Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank all healthcare professionals who participated in the survey and thank the participating medical societies for distributing emails with the online survey. We also thank Dr. Prashant Bachina at Rainbow Children's Hospital, Hyderabad, India, for his expertise and coordination of the survey in India. The support of Dr. Ramesh Manocha, HealthEd Australia, in conducting the survey in Australia is gratefully acknowledged.
References
- Luyt D, Ball H, Makwana N, Green MR, Bravin K, Nasser SM, et al. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2014;44:642-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12302
- Flom JD, Sicherer SH. Epidemiology of cow's milk allergy. Nutrients 2019;11:1051. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051051
- Nwaru BI, Hickstein L, Panesar SS, Muraro A, Werfel T, Cardona V, et al. The epidemiology of food allergy in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 2014;69:62-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12305
- Schoemaker AA, Sprikkelman AB, Grimshaw KE, Roberts G, Grabenhenrich L, Rosenfeld L, et al. Incidence and natural history of challenge-proven cow's milk allergy in European children--EuroPrevall birth cohort. Allergy 2015;70:963-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12630
- Gupta RS, Warren CM, Smith BM, Blumenstock JA, Jiang J, Davis MM, et al. The public health impact of parent-reported childhood food allergies in the United States. Pediatrics 2018;142:e20181235. Erratum in: Pediatrics 2019;143:e20183835. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-1235
- Heine RG, Elsayed S, Hosking CS, Hill DJ. Cow's milk allergy in infancy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;2:217-25. https://doi.org/10.1097/00130832-200206000-00011
- Heine RG, AlRefaee F, Bachina P, De Leon JC, Geng L, Gong S, et al. Lactose intolerance and gastrointestinal cow's milk allergy in infants and children - common misconceptions revisited. World Allergy Organ J 2017;10:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-017-0173-0
- Wauters L, Brown T, Venter C, Dziubak R, Meyer R, Brogan B, et al. Cow's milk allergy prescribing is influenced by regional and national guidance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016;62:765-70. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001052
- Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, et al. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:832-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591
- Heyman MB; Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 2006;118:1279-86. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1721
- Fiocchi A, Brozek J, Schunemann H, Bahna SL, von Berg A, Beyer K, et al. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) guidelines. World Allergy Organ J 2010;3:57-161. https://doi.org/10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181defeb9
- Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, Fox M. Lactose intolerance in adults: biological mechanism and dietary management. Nutrients 2015;7:8020-35. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095380
- Hegar B, Widodo A. Lactose intolerance in Indonesian children. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2015;24 Suppl 1:S31-40.
- Szilagyi A. Redefining lactose as a conditional prebiotic. Can J Gastroenterol 2004;18:163-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2004/350732
- Francavilla R, Calasso M, Calace L, Siragusa S, Ndagijimana M, Vernocchi P, et al. Effect of lactose on gut microbiota and metabolome of infants with cow's milk allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012;23:420-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2012.01286.x
- Werkstetter K, Chmielewska A, Dolinsek J, Estourgie-van Burk F, Korponay-Szabo I, Kurppa K, et al. Diagnosis and management of cow's milk protein allergy - how big is the gap between ideal and reality? A quality-of-care survey in Europe. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018;66 Suppl 2:399.
- Celik-Bilgili S, Mehl A, Verstege A, Staden U, Nocon M, Beyer K, et al. The predictive value of specific immunoglobulin E levels in serum for the outcome of oral food challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 2005;35:268-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02150.x
- Verstege A, Mehl A, Rolinck-Werninghaus C, Staden U, Nocon M, Beyer K, et al. The predictive value of the skin prick test weal size for the outcome of oral food challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 2005;35:1220-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.2324.x
- Walsh J, Meyer R, Shah N, Quekett J, Fox AT. Differentiating milk allergy (IgE and non-IgE mediated) from lactose intolerance: understanding the underlying mechanisms and presentations. Br J Gen Pract 2016;66:e609-11. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16X686521
- Alibardi L, Meyer-Rochow VB. Microscopical observations on the regenerating tail in the tuatara Sphenodon punctatus indicate a tendency to scarring, but also influence from somatic growth. J Morphol 2019;280:411-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20953
- Muraro A, Host A. Controversies on special products for managing cow's milk protein allergy in infants: safety and suitability. EMJ Allergy Immunol 2017;2:46-51. https://doi.org/10.33590/emjallergyimmunol/10313836
- Koletzko S, Niggemann B, Arato A, Dias JA, Heuschkel R, Husby S, et al. Diagnostic approach and management of cow's-milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012;55:221-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0b013e31825c9482
- Egan M, Lee T, Andrade J, Grishina G, Mishoe M, Gimenez G, et al. Partially hydrolyzed whey formula intolerance in cow's milk allergic patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017;28:401-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12718
- Chauveau A, Nguyen-Grosjean VM, Jacquenet S, Richard C, Mouton-Faivre C. Immediate hypersensitivity to extensively hydrolyzed formulas: an important reminder. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016;27:541-3. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12556
- Kvammen JA, Thomassen RA, Eskerud MB, Rugtveit J, Henriksen C. Micronutrient status and nutritional intake in 0- to 2-year-old children consuming a cows' milk exclusion diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018;66:831-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001942
- Mehta H, Groetch M, Wang J. Growth and nutritional concerns in children with food allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;13:275-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e328360949d
- Meyer R, Wright K, Vieira MC, Chong KW, Chatchatee P, Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, et al. International survey on growth indices and impacting factors in children with food allergies. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019;32:175-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12610