to assess the neuromuscular response of the abdominal muscles to rapid limb movement. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13:477-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(03)00027-0
  40. Tayashiki K, Maeo S, Usui S, Miyamoto N, Kanehisa H. Effect of abdominal bracing training on strength and power of trunk and lower limb muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116:1703-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3424-9
  41. Maeo S, Takahashi T, Takai Y, Kanehisa H. Trunk muscle activities during abdominal bracing: comparison among muscles and exercises. J Sports Sci Med. 2013;12:467.
  42. Lee H-j, Lee N-g, Tae K-s. Comparison of lower-limbs muscle activity according to the abdominal co-contractive activation. Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology. 2016;10:81-6.
  43. Kavcic N, Grenier S, McGill SM. Determining the stabilizing role of individual torso muscles during rehabilitation exercises. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29:1254-65. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200406010-00016
  44. Perri M. Rehabilitation of the Spine: a Practitioners Manual. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Lippincot, Williams and Wilkins; 2007.
  45. Boiten FA. The effects of emotional behaviour on components of the respiratory cycle. Biol Psychol. 1998;49:29-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(98)00025-8
  46. Ishida H, Hirose R, Watanabe S. Comparison of changes in the contraction of the lateral abdominal muscles between the abdominal drawing-in maneuver and breathe held at the maximum expiratory level. Man Ther. 2012;17:427-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2012.04.006