Korean Journal of Radiology

The Korean Society of Radiology (대한영상의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

2022 KLCA-NCC Korea Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA) and National Cancer Center (NCC) Korea (Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA) and National Cancer Center (NCC) Korea)
  • Received : 2022.10.28
  • Accepted : 2022.10.28
  • Published : 2022.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the fourth most common cancer among men in South Korea, where the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection is high in middle and old age. The current practice guidelines will provide useful and sensible advice for the clinical management of patients with HCC. A total of 49 experts in the fields of hepatology, oncology, surgery, radiology, and radiation oncology from the Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center Korea Practice Guideline Revision Committee revised the 2018 Korean guidelines and developed new recommendations that integrate the most up-to-date research findings and expert opinions. These guidelines provide useful information and direction for all clinicians, trainees, and researchers in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Dr. Sung Won Lee (Catholic Univ. of Korea, Internal Medicine) and Dr. Yuri Cho (NCC Korea, Internal Medicine) for proofreading and revising the English-version manuscript, and Suhyun Chae for improving the images of staging.

References

  1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924-926
  2. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ, et al. What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ 2008;336:995-998
  3. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Vist GE, Liberati A, et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ 2008; 336:1049-1051
  4. Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Jaeschke R, Vist GE, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies. BMJ 2008;336:1106-1110
  5. Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. Development of the AGREE II, part 1: performance, usefulness and areas for improvement. CMAJ 2010;182:1045-1052
  6. Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, Burgers JS, Cluzeau F, Feder G, et al. Development of the AGREE II, part 2: assessment of validity of items and tools to support application. CMAJ 2010;182:E472-E478
  7. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 2012;380:2095-2128
  8. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet 2015;385:117-171
  9. Lee KS, Chang HS, Lee SM, Park EC. Economic burden of cancer in Korea during 2000-2010. Cancer Res Treat 2015;47:387-398
  10. Kim YA, Lee YR, Park J, Oh IH, Kim H, Yoon SJ, et al. Socioeconomic burden of cancer in Korea from 2011 to 2015. Cancer Res Treat 2020;52:896-906
  11. Korean Central Cancer Registry. Annual report of Korean central cancer registry (2019). Goyang: Korea Central Cancer Registry, 2021
  12. Chon YE, Lee HA, Yoon JS, Park JY, Kim BH, Lee IJ, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea between 2012 and 2014: an analysis of data from the Korean nationwide cancer registry. J Liver Cancer 2020;20:135-147
  13. Choi SI, Cho Y, Ki M, Kim BH, Lee IJ, Kim TH, et al. Better survival of patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma in South Korea: changes in 16-years cohorts. PLoS One 2022;17:e0265668
  14. Korean Central Cancer Registry. Annual report of Korean central cancer registry (2015). Goyang: Korea Central Cancer Registry, 2017
  15. Fujiwara N, Friedman SL, Goossens N, Hoshida Y. Risk factors and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of precision medicine. J Hepatol 2018;68:526-549
  16. Chang MH, You SL, Chen CJ, Liu CJ, Lee CM, Lin SM, et al. Decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B vaccinees: a 20-year follow-up study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009;101:1348-1155
  17. World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper. Geneva: WHO, 2017
  18. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012;57:167-185
  19. Sarin SK, Kumar M, Lau GK, Abbas Z, Chan HL, Chen CJ, et al. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hepatol Int 2016;10:1-98
  20. Park H, Shin SK, Joo I, Song DS, Jang JW, Park JW. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: low-level alcohol consumption and the risk of liver cancer. Gut Liver 2020;14:792-807
  21. Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Fu S, Conjeevaram HS, Su GL, Lok AS. Alcohol, tobacco and obesity are synergistic risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2005;42:218-224
  22. El-Serag HB, Tran T, Everhart JE. Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004;126:460-468
  23. Lee YB, Moon H, Lee JH, Cho EJ, Yu SJ, Kim YJ, et al. Association of metabolic risk factors with risks of cancer and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2021;73:2266-2277
  24. Singh S, Singh PP, Singh AG, Murad MH, Sanchez W. Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2013;144:323-332
  25. Simon TG, Duberg AS, Aleman S, Hagstrom H, Nguyen LH, Khalili H, et al. Lipophilic statins and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and death in patients with chronic viral hepatitis: results from a nationwide Swedish population. Ann Intern Med 2019;171:318-327
  26. Tran KT, McMenamin UC, Coleman HG, Cardwell CR, Murchie P, Iversen L, et al. Statin use and risk of liver cancer: evidence from two population-based studies. Int J Cancer 2020;146:1250-1260
  27. Kim G, Jang SY, Nam CM, Kang ES. Statin use and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients at high risk: a nationwide nested case-control study. J Hepatol 2018;68:476-484
  28. Goh MJ, Sinn DH, Kim S, Woo SY, Cho H, Kang W, et al. Statin use and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2020;71:2023-2032
  29. Islam MM, Poly TN, Walther BA, Yang HC, Li YCJ. Statin use and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:671
  30. Wong YJ, Qiu TY, Ng GK, Zheng Q, Teo EK. Efficacy and safety of statin for hepatocellular carcinoma prevention among chronic liver disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2021;55:615-623
  31. Choi J, Roberts LR. Statins and metformin for chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2016;8:48-52
  32. Chen HP, Shieh JJ, Chang CC, Chen TT, Lin JT, Wu MS, et al. Metformin decreases hepatocellular carcinoma risk in a dose-dependent manner: population-based and in vitro studies. Gut 2013;62:606-615
  33. Sahasrabuddhe VV, Gunja MZ, Graubard BI, Trabert B, Schwartz LM, Park Y, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, chronic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:1808-1814
  34. Simon TG, Ma Y, Ludvigsson JF, Chong DQ, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, et al. Association between aspirin use and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:1683-1690
  35. Simon TG, Duberg AS, Aleman S, Chung RT, Chan AT, Ludvigsson JF. Association of aspirin with hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related mortality. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1018-1028
  36. Lee M, Chung GE, Lee JH, Oh S, Nam JY, Chang Y, et al. Antiplatelet therapy and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients on antiviral treatment. Hepatology 2017;66:1556-1569
  37. Li X, Wu S, Yu Y. Aspirin use and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;7:569759
  38. Tan RZH, Lockart I, Abdel Shaheed C, Danta M. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-platelet therapy on the incidence and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021;54:356-367
  39. Wang S, Yu Y, Ryan PM, Dang M, Clark C, Kontogiannis V, et al. Association of aspirin therapy with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and dose-response analysis of cohort studies with 2.5 million participants. Pharmacol Res 2020;151:104585
  40. Jang H, Lee YB, Moon H, Chung JW, Nam JY, Cho EJ, et al. Aspirin use and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B with or without cirrhosis. Hepatology 2022;76:492-501
  41. Bravi F, Bosetti C, Tavani A, Gallus S, La Vecchia C. Coffee reduces risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:1413-1421.e1
  42. Inoue M, Yoshimi I, Sobue T, Tsugane S. Influence of coffee drinking on subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:293-300
  43. Gelatti U, Covolo L, Franceschini M, Pirali F, Tagger A, Ribero ML, et al. Coffee consumption reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma independently of its aetiology: a case-control study. J Hepatol 2005;42:528-534
  44. Setiawan VW, Wilkens LR, Lu SC, Hernandez BY, Le Marchand L, Henderson BE. Association of coffee intake with reduced incidence of liver cancer and death from chronic liver disease in the US multiethnic cohort. Gastroenterology 2015;148:118-125; quiz e15
  45. Korean Association for the Study of the Liver (KASL). KASL clinical practice guidelines for management of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol 2022;28:276-331
  46. Korean Association for the Study of the Liver (KASL). 2017 KASL clinical practice guidelines management of hepatitis C: treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Clin Mol Hepatol 2018;24:169-229
  47. Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow WC, Farrell G, Lee CZ, Yuen H, et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1521-1531
  48. Wong GL, Chan HL, Mak CW, Lee SK, Ip ZM, Lam AT, et al. Entecavir treatment reduces hepatic events and deaths in chronic hepatitis B patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2013;58:1537-1547
  49. Kim WR, Loomba R, Berg T, Aguilar Schall RE, Yee LJ, Dinh PV, et al. Impact of long-term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Cancer 2015;121:3631-3638
  50. Colombo M, Iavarone M. Role of antiviral treatment for HCC prevention. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014;28:771-781
  51. Choi J, Kim HJ, Lee J, Cho S, Ko MJ, Lim YS. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients treated with entecavir vs tenofovir for chronic hepatitis B: a Korean nationwide cohort study. JAMA Oncol 2019;5:30-36
  52. Kim SU, Seo YS, Lee HA, Kim MN, Lee YR, Lee HW, et al. A multicenter study of entecavir vs. tenofovir on prognosis of treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B in South Korea. J Hepatol 2019;71:456-464
  53. Lee SW, Kwon JH, Lee HL, Yoo SH, Nam HC, Sung PS, et al. Comparison of tenofovir and entecavir on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B in Korea: a large-scale, propensity score analysis. Gut 2020;69:1301-1308
  54. Choi HK, Seo GH. Entecavir versus tenofovir for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B patients in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2021;36:e89
  55. Dave S, Park S, Murad MH, Barnard A, Prokop L, Adams LA, et al. Comparative effectiveness of entecavir versus tenofovir for preventing hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2021;73:68-78
  56. Tseng CH, Hsu YC, Chen TH, Ji F, Chen IS, Tsai YN, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence with tenofovir versus entecavir in chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:1039-1052
  57. Lee HW, Cho YY, Lee H, Lee JS, Kim SU, Park JY, et al. Effect of tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2021;28:1570-1578
  58. Lee HW, Cho YY, Lee H, Lee JS, Kim SU, Park JY, et al. Impact of tenofovir alafenamide vs. entecavir on hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int 2021;15:1083-1092
  59. Li M, Lv T, Wu S, Wei W, Wu X, Ou X, et al. Tenofovir versus entecavir in lowering the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a critical systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Int 2020;14:105-114
  60. Lee SW, Choi J, Kim SU, Lim YS. Entecavir versus tenofovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B: enemies or partners in the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 2021;27:402-412
  61. Friberg S, Mattson S. On the growth rates of human malignant tumors: implications for medical decision making. J Surg Oncol 1997;65:284-297
  62. Lim YS, Han S, Heo NY, Shim JH, Lee HC, Suh DJ. Mortality, liver transplantation, and hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with entecavir vs lamivudine. Gastroenterology 2014;147:152-161
  63. Lok AS, McMahon BJ, Brown RS Jr, Wong JB, Ahmed AT, Farah W, et al. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B viral infection in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2016;63:284-306
  64. Choi J, Han S, Kim N, Lim YS. Increasing burden of liver cancer despite extensive use of antiviral agents in a hepatitis B virus-endemic population. Hepatology 2017;66:1454-1463.
  65. Singal AG, Volk ML, Jensen D, Di Bisceglie AM, Schoenfeld PS. A sustained viral response is associated with reduced liver-related morbidity and mortality in patients with hepatitis C virus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:280-288.e1
  66. Morgan RL, Baack B, Smith BD, Yartel A, Pitasi M, Falck-Ytter Y. Eradication of hepatitis C virus infection and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:329-337
  67. Carrat F, Fontaine H, Dorival C, Simony M, Diallo A, Hezode C, et al. Clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis C after direct-acting antiviral treatment: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2019;393:1453-1464
  68. Calvaruso V, Cabibbo G, Cacciola I, Petta S, Madonia S, Bellia A, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HCV-associated cirrhosis treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Gastroenterology 2018;155:411-421.e4
  69. Mendizabal M, Pinero F, Ridruejo E, Herz Wolff F, Anders M, Reggiardo V, et al. Disease progression in patients with hepatitis C virus infection treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;18:2554-2563.e3
  70. Waziry R, Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, Amin J, Law M, Danta M, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk following direct-acting antiviral HCV therapy: a systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regression. J Hepatol 2017;67:1204-1212
  71. Delgado Martinez C, Gomez-Rubio M, Gomez-Dominguez C. Is hepatitis C direct-acting antiviral therapy a risk factor for the development and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma? Narrative literature review and clinical practice recommendations. Ann Hepatol 2021;21:100225
  72. Yin J, Li N, Han Y, Xue J, Deng Y, Shi J, et al. Effect of antiviral treatment with nucleotide/nucleoside analogs on postoperative prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a two-stage longitudinal clinical study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3647-3655
  73. Wong JS, Wong GL, Tsoi KK, Wong VW, Cheung SY, Chong CN, et al. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of anti-viral therapy in prevention of recurrence after curative treatment of chronic hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33:1104-1112
  74. Miao RY, Zhao HT, Yang HY, Mao YL, Lu X, Zhao Y, et al. Postoperative adjuvant antiviral therapy for hepatitis B/C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:2931-2942
  75. Chen XX, Cheng JW, Huang A, Zhang X, Wang J, Fan J, et al. The effect of antiviral therapy on patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2017;10:5363-5375
  76. Choi J, Jo C, Lim YS. Tenofovir versus entecavir on recurrence of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection. Hepatology 2021;73:661-673
  77. Huang G, Yang Y, Shen F, Pan ZY, Fu SY, Lau WY, et al. Early viral suppression predicts good postoperative survivals in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with a high baseline HBV-DNA load. Ann Surg Oncol 2013;20:1482-1490
  78. Lee JH, Kim BK, Park SY, Tak WY, Park JY, Kim DY, et al. The efficacies of entecavir and tenofovir in terms of enhancing prognosis after curative treatment of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Intern Med 2021;89:48-55
  79. Singal AK, Freeman DH Jr, Anand BS. Meta-analysis: interferon improves outcomes following ablation or resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:851-858
  80. Reig M, Marino Z, Perello C, Inarrairaegui M, Ribeiro A, Lens S, et al. Unexpected high rate of early tumor recurrence in patients with HCV-related HCC undergoing interferon-free therapy. J Hepatol 2016;65:719-726
  81. Conti F, Buonfiglioli F, Scuteri A, Crespi C, Bolondi L, Caraceni P, et al. Early occurrence and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV-related cirrhosis treated with direct-acting antivirals. J Hepatol 2016;65:727-733
  82. Reig M, Boix L, Marino Z, Torres F, Forns X, Bruix J. Liver cancer emergence associated with antiviral treatment: an immune surveillance failure? Semin Liver Dis 2017;37:109-118
  83. Saraiya N, Yopp AC, Rich NE, Odewole M, Parikh ND, Singal AG. Systematic review with meta-analysis: recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following direct-acting antiviral therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;48:127-137
  84. ANRS collaborative study group on hepatocellular carcinoma (ANRS CO22 HEPATHER, CO12 CirVir and CO23 CUPILT cohorts). Lack of evidence of an effect of direct-acting antivirals on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: data from three ANRS cohorts. J Hepatol 2016;65:734-740
  85. Cabibbo G, Celsa C, Calvaruso V, Petta S, Cacciola I, Cannavo MR, et al. Direct-acting antivirals after successful treatment of early hepatocellular carcinoma improve survival in HCV-cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 2019;71:265-273
  86. Sahakyan Y, Lee-Kim V, Bremner KE, Bielecki JM, Krahn MD. Impact of direct-acting antiviral regimens on mortality and morbidity outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis C: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat 2021;28:739-754
  87. Pang Q, Jin H, Qu K, Man Z, Wang Y, Yang S, et al. The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the incident and recurrent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2017;10:4645-4656
  88. Li X, Liu L, Hu Y. Statin use and the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2020;40:BSR20200232
  89. Nishio T, Taura K, Nakamura N, Seo S, Yasuchika K, Kaido T, et al. Impact of statin use on the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver resection: a subgroup analysis of patients without chronic hepatitis viral infection. Surgery 2018;163:264-269
  90. Cho Y, Kim MS, Nam CM, Kang ES. Statin use is associated with decreased hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in liver transplant patients. Sci Rep 2019;9:1467
  91. Lee HL, Lee SW, Jang JW, Bae SH, Choi JY, Yoon SK, et al. Anticancer effect of statins in patients undergoing liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2022;28:397-406
  92. Chen JG, Parkin DM, Chen QG, Lu JH, Shen QJ, Zhang BC, et al. Screening for liver cancer: results of a randomised controlled trial in Qidong, China. J Med Screen 2003;10:204-209
  93. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004;130:417-422
  94. Singal A, Volk ML, Waljee A, Salgia R, Higgins P, Rogers MA, et al. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:37-47
  95. Zhao C, Nguyen MH. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening and surveillance: practice guidelines and real-life practice. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016;50:120-133
  96. Sangiovanni A, Del Ninno E, Fasani P, De Fazio C, Ronchi G, Romeo R, et al. Increased survival of cirrhotic patients with a hepatocellular carcinoma detected during surveillance. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1005-1014
  97. Santi V, Trevisani F, Gramenzi A, Grignaschi A, Mirici-Cappa F, Del Poggio P, et al. Semiannual surveillance is superior to annual surveillance for the detection of early hepatocellular carcinoma and patient survival. J Hepatol 2010;53:291-297
  98. Kim HD, Lim YS, Han S, An J, Kim GA, Kim SY, et al. Evaluation of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma by magnetic resonance imaging with gadoxetic acid detects additional lesions and increases overall survival. Gastroenterology 2015;148:1371-1382
  99. Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, Parikh ND, Marrero JA, Yopp A, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2018;154:1706-1718.e1
  100. Lencioni R, Montal R, Torres F, Park JW, Decaens T, Raoul JL, et al. Objective response by mRECIST as a predictor and potential surrogate end-point of overall survival in advanced HCC. J Hepatol 2017;66:1166-1172
  101. Parikh ND, Singal AG, Hutton DW, Tapper EB. Cost-effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: an assessment of benefits and harms. Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115:1642-1649
  102. Arora A, Kumar A. Treatment response evaluation and follow-up in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2014;4(Suppl 3):S126-S129
  103. Liu D, Chan AC, Fong DY, Lo CM, Khong PL. Evidence-based surveillance imaging schedule after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. Transplantation 2017;101:107-111
  104. Poon RT. Differentiating early and late recurrences after resection of HCC in cirrhotic patients: implications on surveillance, prevention, and treatment strategies. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;16:792-794
  105. Tazdait M, Mezquita L, Lahmar J, Ferrara R, Bidault F, Ammari S, et al. Patterns of responses in metastatic NSCLC during PD-1 or PDL-1 inhibitor therapy: comparison of RECIST 1.1, irRECIST and iRECIST criteria. Eur J Cancer 2018;88:38-47
  106. Hodi FS, Ballinger M, Lyons B, Soria JC, Nishino M, Tabernero J, et al. Immune-modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (imRECIST): refining guidelines to assess the clinical benefit of cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:850-858
  107. Zhu AX, Finn RS, Edeline J, Cattan S, Ogasawara S, Palmer D, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib (KEYNOTE-224): a non-randomised, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2018;19:940-952
  108. Yamamoto K, Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Kume Y, Ikeda H, Norman GL, et al. AFP, AFP-L3, DCP, and GP73 as markers for monitoring treatment response and recurrence and as surrogate markers of clinicopathological variables of HCC. J Gastroenterol 2010;45:1272-1282
  109. Llovet JM, Montal R, Villanueva A. Randomized trials and endpoints in advanced HCC: role of PFS as a surrogate of survival. J Hepatol 2019;70:1262-1277
  110. Llovet JM, Villanueva A, Marrero JA, Schwartz M, Meyer T, Galle PR, et al. Trial design and endpoints in hepatocellular carcinoma: AASLD consensus conference. Hepatology 2021;73 Suppl 1:158-191
  111. Dioguardi Burgio M, Ronot M, Fuks D, Dondero F, Cauchy F, Gaujoux S, et al. Follow-up imaging after liver transplantation should take into consideration primary hepatocellular carcinoma characteristics. Transplantation 2015;99:1613-1618
  112. Shim CW, Park JW, Kim SH, Kim JS, Kim BH, Kim SH, et al. Noncirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma: etiology and occult hepatitis B virus infection in a hepatitis B virus-endemic area. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2017;10:529-536
  113. Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021;384:403-416
  114. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020;383:2603-2615
  115. Kim D, Adeniji N, Latt N, Kumar S, Bloom PP, Aby ES, et al. Predictors of outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with chronic liver disease: US multi-center study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:1469-1479.e19
  116. Mallet V, Beeker N, Bouam S, Sogni P, Pol S; Demosthenes research group. Prognosis of French COVID-19 patients with chronic liver disease: a national retrospective cohort study for 2020. J Hepatol 2021;75:848-855
  117. Kovalic AJ, Satapathy SK, Thuluvath PJ. Prevalence of chronic liver disease in patients with COVID-19 and their clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Int 2020;14:612-620
  118. Zheng J, Chou JF, Gonen M, Vachharajani N, Chapman WC, Majella Doyle MB, et al. Prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence beyond Milan criteria after resection: validation of a clinical risk score in an international cohort. Ann Surg 2017;266:693-701
  119. Hyder O, Dodson RM, Weiss M, Cosgrove DP, Herman JM, Geschwind JH, et al. Trends and patterns of utilization in post-treatment surveillance imaging among patients treated for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2013;17:1774-1783
  120. Yang H, Xu J, Liang X, Shi L, Wang Y. Chronic liver disease independently associated with COVID-19 severity: evidence based on adjusted effect estimates. Hepatol Int 2021;15:217-222
  121. Tanaka K, Shimada H, Matsuo K, Takeda K, Nagano Y, Togo S. Clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma developing extrahepatic recurrences after curative resection. World J Surg 2008;32:1738-1747
  122. Oliver SE, Wallace M, See I, Mbaeyi S, Godfrey M, Hadler SC, et al. Use of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine: updated interim recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, December 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:90-95
  123. Hartke J, Johnson M, Ghabril M. The diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 2017;34:153-159
  124. Brooks JT, Butler JC. Effectiveness of mask wearing to control community spread of SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 2021;325:998-999
  125. Wang Y, Tian H, Zhang L, Zhang M, Guo D, Wu W, et al. Reduction of secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households by face mask use, disinfection and social distancing: a cohort study in Beijing, China. BMJ Glob Health 2020;5:e002794
  126. McShane C, Kiat C, Rigby J, Crosbie O. The mRNA COVID-19 vaccine - a rare trigger of autoimmune hepatitis? J Hepatol 2021;75:1252-1254
  127. Bril F, Al Diffalha S, Dean M, Fettig DM. Autoimmune hepatitis developing after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine: causality or casualty? J Hepatol 2021;75:222-224
  128. Blumenthal KG, Freeman EE, Saff RR, Robinson LB, Wolfson AR, Foreman RK, et al. Delayed large local reactions to mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1273-1277
  129. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN: cancer and COVID-19 vaccination version 7.0. Plymouth Meeting: NCCN, 2022
  130. Gargano JW, Wallace M, Hadler SC, Langley G, Su JR, Oster ME, et al. Use of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine after reports of myocarditis among vaccine recipients: update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, June 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:977-982
  131. Waissengrin B, Agbarya A, Safadi E, Padova H, Wolf I. Short-term safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:581-583
  132. Dulku G, Dhillon R, Goodwin M, Cheng W, Kontorinis N, Mendelson R. The role of imaging in the surveillance and diagnosis of hepatocellular cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2017;61:171-179
  133. Sarasin FP, Giostra E, Hadengue A. Cost-effectiveness of screening for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in western patients with Child-Pugh class a cirrhosis. Am J Med 1996;101:422-434
  134. Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011;53:1020-1022
  135. Zanetto A, Shalaby S, Vitale A, Mescoli C, Ferrarese A, Gambato M, et al. Dropout rate from the liver transplant waiting list because of hepatocellular carcinoma progression in hepatitis C virus-infected patients treated with direct-acting antivirals. Liver Transpl 2017;23:1103-1112
  136. Ogata F, Kobayashi M, Akuta N, Osawa M, Fujiyama S, Kawamura Y, et al. Outcome of all-oral direct-acting antiviral regimens on the rate of development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1-related chronic liver disease. Oncology 2017;93:92-98
  137. Calleja JL, Crespo J, Rincon D, Ruiz-Antoran B, Fernandez I, Perello C, et al. Effectiveness, safety and clinical outcomes of direct-acting antiviral therapy in HCV genotype 1 infection: results from a spanish real-world cohort. J Hepatol 2017;66:1138-1148
  138. Loomba R, Lim JK, Patton H, El-Serag HB. AGA clinical practice update on screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: expert review. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1822-1830
  139. Chou R, Cuevas C, Fu R, Devine B, Wasson N, Ginsburg A, et al. Imaging techniques for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:697-711
  140. Singal AG, Nehra M, Adams-Huet B, Yopp AC, Tiro JA, Marrero JA, et al. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma at advanced stages among patients in the HALT-C trial: where did surveillance fail? Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:425-432
  141. Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, Massironi S, Colucci A, Conte D, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:513-523
  142. Aghoram R, Cai P, Dickinson JA. Alpha-foetoprotein and/or liver ultrasonography for screening of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;2012:CD002799
  143. European Association For The Study Of The Liver; European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012;56:908-943
  144. Kokudo N, Makuuchi M. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: the J-HCC guidelines. J Gastroenterol 2009;44 Suppl 19:119-121
  145. Korean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG); National Cancer Center, Korea (NCC). 2014 KLCSG-NCC Korea practice guideline for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut Liver 2015;9:267-317
  146. Korean Liver Cancer Study Group and National Cancer Center, Korea. Practice guidelines for management of hepatocellular carcinoma 2009. Korean J Hepatol 2009;15:391-423
  147. Santagostino E, Colombo M, Rivi M, Rumi MG, Rocino A, Linari S, et al. A 6-month versus a 12-month surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in 559 hemophiliacs infected with the hepatitis C virus. Blood 2003;102:78-82
  148. Trinchet JC, Chaffaut C, Bourcier V, Degos F, Henrion J, Fontaine H, et al. Ultrasonographic surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a randomized trial comparing 3- and 6-month periodicities. Hepatology 2011;54:1987-1997
  149. Wang JH, Chang KC, Kee KM, Chen PF, Yen YH, Tseng PL, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance at 4-vs. 12-month intervals for patients with chronic viral hepatitis: a randomized study in community. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:416-424
  150. Andersson KL, Salomon JA, Goldie SJ, Chung RT. Cost effectiveness of alternative surveillance strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:1418-1424
  151. Barbara L, Benzi G, Gaiani S, Fusconi F, Zironi G, Siringo S, et al. Natural history of small untreated hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors of tumor growth rate and patient survival. Hepatology 1992;16:132-137
  152. Sheu JC, Sung JL, Chen DS, Yang PM, Lai MY, Lee CS, et al. Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology 1985;89:259-266
  153. Tanaka H, Iijima H, Nouso K, Aoki N, Iwai T, Takashima T, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis on the surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in liver cirrhosis patients using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Hepatol Res 2012;42:376-384
  154. Pocha C, Dieperink E, McMaken KA, Knott A, Thuras P, Ho SB. Surveillance for hepatocellular cancer with ultrasonography vs. computed tomography -- a randomised study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38:303-312
  155. Gupta P, Soundararajan R, Patel A, Kumar-M P, Sharma V, Kalra N. Abbreviated MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2021;75:108-119
  156. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018;69:182-236
  157. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, Zhu AX, Finn RS, Abecassis MM, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018;68:723-750
  158. Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, Kudo M, Lee JM, Jia J, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int 2017;11:317-370
  159. Kokudo N, Takemura N, Hasegawa K, Takayama T, Kubo S, Shimada M, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma: the Japan Society of Hepatology 2017 (4th JSH-HCC guidelines) 2019 update. Hepatol Res 2019;49:1109-1113
  160. Moctezuma-Velazquez C, Lewis S, Lee K, Amodeo S, Llovet JM, Schwartz M, et al. Non-invasive imaging criteria for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis B. JHEP Rep 2021;3:100364
  161. Lewis S, Roayaie S, Ward SC, Shyknevsky I, Jibara G, Taouli B. Hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C in the absence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;200:W610-W616
  162. Kim SE, Lee HC, Shim JH, Park HJ, Kim KM, Kim PN, et al. Noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatic masses >2 cm in a hepatitis B virus-endemic area. Liver Int 2011;31:1468-1476
  163. Van Wettere M, Purcell Y, Bruno O, Payance A, Plessier A, Rautou PE, et al. Low specificity of washout to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma in nodules showing arterial hyperenhancement in patients with budd-chiari syndrome. J Hepatol 2019;70:1123-1132
  164. Wells ML, Hough DM, Fidler JL, Kamath PS, Poterucha JT, Venkatesh SK. Benign nodules in post-Fontan livers can show imaging features considered diagnostic for hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017;42:2623-2631
  165. Roberts LR, Sirlin CB, Zaiem F, Almasri J, Prokop LJ, Heimbach JK, et al. Imaging for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2018;67:401-421
  166. Lee SM, Lee JM, Ahn SJ, Kang HJ, Yang HK, Yoon JH. Diagnostic performance of 2018 KLCA-NCC practice guideline for hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in patients with chronic hepatitis B or cirrhosis: comparison with LI-RADS version 2018. Korean J Radiol 2021;22:1066-1076
  167. Lee S, Kim SS, Chang DR, Kim H, Kim MJ. Comparison of LI-RADS 2018 and KLCA-NCC 2018 for noninvasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020;26:340-351
  168. Sangiovanni A, Manini MA, Iavarone M, Romeo R, Forzenigo LV, Fraquelli M, et al. The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Gut 2010;59:638-644
  169. Khalili K, Kim TK, Jang HJ, Haider MA, Khan L, Guindi M, et al. Optimization of imaging diagnosis of 1-2 cm hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of diagnostic performance and resource utilization. J Hepatol 2011;54:723-728
  170. Terzi E, Iavarone M, Pompili M, Veronese L, Cabibbo G, Fraquelli M, et al. Contrast ultrasound LI-RADS LR-5 identifies hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis in a multicenter restropective study of 1,006 nodules. J Hepatol 2018;68:485-492
  171. Hanna RF, Miloushev VZ, Tang A, Finklestone LA, Brejt SZ, Sandhu RS, et al. Comparative 13-year meta-analysis of the sensitivity and positive predictive value of ultrasound, CT, and MRI for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016;41:71-90
  172. Yoon SH, Lee JM, So YH, Hong SH, Kim SJ, Han JK, et al. Multiphasic MDCT enhancement pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 3 cm in diameter: tumor size and cellular differentiation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;193:W482-W489
  173. Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Celli N, Golfieri R, Grigioni WF, Leoni S, et al. Characterization of small nodules in cirrhosis by assessment of vascularity: the problem of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005;42:27-34
  174. Kierans AS, Kang SK, Rosenkrantz AB. The diagnostic performance of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma measuring up to 2 cm: a meta-analysis. Radiology 2016;278:82-94
  175. Choi SH, Byun JH, Lim YS, Yu E, Lee SJ, Kim SY, et al. Diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma ≤3 cm with hepatocyte-specific contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Hepatol 2016;64:1099-1107
  176. Joo I, Lee JM, Lee DH, Jeon JH, Han JK, Choi BI. Noninvasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: can hypointensity on the hepatobiliary phase be used as an alternative to washout? Eur Radiol 2015;25:2859-2868
  177. Ahn SJ, Choi JY, Kim KA, Kim MJ, Baek SE, Kim JH, et al. Focal eosinophilic infiltration of the liver: gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2011;35:81-85
  178. Kim DH, Choi SH, Byun JH, Kang JH, Lim YS, Lee SJ, et al. Arterial subtraction images of gadoxetate-enhanced MRI improve diagnosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2019;71:534-542
  179. Choi SH, Kim SY, Lee SS, Shim JH, Byun JH, Baek S, et al. Subtraction images of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: effect on the diagnostic performance for focal hepatic lesions in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017;209:584-591
  180. Kim SS, Lee S, Bae H, Chung YE, Choi JY, Park MS, et al. Extended application of subtraction arterial phase imaging in LI-RADS version 2018: a strategy to improve the diagnostic performance for hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol 2021;31:1620-1629
  181. Basha MAA, AlAzzazy MZ, Ahmed AF, Yousef HY, Shehata SM, El Sammak DAEA, et al. Does a combined CT and MRI protocol enhance the diagnostic efficacy of LI-RADS in the categorization of hepatic observations? A prospective comparative study. Eur Radiol 2018;28:2592-2603
  182. Min JH, Kim JM, Kim YK, Cha DI, Kang TW, Kim H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging with extracellular contrast detects hepatocellular carcinoma with greater accuracy than with gadoxetic acid or computed tomography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;18:2091-2100.e7
  183. Reynolds AR, Furlan A, Fetzer DT, Sasatomi E, Borhani AA, Heller MT, et al. Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics 2015;35:371-386
  184. Joo I, Lee JM, Lee SM, Lee JS, Park JY, Han JK. Diagnostic accuracy of liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) v2014 for intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinomas in patients with chronic liver disease on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016;44:1330-1338
  185. Zhou C, Wang Y, Ma L, Qian X, Yang C, Zeng M. Combined hepatocellular carcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma: MRI features correlated with tumor biomarkers and prognosis. Eur Radiol 2022;32:78-88
  186. Wilson SR, Lyshchik A, Piscaglia F, Cosgrove D, Jang HJ, Sirlin C, et al. CEUS LI-RADS: algorithm, implementation, and key differences from CT/MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018;43:127-142
  187. Yang Y, Liu C, Yan J, Liu K. Perfluorobutane contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for the diagnosis of HCC: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021;46:4619-4628
  188. Kang HJ, Lee JM, Yoon JH, Lee K, Kim H, Han JK. Contrast-enhanced US with sulfur hexafluoride and perfluorobutane for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals with high risk. Radiology 2020;297:108-116
  189. Hsiao CY, Chen PD, Huang KW. A prospective assessment of the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound, dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for patients with small liver tumors. J Clin Med 2019;8:1353
  190. Cerny M, Chernyak V, Olivie D, Billiard JS, Murphy-Lavallee J, Kielar AZ, et al. LI-RADS version 2018 ancillary features at MRI. Radiographics 2018;38:1973-2001
  191. van der Pol CB, Lim CS, Sirlin CB, McGrath TA, Salameh JP, Bashir MR, et al. Accuracy of the liver imaging reporting and data system in computed tomography and magnetic resonance image analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma or overall malignancy-a systematic review. Gastroenterology 2019;156:976-986.
  192. Tanabe M, Kanki A, Wolfson T, Costa EA, Mamidipalli A, Ferreira MP, et al. Imaging outcomes of liver imaging reporting and data system version 2014 category 2, 3, and 4 observations detected at CT and MR imaging. Radiology 2016;281:129-139
  193. Kim YY, Choi JY, Kim SU, Lee M, Park MS, Chung YE, et al. MRI ancillary features for LI-RADS category 3 and 4 observations: improved categorization to indicate the risk of hepatic malignancy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020;215:1354-1362
  194. Vernuccio F, Cannella R, Choudhury KR, Meyer M, Furlan A, Marin D. Hepatobiliary phase hypointensity predicts progression to hepatocellular carcinoma for intermediate-high risk observations, but not time to progression. Eur J Radiol 2020;128:109018
  195. Cho HJ, Kim B, Lee JD, Kang DR, Kim JK, Lee JH, et al. Development of risk prediction model for hepatocellular carcinoma progression of indeterminate nodules in hepatitis B virus-related cirrhotic liver. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:460-470
  196. Singal AG, Hoshida Y, Pinato DJ, Marrero J, Nault JC, Paradis V, et al. International liver cancer association (ILCA) white paper on biomarker development for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2021;160:2572-2584
  197. Kudo M, Matsui O, Izumi N, Iijima H, Kadoya M, Imai Y, et al. Surveillance and diagnostic algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma proposed by the liver cancer study group of Japan: 2014 update. Oncology 2014;87 Suppl 1:7-21
  198. Park MJ, Kim YK, Lee MW, Lee WJ, Kim YS, Kim SH, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinomas: improved sensitivity by combining gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging patterns. Radiology 2012;264:761-770
  199. Park MJ, Kim YK, Lee MH, Lee JH. Validation of diagnostic criteria using gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging for small hepatocellular carcinoma (≤ 2.0 cm) in patients with hepatitis-induced liver cirrhosis. Acta Radiol 2013;54:127-136
  200. Yu MH, Kim JH, Yoon JH, Kim HC, Chung JW, Han JK, et al. Small (≤1-cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic performance and imaging features at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2014;271:748-760
  201. Jang KM, Kim SH, Kim YK, Choi D. Imaging features of subcentimeter hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging that progress to hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease. Acta Radiol 2015;56:526-535
  202. Lee YJ, Lee JM, Lee JS, Lee HY, Park BH, Kim YH, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic performance of multidetector CT and MR imaging-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology 2015;275:97-109
  203. Park CJ, An C, Park S, Choi JY, Kim MJ. Management of subcentimetre arterially enhancing and hepatobiliary hypointense lesions on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI in patients at risk for HCC. Eur Radiol 2018;28:1476-1484
  204. Roskams T, Kojiro M. Pathology of early hepatocellular carcinoma: conventional and molecular diagnosis. Semin Liver Dis 2010;30:17-25
  205. Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C, Bianchi L, Sole M, Ayuso JR, et al. Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2008;47:97-104
  206. Stigliano R, Marelli L, Yu D, Davies N, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Seeding following percutaneous diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma. What is the risk and the outcome? Seeding risk for percutaneous approach of HCC. Cancer Treat Rev 2007;33:437-447
  207. Silva MA, Hegab B, Hyde C, Guo B, Buckels JA, Mirza DF. Needle track seeding following biopsy of liver lesions in the diagnosis of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2008;57:1592-1596
  208. Tremosini S, Forner A, Boix L, Vilana R, Bianchi L, Reig M, et al. Prospective validation of an immunohistochemical panel (glypican 3, heat shock protein 70 and glutamine synthetase) in liver biopsies for diagnosis of very early hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2012;61:1481-1487
  209. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. WHO classification of tumors: digestive system tumours. 5th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2019.
  210. Rhee H, Kim H, Park YN. Clinico-radio-pathological and molecular features of hepatocellular carcinomas with keratin 19 expression. Liver Cancer 2020;9:663-681
  211. Kim H, Jang M, Park YN. Histopathological variants of hepatocellular carcinomas: an update according to the 5th edition of the WHO classification of digestive system tumors. J Liver Cancer 2020;20:17-24
  212. Calderaro J, Ziol M, Paradis V, Zucman-Rossi J. Molecular and histological correlations in liver cancer. J Hepatol 2019;71:616-630
  213. Sherman M, Bruix J. Biopsy for liver cancer: how to balance research needs with evidence-based clinical practice. Hepatology 2015;61:433-436
  214. Chen VL, Sharma P. Role of biomarkers and biopsy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis 2020;24:577-590
  215. Tateishi R, Yoshida H, Matsuyama Y, Mine N, Kondo Y, Omata M. Diagnostic accuracy of tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Hepatol Int 2008;2:17-30
  216. Wong RJ, Ahmed A, Gish RG. Elevated alpha-fetoprotein: differential diagnosis - hepatocellular carcinoma and other disorders. Clin Liver Dis 2015;19:309-323
  217. Lok AS, Sterling RK, Everhart JE, Wright EC, Hoefs JC, Di Bisceglie AM, et al. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein as biomarkers for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2010;138:493-502
  218. Hwang SH, Hong SB, Han K, Seo N, Choi JY, Lee JH, et al. A new reporting system for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B with clinical and gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI features. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022;55:1877-1886
  219. Joo I, Kim SY, Kang TW, Kim YK, Park BJ, Lee YJ, et al. Radiologic-pathologic correlation of hepatobiliary phase hypointense nodules without arterial phase hyperenhancement at gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: a multicenter study. Radiology 2020;296:335-345
  220. Mehta N, Heimbach J, Harnois DM, Sapisochin G, Dodge JL, Lee D, et al. Validation of a risk estimation of tumor recurrence after transplant (RETREAT) score for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplant. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:493-500
  221. Tabrizian P, Jibara G, Shrager B, Schwartz M, Roayaie S. Recurrence of hepatocellular cancer after resection: patterns, treatments, and prognosis. Ann Surg 2015;261:947-955
  222. Gilbert ES. Invited commentary: studies of workers exposed to low doses of radiation. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:319-322; discussion 323-324
  223. Upton AC; National Coluncil on Radiation Protection and Measurements Scientific Committee 1-6. The state of the art in the 1990's: NCRP report No. 136 on the scientific bases for linearity in the dose-response relationship for ionizing radiation. Health Phys 2003;85:15-22
  224. Huda W, Ogden KM, Khorasani MR. Converting dose-length product to effective dose at CT. Radiology 2008;248:995-1003
  225. National Research Council. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII phase 2. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2006
  226. The 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP 2007;37:1-332
  227. Brenner DJ, Shuryak I, Einstein AJ. Impact of reduced patient life expectancy on potential cancer risks from radiologic imaging. Radiology 2011;261:193-198
  228. Takahashi H, Okada M, Hyodo T, Hidaka S, Kagawa Y, Matsuki M, et al. Can low-dose CT with iterative reconstruction reduce both the radiation dose and the amount of iodine contrast medium in a dynamic CT study of the liver? Eur J Radiol 2014;83:684-691
  229. Pregler B, Beyer LP, Teufel A, Niessen C, Stroszczynski C, Brodoefel H, et al. Low tube voltage liver MDCT with sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstructions for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017;7:9460
  230. Nakamura Y, Narita K, Higaki T, Akagi M, Honda Y, Awai K. Diagnostic value of deep learning reconstruction for radiation dose reduction at abdominal ultra-high-resolution CT. Eur Radiol 2021;31:4700-4709
  231. Yoon JH, Chang W, Lee ES, Lee SM, Lee JM. Double low-dose dual-energy liver CT in patients at high-risk of HCC: a prospective, randomized, single-center study. Invest Radiol 2020;55:340-348
  232. Park S, Yoon JH, Joo I, Yu MH, Kim JH, Park J, et al. Image quality in liver CT: low-dose deep learning vs standard-dose model-based iterative reconstructions. Eur Radiol 2022;32:2865-2874
  233. D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006;44:217-231
  234. Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology 2003;37:429-442
  235. Lee HW, Sinn DH, Kang W, Gwak GY, Paik YH, Choi MS, et al. Cause of mortality for hepatocellular carcinoma patients who were diagnosed within the milan criteria. J Liver Cancer 2016;16:101-107
  236. Meier V, Ramadori G. Clinical staging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis 2009;27:131-141
  237. Park S, Choi S, Cho YA, Sinn DH, Kim JM, Park CK, et al. Evaluation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma in 1,008 patients with curative resection. Cancer Res Treat 2020;52:1145-1152
  238. Shindoh J, Kobayashi Y, Kawamura Y, Akuta N, Kobayashi M, Suzuki Y, et al. Microvascular invasion and a size cutoff value of 2 cm predict long-term oncological outcome in multiple hepatocellular carcinoma: reappraisal of the American joint committee on cancer staging system and validation using the surveillance, epidemiology, and end-results database. Liver Cancer 2020;9:156-166
  239. Ueno S, Tanabe G, Nuruki K, Hamanoue M, Komorizono Y, Oketani M, et al. Prognostic performance of the new classification of primary liver cancer of Japan (4th edition) for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a validation analysis. Hepatol Res 2002;24:395-403
  240. Nihon Kangan K. General rules for the clinical and pathological study of primary liver cancer. Tokyo: Kanehara & Co., 2010
  241. Kim IG, Hu XG, Wang HJ, Kim BW, Hong SY, Shen XY. The 7th/8th American Joint Committee on Cancer and the modified union for international cancer control staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma. Yonsei Med J 2019;60:140-147
  242. Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, Ferrer-Fabrega J, Burrel M, Garcia-Criado A, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol 2022;76:681-693
  243. Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005;42:1208-1236
  244. Yau T, Tang VY, Yao TJ, Fan ST, Lo CM, Poon RT. Development of Hong Kong liver cancer staging system with treatment stratification for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2014;146:1691-1700.e3
  245. Sohn JH, Duran R, Zhao Y, Fleckenstein F, Chapiro J, Sahu S, et al. Validation of the Hong Kong liver cancer staging system in determining prognosis of the north American patients following intra-arterial therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;15:746-755.e4
  246. Uchino K, Tateishi R, Shiina S, Kanda M, Masuzaki R, Kondo Y, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic metastasis: clinical features and prognostic factors. Cancer 2011;117:4475-4483
  247. Benson AB, D'Angelica MI, Abbott DE, Anaya DA, Anders R, Are C, et al. Hepatobiliary cancers, version 2.2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2021;19:541-565
  248. Park JW, Kim JH, Kim SK, Kang KW, Park KW, Choi JI, et al. A prospective evaluation of 18F-FDG and 11C-acetate PET/CT for detection of primary and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1912-1921
  249. Lee JE, Jang JY, Jeong SW, Lee SH, Kim SG, Cha SW, et al. Diagnostic value for extrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma in positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:2979-2987
  250. Sugiyama M, Sakahara H, Torizuka T, Kanno T, Nakamura F, Futatsubashi M, et al. 18F-FDG PET in the detection of extrahepatic metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2004;39:961-968
  251. Cho Y, Lee DH, Lee YB, Lee M, Yoo JJ, Choi WM, et al. Does 18F-FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography have a role in initial staging of hepatocellular carcinoma? PLoS One 2014;9:e105679
  252. John BV, Aubuchon S, Dahman B, Konjeti VR, Heuman D, Hubert J, et al. Addition of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography to cross-sectional imaging improves staging and alters management in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2020;26:774-784
  253. Chalaye J, Costentin CE, Luciani A, Amaddeo G, Ganne-Carrie N, Baranes L, et al. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography with 18F-fluorocholine improve tumor staging and treatment allocation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018;69:336-344
  254. Rilling WS, Drooz A. Multidisciplinary management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002;13:S259-S263
  255. Colombo M, Raoul JL, Lencioni R, Galle PR, Zucman-Rossi J, Banares R, et al. Multidisciplinary strategies to improve treatment outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma: a European perspective. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;25:639-651
  256. Sinn DH, Choi GS, Park HC, Kim JM, Kim H, Song KD, et al. Multidisciplinary approach is associated with improved survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. PLoS One 2019;14:e0210730
  257. Yopp AC, Mansour JC, Beg MS, Arenas J, Trimmer C, Reddick M, et al. Establishment of a multidisciplinary hepatocellular carcinoma clinic is associated with improved clinical outcome. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:1287-1295
  258. Serper M, Taddei TH, Mehta R, D'Addeo K, Dai F, Aytaman A, et al. Association of provider specialty and multidisciplinary care with hepatocellular carcinoma treatment and mortality. Gastroenterology 2017;152:1954-1964
  259. Charriere B, Muscari F, Maulat C, Bournet B, Bonnet D, Bureau C, et al. Outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are determined in multidisciplinary team meetings. J Surg Oncol 2017;115:330-336
  260. Chang TT, Sawhney R, Monto A, Davoren JB, Kirkland JG, Stewart L, et al. Implementation of a multidisciplinary treatment team for hepatocellular cancer at a veterans affairs medical center improves survival. HPB (Oxford) 2008;10:405-411
  261. Cohen GS, Black M. Multidisciplinary management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a model for therapy. J Multidiscip Healthc 2013;6:189-195
  262. Burak KW, Kneteman NM. An evidence-based multidisciplinary approach to the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): the Alberta HCC algorithm. Can J Gastroenterol 2010;24:643-650
  263. Chan AC, Poon RT, Ng KK, Lo CM, Fan ST, Wong J. Changing paradigm in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma improves the survival benefit of early detection by screening. Ann Surg 2008;247:666-673
  264. Taylor C, Munro AJ, Glynne-Jones R, Griffith C, Trevatt P, Richards M, et al. Multidisciplinary team working in cancer: what is the evidence? BMJ 2010;340:c951
  265. Fennell ML, Das IP, Clauser S, Petrelli N, Salner A. The organization of multidisciplinary care teams: modeling internal and external influences on cancer care quality. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010;2010:72-80
  266. Gish RG, Lencioni R, Di Bisceglie AM, Raoul JL, Mazzaferro V. Role of the multidisciplinary team in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;6:173-185
  267. Litton G, Kane D, Clay G, Kruger P, Belnap T, Parkinson B. Multidisciplinary cancer care with a patient and physician satisfaction focus. J Oncol Pract 2010;6:e35-e37
  268. Lang H, Sotiropoulos GC, Domland M, Fruhauf NR, Paul A, Husing J, et al. Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic liver without underlying viral hepatitis. Br J Surg 2005;92:198-202
  269. Capussotti L, Muratore A, Massucco P, Ferrero A, Polastri R, Bouzari H. Major liver resections for hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis: early and long-term outcomes. Liver Transpl 2004;10(2 Suppl 1):S64-S68
  270. Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, Ng IO, Liu CL, Lam CM, et al. Improving survival results after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study of 377 patients over 10 years. Ann Surg 2001;234:63-70
  271. Andreou A, Vauthey JN, Cherqui D, Zimmitti G, Ribero D, Truty MJ, et al. Improved long-term survival after major resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter analysis based on a new definition of major hepatectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2013;17:66-77
  272. Huang J, Zhang Y, Peng Z, Gao H, Xu L, Jiao LR, et al. A modified TNM-7 staging system to better predict the survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013;139:1709-1719
  273. Lee EC, Kim SH, Park H, Lee SD, Lee SA, Park SJ. Survival analysis after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a consecutive cohort of 1002 patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;32:1055-1063
  274. Torzilli G, Belghiti J, Kokudo N, Takayama T, Capussotti L, Nuzzo G, et al. A snapshot of the effective indications and results of surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma in tertiary referral centers: is it adherent to the EASL/AASLD recommendations?: An observational study of the HCC east-west study group. Ann Surg 2013;257:929-937
  275. Kim JH, Choi DW, Kim SB. Saftey and long-term outcome following major hepatectomy for epatocellular carcinoma combined with compensated liver cirrhosis. J Korean Surg Soc 2006;70:445-450
  276. Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Kokudo N. Selection criteria for repeat hepatectomy in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2003;238:703-710
  277. Finkelstein SD, Marsh W, Demetris AJ, Swalsky PA, Sasatomi E, Bonham A, et al. Microdissection-based allelotyping discriminates de novo tumor from intrahepatic spread in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2003;37:871-879
  278. Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Tanaka E, Ohkubo T, Hasegawa K, Miyagawa S, et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol 2003;38:200-207
  279. Kaibori M, Ishizaki M, Matsui K, Kwon AH. Predictors of microvascular invasion before hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2010;102:462-468
  280. Li SH, Guo ZX, Xiao CZ, Wei W, Shi M, Chen ZY, et al. Risk factors for early and late intrahepatic recurrence in patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma without macrovascular invasion after curative resection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013;14:4759-4763
  281. Nathan H, Schulick RD, Choti MA, Pawlik TM. Predictors of survival after resection of early hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2009;249:799-805
  282. Portolani N, Coniglio A, Ghidoni S, Giovanelli M, Benetti A, Tiberio GA, et al. Early and late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications. Ann Surg 2006;243:229-235
  283. Wu JC, Huang YH, Chau GY, Su CW, Lai CR, Lee PC, et al. Risk factors for early and late recurrence in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2009;51:890-897
  284. Zhou L, Rui JA, Wang SB, Chen SG, Qu Q. Prognostic factors of solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma: the importance of differentiation grade. Eur J Surg Oncol 2011;37:521-525
  285. Kim YI, Kim HS, Park JW. Higher ratio of serum alpha-fetoprotein could predict outcomes in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and normal alanine aminotransferase. PLoS One 2016;11:e0157299
  286. Kim DY, Paik YH, Ahn SH, Youn YJ, Choi JW, Kim JK, et al. PIVKA-II is a useful tumor marker for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection. Oncology 2007;72 Suppl 1:52-57
  287. Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973;60:646-649
  288. Belghiti J, Hiramatsu K, Benoist S, Massault P, Sauvanet A, Farges O. Seven hundred forty-seven hepatectomies in the 1990s: an update to evaluate the actual risk of liver resection. J Am Coll Surg 2000;191:38-46
  289. Farges O, Malassagne B, Flejou JF, Balzan S, Sauvanet A, Belghiti J. Risk of major liver resection in patients with underlying chronic liver disease: a reappraisal. Ann Surg 1999;229:210-215
  290. Makuuchi M, Sano K. The surgical approach to HCC: our progress and results in Japan. Liver Transpl 2004;10(2 Suppl 1):S46-S52
  291. Fan ST, Lai EC, Lo CM, Ng IO, Wong J. Hospital mortality of major hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with cirrhosis. Arch Surg 1995;130:198-203
  292. Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J. Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: resection versus transplantation. Hepatology 1999;30:1434-1440
  293. An M, Park J, Shin JA, Choi JI, Kim TH, Kim S, et al. The adverse effect of indirectly diagnosed portal hypertension on the complications and prognosis after hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Hepatol 2006;12:553
  294. Choi GH, Park JY, Hwang HK, Kim DH, Kang CM, Choi JS, et al. Predictive factors for long-term survival in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension following resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2011;31:485-493
  295. Capussotti L, Ferrero A, Vigano L, Muratore A, Polastri R, Bouzari H. Portal hypertension: contraindication to liver surgery? World J Surg 2006;30:992-999
  296. Cucchetti A, Ercolani G, Vivarelli M, Cescon M, Ravaioli M, Ramacciato G, et al. Is portal hypertension a contraindication to hepatic resection? Ann Surg 2009;250:922-928
  297. He W, Zeng Q, Zheng Y, Chen M, Shen J, Qiu J, et al. The role of clinically significant portal hypertension in hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a propensity score matching analysis. BMC Cancer 2015;15:263
  298. Ishizawa T, Hasegawa K, Aoki T, Takahashi M, Inoue Y, Sano K, et al. Neither multiple tumors nor portal hypertension are surgical contraindications for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2008;134:1908-1916
  299. Guglielmi A, Ruzzenente A, Conci S, Valdegamberi A, Iacono C. How much remnant is enough in liver resection? Dig Surg 2012;29:6-17
  300. Cescon M, Colecchia A, Cucchetti A, Peri E, Montrone L, Ercolani G, et al. Value of transient elastography measured with FibroScan in predicting the outcome of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2012;256:706-712; discussion 712-713
  301. Hu H, Han H, Han XK, Wang WP, Ding H. Nomogram for individualised prediction of liver failure risk after hepatectomy in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: the evidence from ultrasound data. Eur Radiol 2018;28:877-885
  302. Kim SU, Ahn SH, Park JY, Kim DY, Chon CY, Choi JS, et al. Prediction of postoperative hepatic insufficiency by liver stiffness measurement (FibroScan®) before curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot study. Hepatol Int 2008;2:471-477
  303. Wong JS, Wong GL, Chan AW, Wong VW, Cheung YS, Chong CN, et al. Liver stiffness measurement by transient elastography as a predictor on posthepatectomy outcomes. Ann Surg 2013;257:922-928
  304. Li C, Zhang JY, Zhang XY, Wen TF, Yan LN. FibroScan predicts ascites after liver resection for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2015;20:21-25
  305. Chong CC, Wong GL, Chan AW, Wong VW, Fong AK, Cheung YS, et al. Liver stiffness measurement predicts high-grade post-hepatectomy liver failure: a prospective cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;32:506-514
  306. Rajakannu M, Cherqui D, Ciacio O, Golse N, Pittau G, Allard MA, et al. Liver stiffness measurement by transient elastography predicts late posthepatectomy outcomes in patients undergoing resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 2017;162:766-774
  307. Huang Z, Huang J, Zhou T, Cao H, Tan B. Prognostic value of liver stiffness measurement for the liver-related surgical outcomes of patients under hepatic resection: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018;13:e0190512
  308. Hammerstingl R, Huppertz A, Breuer J, Balzer T, Blakeborough A, Carter R, et al. Diagnostic efficacy of gadoxetic acid (primovist)-enhanced MRI and spiral CT for a therapeutic strategy: comparison with intraoperative and histopathologic findings in focal liver lesions. Eur Radiol 2008;18:457-467
  309. Kim SH, Kim SH, Lee J, Kim MJ, Jeon YH, Park Y, et al. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI versus triple-phase MDCT for the preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;192:1675-1681
  310. Ippolito D, Famularo S, Giani A, Orsini EB, Pecorelli A, Pinotti E, et al. Estimating liver function in a large cirrhotic cohort: signal intensity of gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acidenhanced MRI. Dig Liver Dis 2019;51:1438-1445
  311. Lin CY, Chang WC, Chou CT, Chen RC. Dynamic-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cirrhotic liver parenchyma: a comparison between gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and gadolinium-ethoxybenzyldiethyl-enetriamine pentaacetic acid. J Chin Med Assoc 2015;78:666-672
  312. Kubota K, Tamura T, Aoyama N, Nogami M, Hamada N, Nishioka A, et al. Correlation of liver parenchymal gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid enhancement and liver function in humans with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2012;3:990-994
  313. Haimerl M, Verloh N, Zeman F, Fellner C, Nickel D, Lang SA, et al. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI for evaluation of liver function: comparison between signal-intensity-based indices and T1 relaxometry. Sci Rep 2017;7:43347
  314. Lin CY, Chen JH, Liang JA, Lin CC, Jeng LB, Kao CH. 18F-FDG PET or PET/CT for detecting extrahepatic metastases or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:2417-2422
  315. Koneru B, Teperman LW, Manzarbeitia C, Facciuto M, Cho K, Reich D, et al. A multicenter evaluation of utility of chest computed tomography and bone scans in liver transplant candidates with stages I and II hepatoma. Ann Surg 2005;241:622-628
  316. Liu L, Wang Z, Jiang S, Shao B, Liu J, Zhang S, et al. Perioperative allogenenic blood transfusion is associated with worse clinical outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8:e64261
  317. Peng T, Zhao G, Wang L, Wu J, Cui H, Liang Y, et al. No impact of perioperative blood transfusion on prognosis after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matching analysis. Clin Transl Oncol 2018;20:719-728
  318. Wada H, Eguchi H, Nagano H, Kubo S, Nakai T, Kaibori M, et al. Perioperative allogenic blood transfusion is a poor prognostic factor after hepatocellular carcinoma surgery: a multi-center analysis. Surg Today 2018;48:73-79
  319. Tsujita E, Taketomi A, Kitagawa D, Itoh S, Harimoto N, Gion T, et al. Selective hepatic vascular exclusion for the hepatic resection of HCC. Hepatogastroenterology 2007;54:527-530
  320. Jongerius IM, Mungroop TH, Uz Z, Geerts BF, Immink RV, Rutten MVH, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy vs. low central venous pressure during major open liver resections (GALILEO): a surgeon- and patient-blinded randomized controlled trial. HPB (Oxford) 2021;23:1578-1585
  321. Lin N, Li J, Ke Q, Xin F, Zeng Y, Wang L, et al. Does the intermittent pringle maneuver affect the recurrence following surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma? A systematic review. PLoS One 2020;15:e0229870
  322. Khajeh E, Shafiei S, Al-Saegh SA, Ramouz A, Hammad A, Ghamarnejad O, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of the pringle maneuver on long-term oncological outcomes following liver resection. Sci Rep 2021;11:3279
  323. Cucchetti A, Qiao GL, Cescon M, Li J, Xia Y, Ercolani G, et al. Anatomic versus nonanatomic resection in cirrhotic patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 2014;155:512-521
  324. Ishii M, Mizuguchi T, Kawamoto M, Meguro M, Ota S, Nishidate T, et al. Propensity score analysis demonstrated the prognostic advantage of anatomical liver resection in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:3335-3342
  325. Kaibori M, Kon M, Kitawaki T, Kawaura T, Hasegawa K, Kokudo N, et al. Comparison of anatomic and non-anatomic hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2017;24:616-626
  326. Kudo A, Tanaka S, Ban D, Matsumura S, Irie T, Nakamura N, et al. Anatomic resection reduces the recurrence of solitary hepatocellular carcinoma ≤5 cm without macrovascular invasion. Am J Surg 2014;207:863-869
  327. Sakoda M, Ueno S, Iino S, Hiwatashi K, Minami K, Kawasaki Y, et al. Survival benefits of small anatomical resection of the liver for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and impaired liver function, based on new-era imaging studies. J Cancer 2016;7:1029-1036
  328. Zhao H, Chen C, Gu S, Yan X, Jia W, Mao L, et al. Anatomical versus non-anatomical resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma without macroscopic vascular invasion: a propensity score matching analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;32:870-878
  329. Huang X, Lu S. A meta-analysis comparing the effect of anatomical resection vs. non-anatomical resection on the long-term outcomes for patients undergoing hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 2017;19:843-849
  330. Feng X, Su Y, Zheng S, Xia F, Ma K, Yan J, et al. A double blinded prospective randomized trial comparing the effect of anatomic versus non-anatomic resection on hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. HPB (Oxford) 2017;19:667-674
  331. Moris D, Tsilimigras DI, Kostakis ID, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Shah KN, Felekouras E, et al. Anatomic versus non-anatomic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018;44:927-938
  332. Sun Z, Li Z, Shi XL, He XW, Chen J, Song JH. Anatomic versus non-anatomic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg 2021;44:1143-1150
  333. Famularo S, Ceresoli M, Giani A, Ciulli C, Pinotti E, Romano F, et al. Is it just a matter of surgical extension to achieve the cure of hepatocarcinoma? A meta-analysis of propensity-matched and randomized studies for anatomic versus parenchyma-sparing liver resection. J Gastrointest Surg 2021;25:94-103
  334. Shi M, Guo RP, Lin XJ, Zhang YQ, Chen MS, Zhang CQ, et al. Partial hepatectomy with wide versus narrow resection margin for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 2007;245:36-43
  335. Zhong FP, Zhang YJ, Liu Y, Zou SB. Prognostic impact of surgical margin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e8043
  336. Lazzara C, Navarra G, Lazzara S, Barbera A, Saitta C, Raimondo G, et al. Does the margin width influence recurrence rate in liver surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 5 cm? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017;21:523-529
  337. Eguchi S, Kanematsu T, Arii S, Okazaki M, Okita K, Omata M, et al. Comparison of the outcomes between an anatomical subsegmentectomy and a non-anatomical minor hepatectomy for single hepatocellular carcinomas based on a Japanese nationwide survey. Surgery 2008;143:469-475
  338. Suh KS. Systematic hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2005;12:365-370
  339. Wakai T, Shirai Y, Sakata J, Kaneko K, Cruz PV, Akazawa K, et al. Anatomic resection independently improves long-term survival in patients with T1-T2 hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:1356-1365
  340. Kim IS, Lim YS, Yoon HK, Sung KB, Jang MK, Choi WB, et al. The effect of preoperative transarterial chemoembolization on the patient's outcome in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Med 2005;69:614-621
  341. Wu CC, Ho YZ, Ho WL, Wu TC, Liu TJ, P'eng FK. Preoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for resectable large hepatocellular carcinoma: a reappraisal. Br J Surg 1995;82:122-126
  342. Jianyong L, Jinjing Z, Lunan Y, Jingqiang Z, Wentao W, Yong Z, et al. Preoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization cannot improve the long term outcome of radical therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017;7:41624
  343. Hayashi H, Beppu T, Okabe H, Kuroki H, Nakagawa S, Imai K, et al. Functional assessment versus conventional volumetric assessment in the prediction of operative outcomes after major hepatectomy. Surgery 2015;157:20-26
  344. Nishio T, Taura K, Koyama Y, Tanabe K, Yamamoto G, Okuda Y, et al. Prediction of posthepatectomy liver failure based on liver stiffness measurement in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 2016;159:399-408
  345. Beppu T, Okabe H, Okuda K, Eguchi S, Kitahara K, Taniai N, et al. Portal vein embolization followed by right-side hemihepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a Japanese multi-institutional study. J Am Coll Surg 2016;222:1138-1148.e2
  346. Pandanaboyana S, Bell R, Hidalgo E, Toogood G, Prasad KR, Bartlett A, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of portal vein ligation versus portal vein embolization for elective liver resection. Surgery 2015;157:690-698
  347. Schadde E, Raptis DA, Schnitzbauer AA, Ardiles V, Tschuor C, Lesurtel M, et al. Prediction of mortality after ALPPS stage-1: an analysis of 320 patients from the international ALPPS registry. Ann Surg 2015;262:780-785; discussion 785-786
  348. Chan A, Zhang WY, Chok K, Dai J, Ji R, Kwan C, et al. ALPPS versus portal vein embolization for hepatitisrelated hepatocellular carcinoma: a changing paradigm in modulation of future liver remnant before major hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2021;273:957-965
  349. Belghiti J, Guevara OA, Noun R, Saldinger PF, Kianmanesh R. Liver hanging maneuver: a safe approach to right hepatectomy without liver mobilization. J Am Coll Surg 2001;193:109-111
  350. Tang JX, Li JJ, Weng RH, Liang ZM, Jiang N. Anterior vs conventional approach right hepatic resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and metaanalysis. World J Gastroenterol 2017;23:7917-7929
  351. Han HS, Shehta A, Ahn S, Yoon YS, Cho JY, Choi Y. Laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: case-matched study with propensity score matching. J Hepatol 2015;63:643-650
  352. Kabir T, Tan ZZ, Syn NL, Wu E, Lin JD, Zhao JJ, et al. Laparoscopic versus open resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: meta-analysis. Br J Surg 2021;109:21-29
  353. Cheung TT, Poon RT, Yuen WK, Chok KS, Jenkins CR, Chan SC, et al. Long-term survival analysis of pure laparoscopic versus open hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a single-center experience. Ann Surg 2013;257:506-511
  354. Wang X, Teh CSC, Ishizawa T, Aoki T, Cavallucci D, Lee SY, et al. Consensus guidelines for the use of fluorescence imaging in hepatobiliary surgery. Ann Surg 2021;274:97-106
  355. Benedetti Cacciaguerra A, Gorgec B, Lanari J, Cipriani F, Russolillo N, Mocchegiani F, et al. Outcome of major hepatectomy in cirrhotic patients; does surgical approach matter? A propensity score matched analysis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2021 Dec 2 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.1087
  356. Yoon YI, Kim KH, Kang SH, Kim WJ, Shin MH, Lee SK, et al. Pure laparoscopic versus open right hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a propensity score matched analysis. Ann Surg 2017;265:856-863
  357. Berardi G, Morise Z, Sposito C, Igarashi K, Panetta V, Simonelli I, et al. Development of a nomogram to predict outcome after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in Child-Pugh B cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2020;72:75-84
  358. Troisi RI, Berardi G, Morise Z, Cipriani F, Ariizumi S, Sposito C, et al. Laparoscopic and open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis: multicentre propensity score-matched study. Br J Surg 2021;108:196-204
  359. Ruzzenente A, Bagante F, Ratti F, Alaimo L, Marques HP, Silva S, et al. Minimally invasive versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in the setting of portal vein hypertension: results of an international multiinstitutional analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2020;27:3360-3371
  360. Pesi B, Bencini L, Moraldi L, Tofani F, Batignani G, Bechi P, et al. Robotic versus open liver resection in hepatocarcinoma: surgical and oncological outcomes. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2021;31:468-474
  361. Zhou YM, Li B, Xu DH, Yang JM. Safety and efficacy of partial hepatectomy for huge (≥10 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Med Sci Monit 2011;17:RA76-RA83
  362. Hwang S, Lee YJ, Kim KH, Ahn CS, Moon DB, Ha TY, et al. Long-term outcome after resection of huge hepatocellular carcinoma ≥ 10 cm: single-institution experience with 471 patients. World J Surg 2015;39:2519-2528
  363. Wei CY, Chen PC, Chau GY, Lee RC, Chen PH, Huo TI, et al. Comparison of prognosis between surgical resection and transarterial chemoembolization for patients with solitary huge hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Transl Med 2020;8:238
  364. Yue YY, Zhou WL. Hepatic resection is associated with improved long-term survival compared to radio-frequency ablation in patients with multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020;10:110
  365. Lu L, Zheng P, Wu Z, Chen X. Hepatic resection versus transarterial chemoembolization for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a cohort study. Front Oncol 2021;11:618937
  366. Fukami Y, Kaneoka Y, Maeda A, Kumada T, Tanaka J, Akita T, et al. Liver resection for multiple hepatocellular carcinomas: a Japanese nationwide survey. Ann Surg 2020;272:145-154
  367. Iakova P, Awad SS, Timchenko NA. Aging reduces proliferative capacities of liver by switching pathways of C/EBPalpha growth arrest. Cell 2003;113:495-506
  368. Mullen JT, Ribero D, Reddy SK, Donadon M, Zorzi D, Gautam S, et al. Hepatic insufficiency and mortality in 1,059 noncirrhotic patients undergoing major hepatectomy. J Am Coll Surg 2007;204:854-862; discussion 862-864
  369. Nishikawa H, Kimura T, Kita R, Osaki Y. Treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients: a literature review. J Cancer 2013;4:635-643
  370. Aoki T, Kokudo N, Matsuyama Y, Izumi N, Ichida T, Kudo M, et al. Prognostic impact of spontaneous tumor rupture in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of 1160 cases from a nationwide survey. Ann Surg 2014;259:532-542
  371. Li J, Huang L, Liu CF, Cao J, Yan JJ, Xu F, et al. Risk factors and surgical outcomes for spontaneous rupture of BCLC stages A and B hepatocellular carcinoma: a casecontrol study. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:9121-9127
  372. Kwon JH, Song GW, Hwang S, Kim KH, Ahn CS, Moon DB, et al. Surgical outcomes of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2021;25:941-953
  373. Lee HS, Choi GH, Choi JS, Han KH, Ahn SH, Kim DY, et al. Staged partial hepatectomy versus transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma rupture: a multicenter analysis in Korea. Ann Surg Treat Res 2019;96:275-282
  374. Chan WH, Hung CF, Pan KT, Lui KW, Huang YT, Lin SY, et al. Impact of spontaneous tumor rupture on prognosis of patients with T4 hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2016;113:789-795
  375. Wu JJ, Zhu P, Zhang ZG, Zhang BX, Shu C, Mba'nbo-Koumpa AA, et al. Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: optimal timing of partial hepatectomy. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019;45:1887-1894
  376. Schwarz L, Bubenheim M, Zemour J, Herrero A, Muscari F, Ayav A, et al. Bleeding recurrence and mortality following interventional management of spontaneous HCC rupture: results of a multicenter European study. World J Surg 2018;42:225-232
  377. Zhou C, Zhang C, Zu QQ, Wang B, Zhou CG, Shi HB, et al. Emergency transarterial embolization followed by staged hepatectomy versus emergency hepatectomy for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center, propensity score matched analysis. Jpn J Radiol 2020;38:1090-1098
  378. Kokudo T, Hasegawa K, Matsuyama Y, Takayama T, Izumi N, Kadoya M, et al. Survival benefit of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with portal vein invasion. J Hepatol 2016;65:938-943
  379. Lee JM, Jang BK, Lee YJ, Choi WY, Choi SM, Chung WJ, et al. Survival outcomes of hepatic resection compared with transarterial chemoembolization or sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Clin Mol Hepatol 2016;22:160-167
  380. Kokudo T, Hasegawa K, Matsuyama Y, Takayama T, Izumi N, Kadoya M, et al. Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatic vein invasion: a Japanese nationwide survey. Hepatology 2017;66:510-517
  381. Zhang ZY, Dong KS, Zhang EL, Zhang LW, Chen XP, Dong HH. Resection might be a meaningful choice for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e18362
  382. Mei J, Li SH, Wang QX, Lu LH, Ling YH, Zou JW, et al. Resection vs. sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion: a real world, propensity score matched analytic study. Front Oncol 2020;10:573
  383. Govalan R, Lauzon M, Luu M, Ahn JC, Kosari K, Todo T, et al. Comparison of surgical resection and systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: national cancer database analysis. Liver Cancer 2021;10:407-418
  384. Moon DB, Hwang S, Wang HJ, Yun SS, Kim KS, Lee YJ, et al. Surgical outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct tumor thrombus: a Korean multicenter study. World J Surg 2013;37:443-451
  385. Kim DS, Kim BW, Hatano E, Hwang S, Hasegawa K, Kudo A, et al. Surgical outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct tumor thrombus: a Korea-Japan multicenter study. Ann Surg 2020;271:913-921
  386. Kim JM, Rhu J, Ha SY, Choi GS, Kwon CHD, Kim G, et al. Realization of improved outcomes following liver resection in hepatocellular carcinoma patients aged 75 years and older. Ann Surg Treat Res 2021;101:257-265
  387. Kim JM, Joh JW, Yi NJ, Choi GS, Kim K, Lee KW, et al. Predicting hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence beyond milan criteria after liver resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2020;24:2219-2227
  388. Yoon YI, Song GW, Lee S, Moon D, Hwang S, Kang WH, et al. Salvage living donor liver transplantation versus repeat liver resection for patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma and Child-Pugh class A liver cirrhosis: a propensity score-matched comparison. Am J Transplant 2022;22:165-176
  389. Xia Y, Li J, Liu G, Wang K, Qian G, Lu Z, et al. Long-term effects of repeat hepatectomy vs percutaneous radiofrequency ablation among patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncology 2020;6:255-263
  390. Wang HL, Mo DC, Zhong JH, Ma L, Wu FX, Xiang BD, et al. Systematic review of treatment strategy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: salvage liver transplantation or curative locoregional therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e14498
  391. Okada S, Shimada K, Yamamoto J, Takayama T, Kosuge T, Yamasaki S, et al. Predictive factors for postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1618-1624
  392. Shirabe K, Kanematsu T, Matsumata T, Adachi E, Akazawa K, Sugimachi K. Factors linked to early recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: univariate and multivariate analyses. Hepatology 1991;14:802-805
  393. Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, Wong J. Intrahepatic recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results of treatment and prognostic factors. Ann Surg 1999;229:216-222
  394. Adachi E, Maeda T, Matsumata T, Shirabe K, Kinukawa N, Sugimachi K, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic recurrence in human small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1995;108:768-775
  395. Lee S, Kang TW, Song KD, Lee MW, Rhim H, Lim HK, et al. Effect of microvascular invasion risk on early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgery and radiofrequency ablation. Ann Surg 2021;273:564-571
  396. Jung SM, Kim JM, Choi GS, Kwon CHD, Yi NJ, Lee KW, et al. Characteristics of early recurrence after curative liver resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2019;23:304-311
  397. Agopian VG, Harlander-Locke MP, Ruiz RM, Klintmalm GB, Senguttuvan S, Florman SS, et al. Impact of pretransplant bridging locoregional therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma within Milan criteria undergoing liver transplantation: analysis of 3601 patients from the US multicenter HCC transplant consortium. Ann Surg 2017;266:525-535
  398. Kim BK, Park JY, Kim DY, Kim JK, Kim KS, Choi JS, et al. Persistent hepatitis B viral replication affects recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Liver Int 2008;28:393-401
  399. Ohkubo K, Kato Y, Ichikawa T, Kajiya Y, Takeda Y, Higashi S, et al. Viral load is a significant prognostic factor for hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:2663-2668
  400. Hung IF, Poon RT, Lai CL, Fung J, Fan ST, Yuen MF. Recurrence of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with high viral load at the time of resection. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1663-1673
  401. Kubo S, Yamamoto T, Ikebe T, Shuto T, Hirohashi K, Tanaka H, et al. Relationship between multicentric occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and histology of noncancerous hepatic tissue in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999;90:1076-1080
  402. Chan DL, Morris DL, Chua TC. Clinical efficacy and predictors of outcomes of repeat hepatectomy for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma - a systematic review. Surg Oncol 2013;22:e23-e30
  403. Kim JM, Joh JW, Yi NJ, Choi GS, Kwon CHD, Lee KW, et al. Living donor liver transplantation should be cautiously considered as initial treatment in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria after curative liver resection. Ann Transl Med 2020;8:288
  404. Chan DL, Alzahrani NA, Morris DL, Chua TC. Systematic review of efficacy and outcomes of salvage liver transplantation after primary hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:31-41
  405. Poon RT, Fan ST, O'Suilleabhain CB, Wong J. Aggressive management of patients with extrahepatic and intrahepatic recurrences of hepatocellular carcinoma by combined resection and locoregional therapy. J Am Coll Surg 2002;195:311-318
  406. Erridge S, Pucher PH, Markar SR, Malietzis G, Athanasiou T, Darzi A, et al. Meta-analysis of determinants of survival following treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2017;104:1433-1442
  407. Peng ZW, Zhang YJ, Liang HH, Lin XJ, Guo RP, Chen MS. Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sequential transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and RF ablation versus RF ablation alone: a prospective randomized trial. Radiology 2012;262:689-700
  408. Shim JH, Kim KM, Lee YJ, Ko GY, Yoon HK, Sung KB, et al. Complete necrosis after transarterial chemoembolization could predict prolonged survival in patients with recurrent intrahepatic hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:869-877
  409. Shimada K, Sakamoto Y, Esaki M, Kosuge T, Morizane C, Ikeda M, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors affecting survival after initial recurrence and treatment efficacy for recurrence in patients undergoing potentially curative hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:2337-2347
  410. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996;334:693-699
  411. Mazzaferro V, Bhoori S, Sposito C, Bongini M, Langer M, Miceli R, et al. Milan criteria in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an evidence-based analysis of 15 years of experience. Liver Transpl 2011;17 Suppl 2:S44-S57
  412. Clavien PA, Lesurtel M, Bossuyt PM, Gores GJ, Langer B, Perrier A, et al. Recommendations for liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an international consensus conference report. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:e11-e22
  413. Germani G, Gurusamy K, Garcovich M, Toso C, Fede G, Hemming A, et al. Which matters most: number of tumors, size of the largest tumor, or total tumor volume? Liver Transpl 2011;17 Suppl 2:S58-S66
  414. Sugimachi K, Shirabe K, Taketomi A, Soejima Y, Iguchi T, Takeishi K, et al. Prognostic significance of preoperative imaging in recipients of living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplantation 2011;91:570-574
  415. Lee JM, Trevisani F, Vilgrain V, Wald C. Imaging diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2011;17 Suppl 2:S34-S43
  416. Lv J, Yin H, Mao W, Shi H. Investigating the value of pre-treatment 18F-FDG PET/CT in predicting the pathological characteristic of hepatocellular carcinoma and recurrence after liver transplantation. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021;46:2490-2497
  417. Kang YK, Choi JY, Paeng JC, Kim YI, Kwon HW, Cheon GJ, et al. Composite criteria using clinical and FDG PET/CT factors for predicting recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after living donor liver transplantation. Eur Radiol 2019;29:6009-6017
  418. Lim C, Salloum C, Chalaye J, Lahat E, Costentin CE, Osseis M, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT predicts microvascular invasion and early recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective observational study. HPB (Oxford) 2019;21:739-747
  419. Alcorn JB; United Network for Organ Sharing. Changes to OPTN bylaws and policies from actions at November board of directors meeting. Richmond: United Network for Organ Sharing, 2016
  420. Heimbach JK. Evolution of liver transplant selection criteria and U.S. allocation policy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2020;40:358-364
  421. Korean Organ Donation Agency. Korea Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS) Registry 2020;2020:15-17
  422. Freeman RB, Edwards EB, Harper AM. Waiting list removal rates among patients with chronic and malignant liver diseases. Am J Transplant 2006;6:1416-1421
  423. Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, Watson JJ, Bacchetti P, Venook A, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology 2001;33:1394-1403
  424. Llovet JM, Mas X, Aponte JJ, Fuster J, Navasa M, Christensen E, et al. Cost effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma during the waiting list for liver transplantation. Gut 2002;50:123-128
  425. Mazzaferro V, Battiston C, Perrone S, Pulvirenti A, Regalia E, Romito R, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation: a prospective study. Ann Surg 2004;240:900-909
  426. Pomfret EA, Washburn K, Wald C, Nalesnik MA, Douglas D, Russo M, et al. Report of a national conference on liver allocation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Liver Transpl 2010;16:262-278
  427. Mehta N, Heimbach J, Lee D, Dodge JL, Harnois D, Burns J, et al. Wait time of less than 6 and greater than 18 months predicts hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation: proposing a wait time "sweet spot". Transplantation 2017;101:2071-2078
  428. Kollmann D, Selzner N, Selzner M. Bridging to liver transplantation in HCC patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2017;402:863-871
  429. Decaens T, Roudot-Thoraval F, Bresson-Hadni S, Meyer C, Gugenheim J, Durand F, et al. Impact of pretransplantation transarterial chemoembolization on survival and recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2005;11:767-775
  430. Lesurtel M, Mullhaupt B, Pestalozzi BC, Pfammatter T, Clavien PA. Transarterial chemoembolization as a bridge to liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: an evidence-based analysis. Am J Transplant 2006;6:2644-2650
  431. Pelletier SJ, Fu S, Thyagarajan V, Romero-Marrero C, Batheja MJ, Punch JD, et al. An intention-to-treat analysis of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma using organ procurement transplant network data. Liver Transpl 2009;15:859-868
  432. Kulik L, Heimbach JK, Zaiem F, Almasri J, Prokop LJ, Wang Z, et al. Therapies for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma awaiting liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2018;67:381-400
  433. Si T, Chen Y, Ma D, Gong X, Guan R, Shen B, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization prior to liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;32:1286-1294
  434. Porrett PM, Peterman H, Rosen M, Sonnad S, Soulen M, Markmann JF, et al. Lack of benefit of pre-transplant locoregional hepatic therapy for hepatocellular cancer in the current MELD era. Liver Transpl 2006;12:665-673
  435. Chapman WC, Majella Doyle MB, Stuart JE, Vachharajani N, Crippin JS, Anderson CD, et al. Outcomes of neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization to downstage hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation. Ann Surg 2008;248:617-625
  436. Lee MW, Raman SS, Asvadi NH, Siripongsakun S, Hicks RM, Chen J, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as bridge therapy to liver transplantation: a 10-year intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology 2017;65:1979-1990
  437. Yao FY, Bass NM, Nikolai B, Davern TJ, Kerlan R, Wu V, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of survival according to the intention-to-treat principle and dropout from the waiting list. Liver Transpl 2002;8:873-883
  438. Yao FY, Kerlan RK Jr, Hirose R, Davern TJ 3rd, Bass NM, Feng S, et al. Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation: an intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology 2008;48:819-827
  439. Sapisochin G, Barry A, Doherty M, Fischer S, Goldaracena N, Rosales R, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy vs. TACE or RFA as a bridge to transplant in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. An intention-to-treat analysis. J Hepatol 2017;67:92-99
  440. De Luna W, Sze DY, Ahmed A, Ha BY, Ayoub W, Keeffe EB, et al. Transarterial chemoinfusion for hepatocellular carcinoma as downstaging therapy and a bridge toward liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2009;9:1158-1168
  441. Roayaie S, Frischer JS, Emre SH, Fishbein TM, Sheiner PA, Sung M, et al. Long-term results with multimodal adjuvant therapy and liver transplantation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas larger than 5 centimeters. Ann Surg 2002;235:533-539
  442. Yao FY, Hirose R, LaBerge JM, Davern TJ 3rd, Bass NM, Kerlan RK Jr, et al. A prospective study on downstaging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2005;11:1505-1514
  443. Lewandowski RJ, Kulik LM, Riaz A, Senthilnathan S, Mulcahy MF, Ryu RK, et al. A comparative analysis of transarterial downstaging for hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization versus radioembolization. Am J Transplant 2009;9:1920-1928
  444. Parikh ND, Waljee AK, Singal AG. Downstaging hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Liver Transpl 2015;21:1142-1152
  445. Mehta N, Frenette C, Tabrizian P, Hoteit M, Guy J, Parikh N, et al. Downstaging outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma: results from the multicenter evaluation of reduction in tumor size before liver transplantation (MERITS-LT) consortium. Gastroenterology 2021;161:1502-1512
  446. Mazzaferro V, Citterio D, Bhoori S, Bongini M, Miceli R, De Carlis L, et al. Liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma after tumour downstaging (XXL): a randomised, controlled, phase 2b/3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:947-956
  447. Chapman WC, Garcia-Aroz S, Vachharajani N, Fowler K, Saad N, Lin Y, et al. Liver transplantation for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after downstaging without up-front stage restrictions. J Am Coll Surg 2017;224:610-621
  448. Kim JH, Sinn DH, Gwak GY, Choi GS, Kim JM, Kwon CHD, et al. Factors determining long-term outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria: liver transplantation versus locoregional therapy: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e4735
  449. Ravaioli M, Grazi GL, Piscaglia F, Trevisani F, Cescon M, Ercolani G, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: results of down-staging in patients initially outside the Milan selection criteria. Am J Transplant 2008;8:2547-2557
  450. Yao FY, Mehta N, Flemming J, Dodge J, Hameed B, Fix O, et al. Downstaging of hepatocellular cancer before liver transplant: long-term outcome compared to tumors within Milan criteria. Hepatology 2015;61:1968-1977
  451. Halazun KJ, Sapisochin G, von Ahrens D, Agopian VG, Tabrizian P. Predictors of outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) beyond Milan criteria. Int J Surg 2020;82S:61-69
  452. DiNorcia J, Florman SS, Haydel B, Tabrizian P, Ruiz RM, Klintmalm GB, et al. Pathologic response to pretransplant locoregional therapy is predictive of patient outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis from the US multicenter HCC transplant consortium. Ann Surg 2020;271:616-624
  453. Ho MH, Yu CY, Chung KP, Chen TW, Chu HC, Lin CK, et al. Locoregional therapy-induced tumor necrosis as a predictor of recurrence after liver transplant in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2011;18:3632-3639
  454. Kardashian A, Florman SS, Haydel B, Ruiz RM, Klintmalm GB, Lee DD, et al. Liver transplantation outcomes in a U.S. multicenter cohort of 789 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma presenting beyond milan criteria. Hepatology 2020;72:2014-2028
  455. Mehta N, Dodge JL, Roberts JP, Hirose R, Yao FY. Alpha-fetoprotein decrease from > 1,000 to < 500 ng/mL in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma leads to improved posttransplant outcomes. Hepatology 2019;69:1193-1205
  456. Bargellini I, Florio F, Golfieri R, Grosso M, Lauretti DL, Cioni R. Trends in utilization of transarterial treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a survey by the Italian Society of Interventional Radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014;37:438-444
  457. Korean Organ Donation Agency. Korea Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS) Registry. 2017;2017:15-22
  458. KONOS. KONOS annual report. Seoul: KONOS, 2019
  459. Grant RC, Sandhu L, Dixon PR, Greig PD, Grant DR, McGilvray ID. Living vs. deceased donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transplant 2013;27:140-147
  460. Liang W, Wu L, Ling X, Schroder PM, Ju W, Wang D, et al. Living donor liver transplantation versus deceased donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 2012;18:1226-1236
  461. Tan DJH, Wong C, Ng CH, Poh CW, Jain SR, Huang DQ, et al. A meta-analysis on the rate of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplant and associations to etiology, alpha-fetoprotein, income and ethnicity. J Clin Med 2021;10:238
  462. Azoulay D, Audureau E, Bhangui P, Belghiti J, Boillot O, Andreani P, et al. Living or brain-dead donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter, western, intent-to-treat cohort study. Ann Surg 2017;266:1035-1044
  463. Bhangui P, Vibert E, Majno P, Salloum C, Andreani P, Zocrato J, et al. Intention-to-treat analysis of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: living versus deceased donor transplantation. Hepatology 2011;53:1570-1579
  464. Kulik LM, Fisher RA, Rodrigo DR, Brown RS Jr, Freise CE, Shaked A, et al. Outcomes of living and deceased donor liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma: results of the A2ALL cohort. Am J Transplant 2012;12:2997-3007
  465. Kulik L, Abecassis M. Living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S277-S282
  466. Sarasin FP, Majno PE, Llovet JM, Bruix J, Mentha G, Hadengue A. Living donor liver transplantation for early hepatocellular carcinoma: a life-expectancy and cost-effectiveness perspective. Hepatology 2001;33:1073-1079
  467. Kwon CH, Kim DJ, Han YS, Park JB, Choi GS, Kim SJ, et al. HCC in living donor liver transplantation: can we expand the Milan criteria? Dig Dis 2007;25:313-319
  468. Suh KS, Cho EH, Lee HW, Shin WY, Yi NJ, Lee KU. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients who do not meet the Milan criteria. Dig Dis 2007;25:329-333
  469. Choi HJ, Kim DG, Na GH, Han JH, Hong TH, You YK. Clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after living-donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:4737-4744
  470. Lee SG, Hwang S, Moon DB, Ahn CS, Kim KH, Sung KB, et al. Expanded indication criteria of living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma at one large-volume center. Liver Transpl 2008;14:935-945
  471. Sugawara Y, Tamura S, Makuuchi M. Living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Tokyo University series. Dig Dis 2007;25:310-312
  472. Ito T, Takada Y, Ueda M, Haga H, Maetani Y, Oike F, et al. Expansion of selection criteria for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2007;13:1637-1644
  473. Taketomi A, Sanefuji K, Soejima Y, Yoshizumi T, Uhciyama H, Ikegami T, et al. Impact of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and tumor size on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after living donor liver transplantation. Transplantation 2009;87:531-537
  474. Todo S, Furukawa H, Tada M; Japanese Liver Transplantation Study Group. Extending indication: role of living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2007;13(11 Suppl 2):S48-S54
  475. Lee JH, Cho Y, Kim HY, Cho EJ, Lee DH, Yu SJ, et al. Serum tumor markers provide refined prognostication in selecting liver transplantation candidate for hepatocellular carcinoma patients beyond the Milan criteria. Ann Surg 2016;263:842-850
  476. Lee SD, Lee B, Kim SH, Joo J, Kim SK, Kim YK, et al. Proposal of new expanded selection criteria using total tumor size and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose - positron emission tomography/computed tomography for living donor liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: the National Cancer Center Korea criteria. World J Transplant 2016;6:411-422
  477. Kornberg A, Witt U, Schernhammer M, Kornberg J, Ceyhan GO, Mueller K, et al. Combining 18F-FDG positron emission tomography with up-to-seven criteria for selecting suitable liver transplant patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017;7:14176
  478. Takada Y, Kaido T, Shirabe K, Nagano H, Egawa H, Sugawara Y, et al. Significance of preoperative fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in prediction of tumor recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a Japanese multicenter study. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2017;24:49-57
  479. Duvoux C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Decaens T, Pessione F, Badran H, Piardi T, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a model including α-fetoprotein improves the performance of Milan criteria. Gastroenterology 2012;143:986-994.e3; quiz e14-e15
  480. Notarpaolo A, Layese R, Magistri P, Gambato M, Colledan M, Magini G, et al. Validation of the AFP model as a predictor of HCC recurrence in patients with viral hepatitis-related cirrhosis who had received a liver transplant for HCC. J Hepatol 2017;66:552-559
  481. Alim A, Erdogan Y, Dayangac M, Yuzer Y, Tokat Y, Oezcelik A. Living donor liver transplantation: the optimal curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma even beyond Milan criteria. Cancer Control 2021;28:10732748211011960
  482. Kim YS, Lim HK, Rhim H, Lee MW, Choi D, Lee WJ, et al. Ten-year outcomes of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation as first-line therapy of early hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of prognostic factors. J Hepatol 2013;58:89-97
  483. Shin M, Song S, Kim JM, Kwon CH, Kim SJ, Lee SK, et al. Donor morbidity including biliary complications in living-donor liver transplantation: single-center analysis of 827 cases. Transplantation 2012;93:942-948
  484. Kim KH, Jung DH, Park KM, Lee YJ, Kim DY, Kim KM, et al. Comparison of open and laparoscopic live donor left lateral sectionectomy. Br J Surg 2011;98:1302-1308
  485. Hwang S, Lee SG, Lee YJ, Sung KB, Park KM, Kim KH, et al. Lessons learned from 1,000 living donor liver transplantations in a single center: how to make living donations safe. Liver Transpl 2006;12:920-927
  486. Yi NJ, Suh KS, Cho JY, Lee HW, Cho EH, Yang SH, et al. Three-quarters of right liver donors experienced postoperative complications. Liver Transpl 2007;13:797-806
  487. Kim SJ, Na GH, Choi HJ, Yoo YK, Kim DG. Surgical outcome of right liver donors in living donor liver transplantation: single-center experience with 500 cases. J Gastrointest Surg 2012;16:1160-1170
  488. Lee JG, Lee KW, Kwon CHD, Chu CW, Kim BW, Choi DL, et al. Donor safety in living donor liver transplantation: the Korean organ transplantation registry study. Liver Transpl 2017;23:999-1006
  489. Yang JD, Lee KW, Kim JM, Kim MS, Lee JG, Kang KJ, et al. A comparative study of postoperative outcomes between minimally invasive living donor hepatectomy and open living donor hepatectomy: the Korean organ transplantation registry. Surgery 2021;170:271-276
  490. Rho SY, Lee JG, Joo DJ, Kim MS, Kim SI, Han DH, et al. Outcomes of robotic living donor right hepatectomy from 52 consecutive cases: comparison with open and laparoscopy-assisted donor hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2022;275:e433-e442
  491. Chan SC, Chan AC, Sharr WW, Chok KS, Cheung TT, Fan ST, et al. Perpetuating proficiency in donor right hepatectomy for living donor liver transplantation. Asian J Surg 2014;37:65-72
  492. Ghobrial RM, Freise CE, Trotter JF, Tong L, Ojo AO, Fair JH, et al. Donor morbidity after living donation for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2008;135:468-476
  493. Siegler M, Simmerling MC, Siegler JH, Cronin DC 2nd. Recipient deaths during donor surgery: a new ethical problem in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Liver Transpl 2006;12:358-360
  494. Brown RS Jr. Live donors in liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2008;134:1802-1813
  495. Choi JY, Kim JH, Kim JM, Kim HJ, Ahn HS, Joh JW. Outcomes of living liver donors are worse than those of matched healthy controls. J Hepatol 2022;76:628-638
  496. Schwartz M, Roayaie S, Llovet J. How should patients with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation be treated? J Hepatol 2005;43:584-589
  497. Liang W, Wang D, Ling X, Kao AA, Kong Y, Shang Y, et al. Sirolimus-based immunosuppression in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 2012;18:62-69
  498. Kang I, Lee JG, Choi SH, Kim HJ, Han DH, Choi GH, et al. Impact of everolimus on survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 2021;27:589-602
  499. Lee SG, Jeng LB, Saliba F, Singh Soin A, Lee WC, De Simone P, et al. Efficacy and safety of everolimus with reduced tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients: 24-month results from the pooled analysis of 2 randomized controlled trials. Transplantation 2021;105:1564-1575
  500. Yan X, Huang S, Yang Y, Lu Z, Li F, Jiang L, et al. Sirolimus or everolimus improves survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 2022;28:1063-1077
  501. Roayaie S, Schwartz JD, Sung MW, Emre SH, Miller CM, Gondolesi GE, et al. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplant: patterns and prognosis. Liver Transpl 2004;10:534-540
  502. Hollebecque A, Decaens T, Boleslawski E, Mathurin P, Duvoux C, Pruvot FR, et al. Natural history and therapeutic management of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2009;33:361-369
  503. Kim YS, Lim HK, Rhim H, Lee WJ, Joh JW, Park CK. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: patterns and prognostic factors based on clinical and radiologic features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;189:352-358
  504. Bodzin AS, Lunsford KE, Markovic D, Harlander-Locke MP, Busuttil RW, Agopian VG. Predicting mortality in patients developing recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: impact of treatment modality and recurrence characteristics. Ann Surg 2017;266:118-125
  505. Roh YN, Kwon CHD , Song S, Shin M, Kim JM, Kim S, et al. The prognosis and treatment outcomes of patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2014;28:141-148
  506. Sapisochin G, Goldaracena N, Astete S, Laurence JM, Davidson D, Rafael E, et al. Benefit of treating hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation and analysis of prognostic factors for survival in a large Euro-American series. Ann Surg Oncol 2015;22:2286-2294
  507. Taketomi A, Fukuhara T, Morita K, Kayashima H, Ninomiya M, Yamashita Y, et al. Improved results of a surgical resection for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after living donor liver transplantation. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:2283-2289
  508. Huang J, Yan L, Wu H, Yang J, Liao M, Zeng Y. Is radiofrequency ablation applicable for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation? J Surg Res 2016;200:122-130
  509. Zhou B, Shan H, Zhu KS, Jiang ZB, Guan SH, Meng XC, et al. Chemoembolization with lobaplatin mixed with iodized oil for unresectable recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after orthotopic liver transplantation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010;21:333-338
  510. Cheng YC, Chen TW, Fan HL, Yu CY, Chang HC, Hsieh CB. Transarterial chemoembolization for intrahepatic multiple recurrent HCC after liver resection or transplantation. Ann Transplant 2014;19:309-316
  511. Sposito C, Mariani L, Germini A, Flores Reyes M, Bongini M, Grossi G, et al. Comparative efficacy of sorafenib versus best supportive care in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: a case-control study. J Hepatol 2013;59:59-66
  512. Staufer K, Fischer L, Seegers B, Vettorazzi E, Nashan B, Sterneck M. High toxicity of sorafenib for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2012;25:1158-1164
  513. Bhoori S, Toffanin S, Sposito C, Germini A, Pellegrinelli A, Lampis A, et al. Personalized molecular targeted therapy in advanced, recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: a proof of principle. J Hepatol 2010;52:771-775
  514. Invernizzi F, Iavarone M, Zavaglia C, Mazza S, Maggi U, Cesarini L, et al. Experience with early sorafenib treatment with mTOR inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma recurring after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2020;104:568-574
  515. Waghray A, Balci B, El-Gazzaz G, Kim R, Pelley R, Narayanan Menon KV, et al. Safety and efficacy of sorafenib for the treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2013;27:555-561
  516. Iavarone M, Invernizzi F, Czauderna C, Sanduzzi-Zamparelli M, Bhoori S, Amaddeo G, et al. Preliminary experience on safety of regorafenib after sorafenib failure in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2019;19:3176-3184
  517. Iavarone M, Invernizzi F, Ivanics T, Mazza S, Zavaglia C, Sanduzzi-Zamparelli M, et al. Regorafenib efficacy after sorafenib in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation: a retrospective study. Liver Transpl 2021;27:1767-1778
  518. Gassmann D, Weiler S, Mertens JC, Reiner CS, Vrugt B, Nageli M, et al. Liver allograft failure after nivolumab treatment-a case report with systematic literature research. Transplant Direct 2018;4:e376
  519. DeLeon TT, Salomao MA, Aqel BA, Sonbol MB, Yokoda RT, Ali AH, et al. Pilot evaluation of PD-1 inhibition in metastatic cancer patients with a history of liver transplantation: the Mayo Clinic experience. J Gastrointest Oncol 2018;9:1054-1062
  520. Biondani P, De Martin E, Samuel D. Safety of an anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor in a liver transplant recipient. Ann Oncol 2018;29:286-287
  521. Patel IJ, Rahim S, Davidson JC, Hanks SE, Tam AL, Walker TG, et al. Society of Interventional Radiology consensus guidelines for the periprocedural management of thrombotic and bleeding risk in patients undergoing percutaneous image-guided interventions-part II: recommendations: endorsed by the Canadian Association for Interventional Radiology and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019;30:1168-1184.e1
  522. Tripodi A, Primignani M, Mannucci PM, Caldwell SH. Changing concepts of cirrhotic coagulopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:274-281
  523. Lencioni R, Cioni D, Crocetti L, Franchini C, Pina CD, Lera J, et al. Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: long-term results of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation. Radiology 2005;234:961-967
  524. Lin SM, Lin CJ, Lin CC, Hsu CW, Chen YC. Radiofrequency ablation improves prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma < or =4 cm. Gastroenterology 2004;127:1714-1723
  525. Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, Sato S, Tateishi R, Fujishima T, et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2005;129:122-130
  526. Lencioni RA, Allgaier HP, Cioni D, Olschewski M, Deibert P, Crocetti L, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 2003;228:235-240
  527. Shiina S, Tateishi R, Arano T, Uchino K, Enooku K, Nakagawa H, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: 10-year outcome and prognostic factors. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:569-577; quiz 578
  528. Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M, Rolle E, Solbiati L, Tinelli C, et al. Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: is resection still the treatment of choice? Hepatology 2008;47:82-89
  529. Lee DH, Kim JW, Lee JM, Kim JM, Lee MW, Rhim H, et al. Laparoscopic liver resection versus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for small single nodular hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of treatment outcomes. Liver Cancer 2021;10:25-37
  530. Lee MW, Kang D, Lim HK, Cho J, Sinn DH, Kang TW, et al. Updated 10-year outcomes of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation as first-line therapy for single hepatocellular carcinoma < 3 cm: emphasis on association of local tumor progression and overall survival. Eur Radiol 2020;30:2391-2400
  531. Song KD, Lim HK, Rhim H, Lee MW, Kang TW, Paik YH, et al. Hepatic resection vs percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma abutting right diaphragm. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019;11:227-237
  532. Kang TW, Lim HK, Lee MW, Kim YS, Rhim H, Lee WJ, et al. Aggressive intrasegmental recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation: risk factors and clinical significance. Radiology 2015;276:274-285
  533. Lee S, Kang TW, Cha DI, Song KD, Lee MW, Rhim H, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs. surgery for perivascular hepatocellular carcinoma: propensity score analyses of long-term outcomes. J Hepatol 2018;69:70-78
  534. Sohn W, Kang TW, Choi SK, Jung SH, Lee MW, Lim HK, et al. Effect of oral antiviral treatment on long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation therapy for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016;7:47794-47807
  535. Lee DH, Lee JM, Lee JY, Kim SH, Kim JH, Yoon JH, et al. Non-hypervascular hepatobiliary phase hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: risk of HCC recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. J Hepatol 2015;62:1122-1130
  536. Park SJ, Cho EJ, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Kim YJ, Yoon JH, et al. Switching monopolar no-touch radiofrequency ablation using octopus electrodes for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. Liver Cancer 2021;10:72-81
  537. Suh YS, Choi JW, Yoon JH, Lee DH, Kim YJ, Lee JH, et al. Notouch vs. conventional radiofrequency ablation using twin internally cooled wet electrodes for small hepatocellular carcinomas: a randomized prospective comparative study. Korean J Radiol 2021;22:1974-1984
  538. Lee DH, Lee MW, Kim PN, Lee YJ, Park HS, Lee JM. Outcome of no-touch radiofrequency ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter clinical trial. Radiology 2021;301:229-236
  539. Majumdar A, Roccarina D, Thorburn D, Davidson BR, Tsochatzis E, Gurusamy KS. Management of people with early- or very early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: an attempted network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;3:CD011650
  540. Ng KKC, Chok KSH, Chan ACY, Cheung TT, Wong TCL, Fung JYY, et al. Randomized clinical trial of hepatic resection versus radiofrequency ablation for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2017;104:1775-1784
  541. Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y, Guo RP, Liang HH, Zhang YQ, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2006;243:321-328
  542. Feng K, Yan J, Li X, Xia F, Ma K, Wang S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012;57:794-802
  543. Huang J, Yan L, Cheng Z, Wu H, Du L, Wang J, et al. A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria. Ann Surg 2010;252:903-912
  544. Wang Q, Tang M, Zhang S. Comparison of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma conforming to the Milan criteria: a meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg 2021;91:E432-E438
  545. Lee HW, Lee JM, Yoon JH, Kim YJ, Park JW, Park SJ, et al. A prospective randomized study comparing radiofrequency ablation and hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Treat Res 2018;94:74-82
  546. Yang HJ, Lee JH, Lee DH, Yu SJ, Kim YJ, Yoon JH, et al. Small single-nodule hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and hepatic resection by using inverse probability weighting. Radiology 2014;271:909-918
  547. Kang TW, Kim JM, Rhim H, Lee MW, Kim YS, Lim HK, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: radiofrequency ablation versus nonanatomic resection--propensity score analyses of long-term outcomes. Radiology 2015;275:908-919
  548. Kim GA, Shim JH, Kim MJ, Kim SY, Won HJ, Shin YM, et al. Radiofrequency ablation as an alternative to hepatic resection for single small hepatocellular carcinomas. Br J Surg 2016;103:126-135
  549. Qi X, Tang Y, An D, Bai M, Shi X, Wang J, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014;48:450-457
  550. Imai K, Yamashita YI, Yusa T, Nakao Y, Itoyama R, Nakagawa S, et al. Microvascular invasion in small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma: significance for outcomes following hepatectomy and radiofrequency ablation. Anticancer Res 2018;38:1053-1060
  551. Bai S, Yang P, Xie Z, Li J, Lei Z, Xia Y, et al. Preoperative estimated risk of microvascular invasion is associated with prognostic differences following liver resection versus radiofrequency ablation for early hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2021;28:8174-8185
  552. Shibata T, Isoda H, Hirokawa Y, Arizono S, Shimada K, Togashi K. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: is radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization more effective than radiofrequency ablation alone for treatment? Radiology 2009;252:905-913
  553. Morimoto M, Numata K, Kondou M, Nozaki A, Morita S, Tanaka K. Midterm outcomes in patients with intermediate-sized hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial for determining the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Cancer 2010;116:5452-5460
  554. Peng ZW, Zhang YJ, Chen MS, Xu L, Liang HH, Lin XJ, et al. Radiofrequency ablation with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:426-432
  555. Lu Z, Wen F, Guo Q, Liang H, Mao X, Sun H. Radiofrequency ablation plus chemoembolization versus radiofrequency ablation alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;25:187-194
  556. Wang X, Hu Y, Ren M, Lu X, Lu G, He S. Efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinomas compared with radiofrequency ablation alone: a time-to-event meta-analysis. Korean J Radiol 2016;17:93-102
  557. Ni JY, Liu SS, Xu LF, Sun HL, Chen YT. Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation in combination with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:3872-3882
  558. de Baere T, Risse O, Kuoch V, Dromain C, Sengel C, Smayra T, et al. Adverse events during radiofrequency treatment of 582 hepatic tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;181:695-700
  559. Rhim H, Yoon KH, Lee JM, Cho Y, Cho JS, Kim SH, et al. Major complications after radio-frequency thermal ablation of hepatic tumors: spectrum of imaging findings. Radiographics 2003;23:123-134; discussion 134-136
  560. Song I, Rhim H, Lim HK, Kim YS, Choi D. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma abutting the diaphragm and gastrointestinal tracts with the use of artificial ascites: safety and technical efficacy in 143 patients. Eur Radiol 2009;19:2630-2640
  561. Ahn SJ, Lee JM, Lee DH, Lee SM, Yoon JH, Kim YJ, et al. Real-time US-CT/MR fusion imaging for percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2017;66:347-354
  562. Calandri M, Mauri G, Yevich S, Gazzera C, Basile D, Gatti M, et al. Fusion imaging and virtual navigation to guide percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of the literature. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2019;42:639-647
  563. Lin SM, Lin CJ, Lin CC, Hsu CW, Chen YC. Randomised controlled trial comparing percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, and percutaneous acetic acid injection to treat hepatocellular carcinoma of 3 cm or less. Gut 2005;54:1151-1156
  564. Ishii H, Okada S, Nose H, Okusaka T, Yoshimori M, Takayama T, et al. Local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous ethanol injection. Cancer 1996;77:1792-1796
  565. Vilana R, Bruix J, Bru C, Ayuso C, Sole M, Rodes J. Tumor size determines the efficacy of percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1992;16:353-357
  566. Livraghi T, Bolondi L, Lazzaroni S, Marin G, Morabito A, Rapaccini GL, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A study on 207 patients. Cancer 1992;69:925-929
  567. Khan KN, Yatsuhashi H, Yamasaki K, Yamasaki M, Inoue O, Koga M, et al. Prospective analysis of risk factors for early intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following ethanol injection. J Hepatol 2000;32:269-278
  568. Brunello F, Veltri A, Carucci P, Pagano E, Ciccone G, Moretto P, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus ethanol injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008;43:727-735
  569. Giorgio A, Di Sarno A, De Stefano G, Scognamiglio U, Farella N, Mariniello A, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma compared to percutaneous ethanol injection in treatment of cirrhotic patients: an Italian randomized controlled trial. Anticancer Research 2011;31:2291-2295
  570. Cho YK, Kim JK, Kim MY, Rhim H, Han JK. Systematic review of randomized trials for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous ablation therapies. Hepatology 2009;49:453-459
  571. Shen A, Zhang H, Tang C, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang C, et al. Systematic review of radiofrequency ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma up to 3 cm. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;28:793-800
  572. Yang B, Zan RY, Wang SY, Li XL, Wei ML, Guo WH, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Surg Oncol 2015;13:96
  573. Luo W, Zhang Y, He G, Yu M, Zheng M, Liu L, et al. Effects of radiofrequency ablation versus other ablating techniques on hepatocellular carcinomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2017;15:126
  574. Ebara M, Okabe S, Kita K, Sugiura N, Fukuda H, Yoshikawa M, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: therapeutic efficacy based on 20-year observation. J Hepatol 2005;43:458-464
  575. Cha DI, Lee MW, Rhim H, Choi D, Kim YS, Lim HK. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of percutaneous ethanol injection with or without combined radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinomas in high risk locations. Korean J Radiol 2013;14:240-247
  576. Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma: alive or dead? J Hepatol 2005;43:377-380
  577. Ahmed M, Brace CL, Lee FT Jr, Goldberg SN. Principles of and advances in percutaneous ablation. Radiology 2011;258:351-369
  578. Shi Y, Zhai B. A recent advance in image-guided locoregional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastrointest Tumors 2016;3:90-102
  579. Vietti Violi N, Duran R, Guiu B, Cercueil JP, Aube C, Digklia A, et al. Efficacy of microwave ablation versus radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: a randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;3:317-325
  580. Chong CCN, Lee KF, Cheung SYS, Chu CCM, Fong AKW, Wong J, et al. Prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial of microwave versus radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma (McRFA trial). HPB (Oxford) 2020;22:1121-1127
  581. Gupta P, Maralakunte M, Kumar-M P, Chandel K, Chaluvashetty SB, Bhujade H, et al. Overall survival and local recurrence following RFA, MWA, and cryoablation of very early and early HCC: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2021;31:5400-5408
  582. Tan W, Deng Q, Lin S, Wang Y, Xu G. Comparison of microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyperthermia 2019;36:264-272
  583. Yu Q, Liu C, Navuluri R, Ahmed O. Percutaneous microwave ablation versus radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021;46:4467-4475
  584. Zaitoun MMA, Elsayed SB, Zaitoun NA, Soliman RK, Elmokadem AH, Farag AA, et al. Combined therapy with conventional trans-arterial chemoembolization (cTACE) and microwave ablation (MWA) for hepatocellular carcinoma >3-<5 cm. Int J Hyperthermia 2021;38:248-256
  585. Wang C, Wang H, Yang W, Hu K, Xie H, Hu KQ, et al. Multicenter randomized controlled trial of percutaneous cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2015;61:1579-1590
  586. Kim R, Kang TW, Cha DI, Song KD, Lee MW, Rhim H, et al. Percutaneous cryoablation for perivascular hepatocellular carcinoma: therapeutic efficacy and vascular complications. Eur Radiol 2019;29:654-662
  587. Ko SE, Lee MW, Rhim H, Kang TW, Song KD, Cha DI, et al. Comparison of procedure-related complications between percutaneous cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation for treating periductal hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Hyperthermia 2020;37:1354-1361
  588. Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Li B, Xu D, Yin Z, Xie F, et al. Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2010;10:78
  589. Lee DH, Lee JM, Lee JY, Kim SH, Yoon JH, Kim YJ, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as first-line treatment: long-term results and prognostic factors in 162 patients with cirrhosis. Radiology 2014;270:900-909
  590. Rossi S, Ravetta V, Rosa L, Ghittoni G, Viera FT, Garbagnati F, et al. Repeated radiofrequency ablation for management of patients with cirrhosis with small hepatocellular carcinomas: a long-term cohort study. Hepatology 2011;53:136-147
  591. Imai K, Beppu T, Chikamoto A, Mima K, Okabe H, Hayashi H, et al. Salvage treatment for local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after local ablation therapy. Hepatol Res 2014;44:E335-E345
  592. Xie X, Jiang C, Peng Z, Liu B, Hu W, Wang Y, et al. Local recurrence after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment choice and outcome. J Gastrointest Surg 2015;19:1466-1475
  593. Okuwaki Y, Nakazawa T, Kokubu S, Hidaka H, Tanaka Y, Takada J, et al. Repeat radiofrequency ablation provides survival benefit in patients with intrahepatic distant recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:2747-2753
  594. Sotiropoulos GC, Lang H, Frilling A, Molmenti EP, Paul A, Nadalin S, et al. Resectability of hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of 333 consecutive cases at a single hepatobiliary specialty center and systematic review of the literature. Hepatogastroenterology 2006;53:322-329
  595. Kwak HW, Park JW, Nam BH, Yu A, Woo SM, Kim TH, et al. Clinical outcomes of a cohort series of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a hepatitis B virus-endemic area. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:820-829
  596. Park JW, Chen M, Colombo M, Roberts LR, Schwartz M, Chen PJ, et al. Global patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma management from diagnosis to death: the BRIDGE study. Liver Int 2015;35:2155-2166
  597. Matsui O, Kadoya M, Yoshikawa J, Gabata T, Arai K, Demachi H, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with subsegmental transcatheter arterial embolization. Radiology 1993;188:79-83
  598. Miyayama S, Matsui O, Yamashiro M, Ryu Y, Kaito K, Ozaki K, et al. Ultraselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with a 2-F tip microcatheter for small hepatocellular carcinomas: relationship between local tumor recurrence and visualization of the portal vein with iodized oil. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007;18:365-376
  599. Golfieri R, Cappelli A, Cucchetti A, Piscaglia F, Carpenzano M, Peri E, et al. Efficacy of selective transarterial chemoembolization in inducing tumor necrosis in small (<5 cm) hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 2011;53:1580-1589
  600. Yamakado K, Miyayama S, Hirota S, Mizunuma K, Nakamura K, Inaba Y, et al. Hepatic arterial embolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas: do technical factors affect prognosis? Jpn J Radiol 2012;30:560-566
  601. Golfieri R, Renzulli M, Mosconi C, Forlani L, Giampalma E, Piscaglia F, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma responding to superselective transarterial chemoembolization: an issue of nodule dimension? J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013;24:509-517
  602. Iwazawa J, Ohue S, Hashimoto N, Muramoto O, Mitani T. Survival after C-arm CT-assisted chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:3985-3992
  603. Miyayama S, Yamashiro M, Hashimoto M, Hashimoto N, Ikuno M, Okumura K, et al. Comparison of local control in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma ≤6 cm with or without intraprocedural monitoring of the embolized area using cone-beam computed tomography. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014;37:388-395
  604. Pung L, Ahmad M, Mueller K, Rosenberg J, Stave C, Hwang GL, et al. The role of cone-beam CT in transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017;28:334-341
  605. Wattanasatesiri T, Kim HC, Choi JW, Lee JH, Joo I, Hur S, et al. Cone-beam CT-guided chemoembolization in patients with complete response after previous chemoembolization but subsequent elevated α-fetoprotein without overt hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019;30:1273-1280
  606. Young S, Craig P, Golzarian J. Current trends in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with transarterial embolization: a cross-sectional survey of techniques. Eur Radiol 2019;29:3287-3295
  607. Ikeda M, Kudo M, Aikata H, Nagamatsu H, Ishii H, Yokosuka O, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization with miriplatin vs. epirubicin for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomized trial. J Gastroenterol 2018;53:281-290
  608. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montana X, Planas R, Coll S, Aponte J, et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1734-1739
  609. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, Liu CL, Lam CM, Poon RT, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002;35:1164-1171
  610. Takayasu K, Arii S, Ikai I, Omata M, Okita K, Ichida T, et al. Prospective cohort study of transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in 8510 patients. Gastroenterology 2006;131:461-469
  611. Takayasu K, Arii S, Kudo M, Ichida T, Matsui O, Izumi N, et al. Superselective transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Validation of treatment algorithm proposed by Japanese guidelines. J Hepatol 2012;56:886-892
  612. Lencioni R, de Baere T, Soulen MC, Rilling WS, Geschwind JF. Lipiodol transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of efficacy and safety data. Hepatology 2016;64:106-116
  613. Ikeda M, Arai Y, Park SJ, Takeuchi Y, Anai H, Kim JK, et al. Prospective study of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an Asian cooperative study between Japan and Korea. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013;24:490-500
  614. Lee HS, Kim KM, Yoon JH, Lee TR, Suh KS, Lee KU, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization as compared with hepatic resection in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with compensated liver function in a hepatitis B virus-endemic area: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4459-4465
  615. Bargellini I, Sacco R, Bozzi E, Bertini M, Ginanni B, Romano A, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization in very early and early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients excluded from curative treatment: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:1173-1178
  616. Oh JH, Sinn DH, Choi GS, Kim JM, Joh JW, Kang TW, et al. Comparison of outcome between liver resection, radiofrequency ablation, and transarterial therapy for multiple small hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria. Ann Surg Treat Res 2020;99:238-246
  617. Yun BY, Lee HW, Min IK, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, et al. Prognosis of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison between trans-arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:2527
  618. Sinn DH, Lee HW, Paik YH, Kim DY, Kim YJ, Kim KM, et al. Patterns and outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein invasion: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Dig Dis Sci 2021;66:315-324
  619. Chung JW, Park JH, Han JK, Choi BI, Han MC. Hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein invasion: results of treatment with transcatheter oily chemoembolization. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:315-321
  620. Lee HS, Kim JS, Choi IJ, Chung JW, Park JH, Kim CY. The safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and main portal vein obstruction. A prospective controlled study. Cancer 1997;79:2087-2094
  621. Georgiades CS, Hong K, D'Angelo M, Geschwind JF. Safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005;16:1653-1659
  622. Chung GE, Lee JH, Kim HY, Hwang SY, Kim JS, Chung JW, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization can be safely performed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma invading the main portal vein and may improve the overall survival. Radiology 2011;258:627-634
  623. Silva JP, Berger NG, Tsai S, Christians KK, Clarke CN, Mogal H, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HPB (Oxford) 2017;19:659-666
  624. Luo J, Guo RP, Lai EC, Zhang YJ, Lau WY, Chen MS, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a prospective comparative study. Ann Surg Oncol 2011;18:413-420
  625. Niu ZJ, Ma YL, Kang P, Ou SQ, Meng ZB, Li ZK, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization compared with conservative treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: using a new classification. Med Oncol 2012;29:2992-2997
  626. Xue TC, Xie XY, Zhang L, Yin X, Zhang BH, Ren ZG. Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2013;13:60
  627. Choi JW, Kim HC, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Kim YJ, Yoon JH, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with segmental portal vein tumour thrombus. Eur Radiol 2017;27:1448-1458
  628. Cho JY, Paik YH, Park HC, Yu JI, Sohn W, Gwak GY, et al. The feasibility of combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2014;34:795-801
  629. Kim GA, Shim JH, Yoon SM, Jung J, Kim JH, Ryu MH, et al. Comparison of chemoembolization with and without radiation therapy and sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a propensity score analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015;26:320-329.e6
  630. Yoon SM, Ryoo BY, Lee SJ, Kim JH, Shin JH, An JH, et al. Efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization plus external beam radiotherapy vs sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:661-669
  631. Yoo DJ, Kim KM, Jin YJ, Shim JH, Ko GY, Yoon HK, et al. Clinical outcome of 251 patients with extrahepatic metastasis at initial diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: does transarterial chemoembolization improve survival in these patients? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;26:145-154
  632. Jung SM, Jang JW, You CR, Yoo SH, Kwon JH, Bae SH, et al. Role of intrahepatic tumor control in the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and extrahepatic metastases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:684-689
  633. Kim J, Sinn DH, Choi MS, Kang W, Gwak GY, Paik YH, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic metastasis: are there still candidates for transarterial chemoembolization as an initial treatment? PLoS One 2019;14:e0213547
  634. Dai Y, Jiang H, Jiang H, Zhao S, Zeng X, Sun R, et al. Optimal timing of combining sorafenib with trans-arterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Transl Oncol 2021;14:101238
  635. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Ikeda M, Torimura T, Tanabe N, Aikata H, et al. Randomised, multicentre prospective trial of transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) plus sorafenib as compared with TACE alone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: TACTICS trial. Gut 2020;69:1492-1501
  636. Fu Z, Li X, Zhong J, Chen X, Cao K, Ding N, et al. Lenvatinib in combination with transarterial chemoembolization for treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC): a retrospective controlled study. Hepatol Int 2021;15:663-675
  637. Chung JW, Park JH, Han JK, Choi BI, Han MC, Lee HS, et al. Hepatic tumors: predisposing factors for complications of transcatheter oily chemoembolization. Radiology 1996;198:33-40
  638. Ogasawara S, Chiba T, Ooka Y, Kanogawa N, Motoyama T, Suzuki E, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of prophylactic dexamethasone for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Hepatology 2018;67:575-585
  639. Yang H, Seon J, Sung PS, Oh JS, Lee HL, Jang B, et al. Dexamethasone prophylaxis to alleviate postembolization syndrome after transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017;28:1503-1511.e2
  640. Lv N, Kong Y, Mu L, Pan T, Xie Q, Zhao M. Effect of perioperative parecoxib sodium on postoperative pain control for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Eur Radiol 2016;26:3492-3499
  641. Varela M, Real MI, Burrel M, Forner A, Sala M, Brunet M, et al. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: efficacy and doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. J Hepatol 2007;46:474-481
  642. Lammer J, Malagari K, Vogl T, Pilleul F, Denys A, Watkinson A, et al. Prospective randomized study of doxorubicin-eluting-bead embolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of the PRECISION V study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010;33:41-52
  643. Sacco R, Bargellini I, Bertini M, Bozzi E, Romano A, Petruzzi P, et al. Conventional versus doxorubicin-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011;22:1545-1552
  644. Golfieri R, Giampalma E, Renzulli M, Cioni R, Bargellini I, Bartolozzi C, et al. Randomised controlled trial of doxorubicin-eluting beads vs conventional chemoembolisation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014;111:255-264
  645. Malagari K, Pomoni M, Moschouris H, Bouma E, Koskinas J, Stefaniotou A, et al. Chemoembolization with doxorubicin-eluting beads for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: five-year survival analysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012;35:1119-1128
  646. Lee M, Chung JW, Lee KH, Won JY, Chun HJ, Lee HC, et al. Korean multicenter registry of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting embolic agents for nodular hepatocellular carcinomas: six-month outcome analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017;28:502-512
  647. Lee M, Chung JW, Lee KH, Won JY, Chun HJ, Lee HC, et al. Prospective multi-center Korean registry of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting embolics for nodular hepatocellular carcinoma: a two-year outcome analysis. Korean J Radiol 2021;22:1658-1670
  648. Lee IJ, Lee JH, Lee YB, Kim YJ, Yoon JH, Yin YH, et al. Effectiveness of drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization versus conventional transarterial chemoembolization for small hepatocellular carcinoma in Child-Pugh class A patients. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019;11:1758835919866072
  649. Deipolyi AR, Oklu R, Al-Ansari S, Zhu AX, Goyal L, Ganguli S. Safety and efficacy of 70-150 ㎛ and 100-300 ㎛ drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015;26:516-522
  650. Urbano J, Echevarria-Uraga JJ, Ciampi-Dopazo JJ, Sanchez-Corral JA, Cobos Alonso J, Anton-Ladislao A, et al. Multicentre prospective study of drug-eluting bead chemoembolisation safety using tightly calibrated small microspheres in non-resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 2020;126:108966
  651. Vogl TJ, Lammer J, Lencioni R, Malagari K, Watkinson A, Pilleul F, et al. Liver, gastrointestinal, and cardiac toxicity in intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma treated with PRECISION TACE with drug-eluting beads: results from the PRECISION V randomized trial. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;197:W562-W570
  652. Monier A, Guiu B, Duran R, Aho S, Bize P, Deltenre P, et al. Liver and biliary damages following transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison between drug-eluting beads and lipiodol emulsion. Eur Radiol 2017;27:1431-1439
  653. Salem R, Thurston KG. Radioembolization with 90Yttrium microspheres: a state-of-the-art brachytherapy treatment for primary and secondary liver malignancies. Part 1: technical and methodologic considerations. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006;17:1251-1278
  654. Gabr A, Ranganathan S, Mouli SK, Riaz A, Gates VL, Kulik L, et al. Streamlining radioembolization in UNOS T1/T2 hepatocellular carcinoma by eliminating lung shunt estimation. J Hepatol 2020;72:1151-1158
  655. Mazzaferro V, Sposito C, Bhoori S, Romito R, Chiesa C, Morosi C, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for intermediate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 2 study. Hepatology 2013;57:1826-1837
  656. Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Mulcahy MF, Riaz A, Ryu RK, Ibrahim S, et al. Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma using Yttrium-90 microspheres: a comprehensive report of long-term outcomes. Gastroenterology 2010;138:52-64
  657. Sangro B, Carpanese L, Cianni R, Golfieri R, Gasparini D, Ezziddin S, et al. Survival after yttrium-90 resin microsphere radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma across Barcelona clinic liver cancer stages: a European evaluation. Hepatology 2011;54:868-878
  658. Hilgard P, Hamami M, Fouly AE, Scherag A, Muller S, Ertle J, et al. Radioembolization with yttrium-90 glass microspheres in hepatocellular carcinoma: European experience on safety and long-term survival. Hepatology 2010;52:1741-1749
  659. Kolligs FT, Bilbao JI, Jakobs T, Inarrairaegui M, Nagel JM, Rodriguez M, et al. Pilot randomized trial of selective internal radiation therapy vs. chemoembolization in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2015;35:1715-1721
  660. Pitton MB, Kloeckner R, Ruckes C, Wirth GM, Eichhorn W, Worns MA, et al. Randomized comparison of selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT) versus drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2015;38:352-360
  661. Salem R, Gordon AC, Mouli S, Hickey R, Kallini J, Gabr A, et al. Y90 radioembolization significantly prolongs time to progression compared with chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2016;151:1155-1163.e2
  662. Casadei Gardini A, Tamburini E, Inarrairaegui M, Frassineti GL, Sangro B. Radioembolization versus chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Onco Targets Ther 2018;11:7315-7321
  663. Chow PKH, Gandhi M, Tan SB, Khin MW, Khasbazar A, Ong J, et al. SIRveNIB: selective internal radiation therapy versus sorafenib in Asia-Pacific patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:1913-1921
  664. Vilgrain V, Pereira H, Assenat E, Guiu B, Ilonca AD, Pageaux GP, et al. Efficacy and safety of selective internal radiotherapy with yttrium-90 resin microspheres compared with sorafenib in locally advanced and inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (SARAH): an open-label randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:1624-1636
  665. Ricke J, Klumpen HJ, Amthauer H, Bargellini I, Bartenstein P, de Toni EN, et al. Impact of combined selective internal radiation therapy and sorafenib on survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2019;71:1164-1174
  666. Garin E, Lenoir L, Edeline J, Laffont S, Mesbah H, Poree P, et al. Boosted selective internal radiation therapy with 90Y-loaded glass microspheres (B-SIRT) for hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a new personalized promising concept. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013;40:1057-1068
  667. Salem R, Johnson GE, Kim E, Riaz A, Bishay V, Boucher E, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for the treatment of solitary, unresectable HCC: the LEGACY study. Hepatology 2021;74:2342-2352
  668. Garin E, Tselikas L, Guiu B, Chalaye J, Edeline J, de Baere T, et al. Personalised versus standard dosimetry approach of selective internal radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (DOSISPHERE-01): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;6:17-29
  669. Kim HC, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Suh KS, Chung JW. Feasibility of boosted radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 5 cm. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019;30:1-8
  670. Kim J, Kim JY, Lee JH, Sinn DH, Hur MH, Hong JH, et al. Long-term outcomes of transarterial radioembolization for large single hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison to resection. J Nucl Med 2022;63:1215-1222
  671. Benguerfi S, Estrade F, Lescure C, Rolland Y, Palard X, Le Sourd S, et al. Selective internal radiation therapy in older patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;34:417-421
  672. Das A, Gabr A, O'Brian DP, Riaz A, Desai K, Thornburg B, et al. Contemporary systematic review of health-related quality of life outcomes in locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019;30:1924-1933.e2
  673. Sangro B, Gil-Alzugaray B, Rodriguez J, Sola I, MartinezCuesta A, Viudez A, et al. Liver disease induced by radioembolization of liver tumors: description and possible risk factors. Cancer 2008;112:1538-1546
  674. Gil-Alzugaray B, Chopitea A, Inarrairaegui M, Bilbao JI, Rodriguez-Fraile M, Rodriguez J, et al. Prognostic factors and prevention of radioembolization-induced liver disease. Hepatology 2013;57:1078-1087
  675. Sangro B, Martinez-Urbistondo D, Bester L, Bilbao JI, Coldwell DM, Flamen P, et al. Prevention and treatment of complications of selective internal radiation therapy: expert guidance and systematic review. Hepatology 2017;66:969-982
  676. Currie BM, Hoteit MA, Ben-Josef E, Nadolski GJ, Soulen MC. Radioembolization-induced chronic hepatotoxicity: a single-center cohort analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019;30:1915-1923
  677. Kudo M, Kawamura Y, Hasegawa K, Tateishi R, Kariyama K, Shiina S, et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: JSH consensus statements and recommendations 2021 update. Liver Cancer 2021;10:181-223
  678. Vogl TJ, Trapp M, Schroeder H, Mack M, Schuster A, Schmitt J, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: volumetric and morphologic CT criteria for assessment of prognosis and therapeutic success-results from a liver transplantation center. Radiology 2000;214:349-357
  679. Lencioni R. Loco-regional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2010;52:762-773
  680. Yamanaka K, Hatano E, Kitamura K, Iida T, Ishii T, Machimito T, et al. Early evaluation of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization-refractory hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2012;47:343-346
  681. Park JW, Amarapurkar D, Chao Y, Chen PJ, Geschwind JF, Goh KL, et al. Consensus recommendations and review by an International Expert Panel on Interventions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (EPOIHCC). Liver Int 2013;33:327-337
  682. Kim HY, Park JW, Joo J, Jung SJ, An S, Woo SM, et al. Severity and timing of progression predict refractoriness to transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:1051-1056
  683. Sieghart W, Hucke F, Pinter M, Graziadei I, Vogel W, Muller C, et al. The ART of decision making: retreatment with transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2013;57:2261-2273
  684. Adhoute X, Penaranda G, Naude S, Raoul JL, Perrier H, Bayle O, et al. Retreatment with TACE: the ABCR SCORE, an aid to the decision-making process. J Hepatol 2015;62:855-862
  685. Yoon JS, Sinn DH, Lee JH, Kim HY, Lee CH, Kim SW, et al. Tumor marker-based definition of the transarterial chemoembolization-refractoriness in intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-cohort study. Cancers (Basel) 2019;11:1721
  686. Kim BK, Shim JH, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, et al. Risk prediction for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing chemoembolization: development of a prediction model. Liver Int 2016;36:92-99
  687. Kim JH, Sinn DH, Lee JH, Hyun D, Cho SK, Shin SW, et al. Novel albumin-bilirubin grade-based risk prediction model for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing chemoembolization. Dig Dis Sci 2018;63:1062-1071
  688. Kudo M, Matsui O, Izumi N, Kadoya M, Okusaka T, Miyayama S, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization failure/refractoriness: JSH-LCSGJ criteria 2014 update. Oncology 2014;87 Suppl 1:22-31
  689. Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA); National Cancer Center (NCC), Goyang, Korea. 2018 Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center Korea practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Radiol 2019;20:1042-1113
  690. Bruix J, Raoul JL, Sherman M, Mazzaferro V, Bolondi L, Craxi A, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: subanalyses of a phase III trial. J Hepatol 2012;57:821-829
  691. Ogasawara S, Chiba T, Ooka Y, Kanogawa N, Motoyama T, Suzuki E, et al. Efficacy of sorafenib in intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients refractory to transarterial chemoembolization. Oncology 2014;87:330-341
  692. Arizumi T, Ueshima K, Minami T, Kono M, Chishina H, Takita M, et al. Effectiveness of sorafenib in patients with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) refractory and intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2015;4:253-262
  693. Takaki H, Yamakado K, Tsurusaki M, Yasumoto T, Baba Y, Nari-matsu Y, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with fine-powder cisplatin and iodized-oil suspension in patients with intermediate-stage and advanced-stage (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage-B or stage-C) hepatocellular carcinoma: multicenter phase-II clinical study. Int J Clin Oncol 2015;20:745-754
  694. Lin J, Wu L, Bai X, Xie Y, Wang A, Zhang H, et al. Combination treatment including targeted therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016;7:71036-71051
  695. Kim HY, Park JW. Clinical trials of combined molecular targeted therapy and locoregional therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: past, present, and future. Liver Cancer 2014;3:9-17
  696. Liu L, Chen H, Wang M, Zhao Y, Cai G, Qi X, et al. Combination therapy of sorafenib and TACE for unresectable HCC: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9:e91124
  697. Lencioni R, Llovet JM, Han G, Tak WY, Yang J, Guglielmi A, et al. Sorafenib or placebo plus TACE with doxorubicin-eluting beads for intermediate stage HCC: the SPACE trial. J Hepatol 2016;64:1090-1098
  698. Meyer T, Fox R, Ma YT, Ross PJ, James MW, Sturgess R, et al. Sorafenib in combination with transarterial chemoembolisation in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (TACE 2): a randomised placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;2:565-575
  699. Kudo M, Cheng AL, Park JW, Park JH, Liang PC, Hidaka H, et al. Orantinib versus placebo combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (ORIENTAL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;3:37-46
  700. Korean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG); National Cancer Center, Korea (NCC). 2014 Korean Liver Cancer Study Group-National Cancer Center Korea practice guideline for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Radiol 2015;16:465-522
  701. Korean Liver Cancer Association; National Cancer Center. 2018 Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center Korea practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut Liver 2019;13:227-299
  702. Choi SH, Seong J. Strategic application of radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 2018;24:114-134
  703. Park HC, Yu JI, Cheng JC, Zeng ZC, Hong JH, Wang ML, et al. Consensus for radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma from the 5th Asia-Pacific Primary Liver Cancer Expert meeting (APPLE 2014): current practice and future clinical trials. Liver Cancer 2016;5:162-174
  704. Kim TH, Kim DY, Park JW, Kim SH, Choi JI, Kim HB, et al. Dose-volumetric parameters predicting radiation-induced hepatic toxicity in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;67:225-231
  705. Schefter TE, Kavanagh BD, Timmerman RD, Cardenes HR, Baron A, Gaspar LE. A phase I trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for liver metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;62:1371-1378
  706. Pan CC, Kavanagh BD, Dawson LA, Li XA, Das SK, Miften M, et al. Radiation-associated liver injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:S94-S100
  707. Kimura T, Takeda A, Tsurugai Y, Kawano R, Doi Y, Oku Y, et al. A multi-institutional retrospective study of repeated stereotactic body radiation therapy for intrahepatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020;108:1265-1275
  708. McDuff SGR, Remillard KA, Zheng H, Raldow AC, Wo JY, Eyler CE, et al. Liver reirradiation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastasis. Pract Radiat Oncol 2018;8:414-421
  709. Oshiro Y, Mizumoto M, Okumura T, Fukuda K, Fukumitsu N, Abei M, et al. Analysis of repeated proton beam therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2017;123:240-245
  710. Bae SH, Kim MS, Cho CK, Kim KB, Lee DH, Han CJ, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer-C stage hepatocellular carcinoma. J Korean Med Sci 2013;28:213-219
  711. Andolino DL, Johnson CS, Maluccio M, Kwo P, Tector AJ, Zook J, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;81:e447-e453
  712. Honda Y, Kimura T, Aikata H, Kobayashi T, Fukuhara T, Masaki K, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for small hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;28:530-536
  713. Sanuki N, Takeda A, Oku Y, Mizuno T, Aoki Y, Eriguchi T, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective outcome analysis in 185 patients. Acta Oncol 2014;53:399-404
  714. Yoon SM, Lim YS, Park MJ, Kim SY, Cho B, Shim JH, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy as an alternative treatment for small hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013;8:e79854
  715. Xi M, Zhang L, Zhao L, Li QQ, Guo SP, Feng ZZ, et al. Effectiveness of stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena cava tumor thrombosis. PLoS One 2013;8:e63864
  716. Weiner AA, Olsen J, Ma D, Dyk P, DeWees T, Myerson RJ, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary hepatic malignancies - report of a phase I/II institutional study. Radiother Oncol 2016;121:79-85
  717. Takeda A, Sanuki N, Tsurugai Y, Iwabuchi S, Matsunaga K, Ebinuma H, et al. Phase 2 study of stereotactic body radiotherapy and optional transarterial chemoembolization for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma not amenable to resection and radiofrequency ablation. Cancer 2016;122:2041-2049
  718. Wahl DR, Stenmark MH, Tao Y, Pollom EL, Caoili EM, Lawrence TS, et al. Outcomes after stereotactic body radiotherapy or radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:452-459
  719. Kawashima M, Furuse J, Nishio T, Konishi M, Ishii H, Kinoshita T, et al. Phase II study of radiotherapy employing proton beam for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1839-1846
  720. Fukumitsu N, Sugahara S, Nakayama H, Fukuda K, Mizumoto M, Abei M, et al. A prospective study of hypofractionated proton beam therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;74:831-836
  721. Sugahara S, Nakayama H, Fukuda K, Mizumoto M, Tokita M, Abei M, et al. Proton-beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Strahlenther Onkol 2009;185:782-788
  722. Nakayama H, Sugahara S, Tokita M, Fukuda K, Mizumoto M, Abei M, et al. Proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: the University of Tsukuba experience. Cancer 2009;115:5499-5506
  723. Komatsu S, Fukumoto T, Demizu Y, Miyawaki D, Terashima K, Sasaki R, et al. Clinical results and risk factors of proton and carbon ion therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2011;117:4890-4904
  724. Bush DA, Kayali Z, Grove R, Slater JD. The safety and efficacy of high-dose proton beam radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 2 prospective trial. Cancer 2011;117:3053-3059
  725. Kim TH, Park JW, Kim YJ, Kim BH, Woo SM, Moon SH, et al. Phase I dose-escalation study of proton beam therapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res Treat 2015;47:34-45
  726. Hong TS, Wo JY, Yeap BY, Ben-Josef E, McDonnell EI, Blasz-kowsky LS, et al. Multi-institutional phase II study of high-dose hypofractionated proton beam therapy in patients with localized, unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:460-468
  727. Bush DA, Smith JC, Slater JD, Volk ML, Reeves ME, Cheng J, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing proton beam radiation therapy with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: results of an interim analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016;95:477-482
  728. Kasuya G, Kato H, Yasuda S, Tsuji H, Yamada S, Haruyama Y, et al. Progressive hypofractionated carbon-ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: combined analyses of 2 prospective trials. Cancer 2017;123:3955-3965
  729. Fukuda K, Okumura T, Abei M, Fukumitsu N, Ishige K, Mizumoto M, et al. Long-term outcomes of proton beam therapy in patients with previously untreated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2017;108:497-503
  730. Feng M, Suresh K, Schipper MJ, Bazzi L, Ben-Josef E, Matuszak MM, et al. Individualized adaptive stereotactic body radiotherapy for liver tumors in patients at high risk for liver damage: a phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:40-47
  731. Kim JW, Kim DY, Han KH, Seong J. Phase I/II trial of helical IMRT-based stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2019;51:445-451
  732. Jang WI, Bae SH, Kim MS, Han CJ, Park SC, Kim SB, et al. A phase 2 multicenter study of stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: safety and efficacy. Cancer 2020;126:363-372
  733. Durand-Labrunie J, Baumann AS, Ayav A, Laurent V, Boleslawski E, Cattan S, et al. Curative irradiation treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter phase 2 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020;107:116-125
  734. Beaton L, Dunne EM, Yeung R, Rackley T, Weber B, Mar C, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for large unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas - a single institution phase II study. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2020;32:423-432
  735. Yoon SM, Kim SY, Lim YS, Kim KM, Shim JH, Lee D, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for small (≤5 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma not amenable to curative treatment: results of a single-arm, phase II clinical trial. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020;26:506-515
  736. Kimura T, Takeda A, Sanuki N, Ariyoshi K, Yamaguchi T, Imagumbai T, et al. Multicenter prospective study of stereotactic body radiotherapy for previously untreated solitary primary hepatocellular carcinoma: the STRSPH study. Hepatol Res 2021;51:461-471
  737. Brunner TB, Bettinger D, Schultheiss M, Maruschke L, Sturm L, Bartl N, et al. Efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma not suitable for transarterial chemoembolization (HERACLES: HEpatocellular Carcinoma Stereotactic RAdiotherapy CLinical Efficacy Study). Front Oncol 2021;11:653141
  738. Kim TH, Park JW, Kim BH, Oh ES, Youn SH, Moon SH, et al. Phase II study of hypofractionated proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020;10:542
  739. Parzen JS, Hartsell W, Chang J, Apisarnthanarax S, Molitoris J, Durci M, et al. Hypofractionated proton beam radiotherapy in patients with unresectable liver tumors: multi-institutional prospective results from the Proton Collaborative Group. Radiat Oncol 2020;15:255
  740. Iwata H, Ogino H, Hattori Y, Nakajima K, Nomura K, Hashimoto S, et al. A phase 2 study of image-guided proton therapy for operable or ablation-treatable primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021;111:117-126
  741. Huo YR, Eslick GD. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization plus radiotherapy compared with chemoembolization alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2015;1:756-765
  742. Hsu HC, Chen TY, Chiu KW, Huang EY, Leung SW, Huang YJ, et al. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for the treatment of arteriovenous shunting in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Radiol 2007;80:38-42
  743. Oh D, Lim DH, Park HC, Paik SW, Koh KC, Lee JH, et al. Early three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after incomplete transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: a prospective evaluation of efficacy and toxicity. Am J Clin Oncol 2010;33:370-375
  744. Choi C, Koom WS, Kim TH, Yoon SM, Kim JH, Lee HS, et al. A prospective phase 2 multicenter study for the efficacy of radiation therapy following incomplete transarterial chemoembolization in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014;90:1051-1060
  745. Jacob R, Turley F, Redden DT, Saddekni S, Aal AK, Keene K, et al. Adjuvant stereotactic body radiotherapy following transarterial chemoembolization in patients with nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma tumours of ≥ 3 cm. HPB (Oxford) 2015;17:140-149
  746. Yu JI, Park HC, Lim DH, Kim CJ, Oh D, Yoo BC, et al. Scheduled interval trans-catheter arterial chemoembolization followed by radiation therapy in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27:736-743
  747. Yamada K, Izaki K, Sugimoto K, Mayahara H, Morita Y, Yoden E, et al. Prospective trial of combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for portal vein tumor thrombus in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;57:113-119
  748. Kim DY, Park W, Lim DH, Lee JH, Yoo BC, Paik SW, et al. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for portal vein thrombosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2005;103:2419-2246
  749. Han KH, Seong J, Kim JK, Ahn SH, Lee DY, Chon CY. Pilot clinical trial of localized concurrent chemoradiation therapy for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis. Cancer 2008;113:995-1003
  750. Shirai S, Sato M, Suwa K, Kishi K, Shimono C, Sonomura T, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of single photon emission computed tomography-based three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma 8 cm or more with portal vein tumor thrombus in combination with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:1037-1044
  751. Koo JE, Kim JH, Lim YS, Park SJ, Won HJ, Sung KB, et al. Combination of transarterial chemoembolization and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;78:180-187
  752. Yu JI, Park HC, Lim DH, Park W, Yoo BC, Paik SW, et al. Prognostic index for portal vein tumor thrombosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with radiation therapy. J Korean Med Sci 2011;26:1014-1022
  753. Chuma M, Taguchi H, Yamamoto Y, Shimizu S, Nakanishi M, Ogawa K, et al. Efficacy of therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil and subcutaneous interferon with image-guided radiation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;26:1123-1132
  754. Yoon SM, Lim YS, Won HJ, Kim JH, Kim KM, Lee HC, et al. Radiotherapy plus transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma invading the portal vein: long-term patient outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;82:2004-2011
  755. Hou JZ, Zeng ZC, Zhang JY, Fan J, Zhou J, Zeng MS. Influence of tumor thrombus location on the outcome of external-beam radiation therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with macrovascular invasion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;84:362-368
  756. Park MS, Kim SU, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Han KH, et al. Combination treatment of localized concurrent chemoradiation therapy and transarterial chemoembolization in locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with intrahepatic metastasis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013;71:165-173
  757. Tanaka Y, Nakazawa T, Komori S, Hidaka H, Okuwaki Y, Takada J, et al. Radiotherapy for patients with unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with invasion to intrahepatic large vessels: efficacy and outcomes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:352-357
  758. Lee SU, Park JW, Kim TH, Kim YJ, Woo SM, Koh YH, et al. Effectiveness and safety of proton beam therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Strahlenther Onkol 2014;190:806-814
  759. Kim DY, Park JW, Kim TH, Kim BH, Moon SH, Kim SS, et al. Risk-adapted simultaneous integrated boost-proton beam therapy (SIB-PBT) for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with tumour vascular thrombosis. Radiother Oncol 2017;122:122-129
  760. Dutta D, Tatineni T, Yarlagadda S, Gupte A, Reddy SK, Madhavan R, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein thrombosis treated with robotic radiosurgery: interim results of a prospective study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2021;40:389-401
  761. Kodama K, Kawaoka T, Aikata H, Uchikawa S, Nishida Y, Inagaki Y, et al. Comparison of outcome of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients with major portal vein tumor thrombosis. Oncology 2018;94:215-222
  762. Kosaka Y, Kimura T, Kawaoka T, Ogawa Y, Amioka K, Naruto K, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with radiation therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombosis of the main trunk or bilobar of the portal vein. Liver Cancer 2021;10:151-160
  763. Lou J, Li Y, Liang K, Guo Y, Song C, Chen L, et al. Hypofractionated radiotherapy as a salvage treatment for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava/right atrium tumor thrombus: a multi-center analysis. BMC Cancer 2019;19:668
  764. Rim CH, Jeong BK, Kim TH, Kim JH, Kang HC, Seong J. Effectiveness and feasibility of external beam radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava and/or right atrium involvement: a multicenter trial in Korea (KROG 17-10). Int J Radiat Biol 2020;96:759-766
  765. Rim CH, Kim CY, Yang DS, Yoon WS. External beam radiation therapy to hepatocellular carcinoma involving inferior vena cava and/or right atrium: a meta-analysis and systemic review. Radiother Oncol 2018;129:123-129
  766. Kim BK, Kim DY, Byun HK, Choi HJ, Beom SH, Lee HW, et al. Efficacy and safety of liver-directed concurrent chemoradiotherapy and sequential sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective phase 2 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020;107:106-115
  767. Im JH, Yoon SM, Park HC, Kim JH, Yu JI, Kim TH, et al. Radiotherapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombosis in a hepatitis B endemic area. Liver Int 2017;37:90-100
  768. Zhao Q, Zhu K, Yue J, Qi Z, Jiang S, Xu X, et al. Comparison of intra-arterial chemoembolization with and without radiotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016;13:21-31
  769. Li MF, Leung HW, Chan AL, Wang SY. Network metaanalysis of treatment regimens for inoperable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018;14:1157-1168
  770. Nakazawa T, Hidaka H, Shibuya A, Okuwaki Y, Tanaka Y, Takada J, et al. Overall survival in response to sorafenib versus radiotherapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: propensity score analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2014;14:84
  771. Cho YY, Yu SJ, Lee HW, Kim DY, Kang W, Paik YH, et al. Clinical characteristics of long-term survivors after sorafenib treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a Korean national multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021;8:613-623
  772. Chu SS, Kuo YH, Liu WS, Wang SC, Ho CH, Chen YC, et al. Effect of radiotherapy on survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with sorafenib: a nationwide cancer-registry-based study. Sci Rep 2021;11:1614
  773. Chang WI, Kim BH, Kim YJ, Yoon JH, Jung YJ, Chie EK. Role of radiotherapy in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;37:387-394
  774. Yu JI, Lee SJ, Lee J, Lim HY, Paik SW, Yoo GS, et al. Clinical significance of radiotherapy before and/or during nivolumab treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2019;8:6986-6994
  775. Zhong L, Wu D, Peng W, Sheng H, Xiao Y, Zhang X, et al. Safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with palliative radiotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021;11:686621
  776. Chu HH, Kim JH, Shim JH, Yoon SM, Kim PH, Alrashidi I. Chemoembolization plus radiotherapy versus chemoembolization plus sorafenib for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma invading the portal vein: a propensity score matching analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:1116
  777. Lee HS, Choi GH, Choi JS, Kim KS, Han KH, Seong J, et al. Surgical resection after down-staging of locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma by localized concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:3646-3653
  778. Hamaoka M, Kobayashi T, Kuroda S, Iwako H, Okimoto S, Kimura T, et al. Hepatectomy after down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus using chemoradiotherapy: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2017;44:223-228
  779. Chong JU, Choi GH, Han DH, Kim KS, Seong J, Han KH, et al. Downstaging with localized concurrent chemoradiotherapy can identify optimal surgical candidates in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Ann Surg Oncol 2018;25:3308-3315
  780. Han DH, Joo DJ, Kim MS, Choi GH, Choi JS, Park YN, et al. Living donor liver transplantation for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis after concurrent chemoradiation therapy. Yonsei Med J 2016;57:1276-1281
  781. Choi JY, Yu JI, Park HC, Kwon CHD, Kim JM, Joh JW, et al. The possibility of radiotherapy as downstaging to living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Liver Transpl 2017;23:545-551
  782. Wei X, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Feng S, Zhou B, Ye X, et al. Neoadjuvant three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a randomized, open-label, multicenter controlled study. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:2141-2151
  783. Katz AW, Chawla S, Qu Z, Kashyap R, Milano MT, Hezel AF. Stereotactic hypofractionated radiation therapy as a bridge to transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical outcome and pathologic correlation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83:895-900
  784. Mannina EM, Cardenes HR, Lasley FD, Goodman B, Zook J, Althouse S, et al. Role of stereotactic body radiation therapy before orthotopic liver transplantation: retrospective evaluation of pathologic response and outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017;97:931-938
  785. Wong TC, Lee VH, Law AL, Pang HH, Lam KO, Lau V, et al. Prospective study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma on waitlist for liver transplant. Hepatology 2021;74:2580-2594
  786. Park W, Lim DH, Paik SW, Koh KC, Choi MS, Park CK, et al. Local radiotherapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;61:1143-1150
  787. Kim TH, Kim DY, Park JW, Kim YI, Kim SH, Park HS, et al. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients for whom transcatheter arterial chemoembolization was ineffective or unsuitable. Am J Clin Oncol 2006;29:568-575
  788. Huang WY, Jen YM, Lee MS, Chang LP, Chen CM, Ko KH, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;84:355-361
  789. Seong J, Park HC, Han KH, Lee DY, Lee JT, Chon CY, et al. Local radiotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients who failed with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47:1331-1335
  790. Bae SH, Park HC, Lim DH, Lee JA, Gwak GY, Choi MS, et al. Salvage treatment with hypofractionated radiotherapy in patients with recurrent small hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;82:e603-e607
  791. Cha H, Park HC, Yu JI, Kim TH, Nam TK, Yoon SM, et al. Clinical practice patterns of radiotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a Korean radiation oncology group study (KROG 14-07). Cancer Res Treat 2017;49:61-69
  792. Soliman H, Ringash J, Jiang H, Singh K, Kim J, Dinniwell R, et al. Phase II trial of palliative radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3980-3986
  793. Yeung CSY, Chiang CL, Wong NSM, Ha SK, Tsang KS, Ho CHM, et al. Palliative liver radiotherapy (RT) for symptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sci Rep 2020;10:1254
  794. Cheng SH, Lin YM, Chuang VP, Yang PS, Cheng JC, Huang AT, et al. A pilot study of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;14:1025-1033
  795. Huang JF, Wang LY, Lin ZY, Chen SC, Hsieh MY, Chuang WL, et al. Incidence and clinical outcome of icteric type hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17:190-195
  796. Yoon SM, Kim JH, Choi EK, Ahn SD, Lee SW, Yi BY, et al. Radioresponse of hepatocellular carcinoma-treatment of lymph node metastasis. Cancer Res Treat 2004;36:79-84
  797. Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Fan J, Qin LX, Ye SL, Zhou J, et al. Consideration of role of radiotherapy for lymph node metastases in patients with HCC: retrospective analysis for prognostic factors from 125 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;63:1067-1076
  798. Park YJ, Lim DH, Paik SW, Koh KC, Lee JH, Choi MS, et al. Radiation therapy for abdominal lymph node metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2006;41:1099-1106
  799. Yamashita H, Nakagawa K, Shiraishi K, Tago M, Igaki H, Nakamura N, et al. Radiotherapy for lymph node metastases in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: retrospective study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;22:523-527
  800. Jang JW, Kay CS, You CR, Kim CW, Bae SH, Choi JY, et al. Simultaneous multitarget irradiation using helical tomotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple extrahepatic metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;74:412-418
  801. Yeung R, Hamm J, Liu M, Schellenberg D. Institutional analysis of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for oligometastatic lymph node metastases. Radiat Oncol 2017;12:105
  802. Kim Y, Park HC, Yoon SM, Kim TH, Lee J, Choi J, et al. Prognostic group stratification and nomogram for predicting overall survival in patients who received radiotherapy for abdominal lymph node metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-institutional retrospective study (KROG 15-02). Oncotarget 2017;8:94450-94461
  803. Jung J, Yoon SM, Park HC, Nam TK, Seong J, Chie EK, et al. Radiotherapy for adrenal metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-institutional retrospective study (KROG 13-05). PLoS One 2016;11:e0152642
  804. Jiang W, Zeng ZC, Zhang JY, Fan J, Zeng MS, Zhou J. Palliative radiation therapy for pulmonary metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012;29:197-205
  805. Seong J, Koom WS, Park HC. Radiotherapy for painful bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2005;25:261-265
  806. He J, Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Fan J, Zhou J, Zeng MS, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in patients with bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma receiving external beam radiotherapy. Cancer 2009;115:2710-2720
  807. Sakaguchi M, Maebayashi T, Aizawa T, Ishibashi N, Fukushima S, Saito T. Radiation therapy and palliative care prolongs the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with bone metastases. Intern Med 2016;55:1077-1083
  808. Jung IH, Yoon SM, Kwak J, Park JH, Song SY, Lee SW, et al. High-dose radiotherapy is associated with better local control of bone metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017;8:15182-15192
  809. Kim TH, Park S, Rim CH, Choi C, Seong J. Improved oncologic outcomes by ablative radiotherapy in patients with bone metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021;147:2693-2700
  810. Rades D, Dahlke M, Janssen S, Gebauer N, Bartscht T. Radiation therapy for metastatic spinal cord compression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In Vivo 2015;29:749-752
  811. Choi HJ, Cho BC, Sohn JH, Shin SJ, Kim SH, Kim JH, et al. Brain metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic factors and outcome: brain metastasis from HCC. J Neurooncol 2009;91:307-313
  812. Kim K, Kim TH, Kim TH, Seong J. Efficacy of local therapy for oligometastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matched analysis. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021;8:35-44
  813. Yoo C, Kim JH, Ryu MH, Park SR, Lee D, Kim KM, et al. Clinical outcomes with multikinase inhibitors after progression on first-line atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multinational multicenter retrospective study. Liver Cancer 2021;10:107-114
  814. Kim N, Kim HJ, Won JY, Kim DY, Han KH, Jung I, et al. Retrospective analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy efficacy over radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2019;131:81-87
  815. Hara K, Takeda A, Tsurugai Y, Saigusa Y, Sanuki N, Eriguchi T, et al. Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma results in comparable survival to radiofrequency ablation: a propensity score analysis. Hepatology 2019;69:2533-2545
  816. Kim N, Cheng J, Jung I, Liang J, Shih YL, Huang WY, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy vs. radiofrequency ablation in Asian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2020;73:121-129
  817. Ueno M, Takabatake H, Itasaka S, Kayahara T, Morimoto Y, Yamamoto H, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy versus radiofrequency ablation for single small hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity-score matching analysis of their impact on liver function and clinical outcomes. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021;12:2334-2344
  818. Jeong Y, Lee KJ, Lee SJ, Shin YM, Kim MJ, Lim YS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus stereotactic body radiation therapy for small (≤ 3 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective comparison analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;36:1962-1970
  819. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, Blanc JF, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2008;359:378-390
  820. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, Tsao CJ, Qin S, Kim JS, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:25-34
  821. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Lin DY, Park JW, Kudo M, Qin S, et al. Sunitinib versus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular cancer: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:4067-4075
  822. Johnson PJ, Qin S, Park JW, Poon RT, Raoul JL, Philip PA, et al. Brivanib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy in patients with unresectable, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results from the randomized phase III BRISK-FL study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3517-3524
  823. Cainap C, Qin S, Huang WT, Chung IJ, Pan H, Cheng Y, et al. Linifanib versus sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:172-179
  824. Zhu AX, Rosmorduc O, Evans TR, Ross PJ, Santoro A, Carrilho FJ, et al. SEARCH: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sorafenib plus erlotinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:559-566
  825. Kudo M, Finn RS, Qin S, Han KH, Ikeda K, Piscaglia F, et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018;391:1163-1173
  826. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle PR, Ducreux M, Kim TY, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1894-1905
  827. Yau T, Park JW, Finn RS, Cheng AL, Mathurin P, Edeline J, et al. Nivolumab versus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 459): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2022;23:77-90
  828. Furuse J, Ishii H, Nakachi K, Suzuki E, Shimizu S, Nakajima K. Phase I study of sorafenib in Japanese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2008;99:159-165
  829. Shim JH, Park JW, Choi JI, Park BJ, Kim CM. Practical efficacy of sorafenib monotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients in a hepatitis B virus-endemic area. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009;135:617-625
  830. Kim JE, Ryoo BY, Ryu MH, Chang HM, Suh DJ, Lee HC, et al. Sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma according to Child-Pugh class of liver function. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011;68:1285-1290
  831. Hollebecque A, Cattan S, Romano O, Sergent G, Mourad A, Louvet A, et al. Safety and efficacy of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma: the impact of the Child-Pugh score. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:1193-1201
  832. Chiu J, Tang YF, Yao TJ, Wong A, Wong H, Leung R, et al. The use of single-agent sorafenib in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients with underlying Child-Pugh B liver cirrhosis: a retrospective analysis of efficacy, safety, and survival benefits. Cancer 2012;118:5293-5301
  833. Pressiani T, Boni C, Rimassa L, Labianca R, Fagiuoli S, Salvagni S, et al. Sorafenib in patients with Child-Pugh class A and B advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective feasibility analysis. Ann Oncol 2013;24:406-411
  834. Ogasawara S, Chiba T, Ooka Y, Kanogawa N, Saito T, Motoyama T, et al. Sorafenib treatment in Child-Pugh A and B patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: safety, efficacy and prognostic factors. Invest New Drugs 2015;33:729-739
  835. Suzuki E, Kaneko S, Okusaka T, Ikeda M, Yamaguchi K, Sugimoto R, et al. A multicenter phase II study of sorafenib in Japanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and Child Pugh A and B class. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2018;48:317-321
  836. Kim HY, Park JW, Joo J, Kim H, Woo SM, Lee WJ, et al. Worse outcome of sorafenib therapy associated with ascites and Child-Pugh score in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;28:1756-1761
  837. Marrero JA, Kudo M, Venook AP, Ye SL, Bronowicki JP, Chen XP, et al. Observational registry of sorafenib use in clinical practice across Child-Pugh subgroups: the GIDEON study. J Hepatol 2016;65:1140-1147
  838. Brose MS, Frenette CT, Keefe SM, Stein SM. Management of sorafenib-related adverse events: a clinician's perspective. Semin Oncol 2014;41 Suppl 2:S1-S16
  839. Granito A, Marinelli S, Negrini G, Menetti S, Benevento F, Bolondi L. Prognostic significance of adverse events in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016;9:240-249
  840. Ren Z, Zhu K, Kang H, Lu M, Qu Z, Lu L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the prophylactic effect of urea-based cream on sorafenib-associated hand-foot skin reactions in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:894-900
  841. Lee YS, Jung YK, Kim JH, Cho SB, Kim DY, Kim MY, et al. Effect of urea cream on sorafenib-associated hand-foot skin reaction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter, randomised, double-blind controlled study. Eur J Cancer 2020;140:19-27
  842. Evans TRJ, Kudo M, Finn RS, Han KH, Cheng AL, Ikeda M, et al. Urine protein:creatinine ratio vs 24-hour urine protein for proteinuria management: analysis from the phase 3 REFLECT study of lenvatinib vs sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2019;121:218-221
  843. Cho JY, Kwon SH, Lee EK, Lee JH, Kim HL. Costeffectiveness of adjuvant immunotherapy with cytok-ineinduced killer cell for hepatocellular carcinoma based on a randomized controlled trial and real-world data. Front Oncol 2021;11:728740
  844. Jannin A, Penel N, Ladsous M, Vantyghem MC, Do Cao C. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced thyroid disorders. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019;141:23-35
  845. Shimose S, Iwamoto H, Niizeki T, Shirono T, Noda Y, Kamachi N, et al. Clinical significance of adverse events for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with lenvatinib: a multicenter retrospective study. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:1867
  846. Sasaki R, Fukushima M, Haraguchi M, Miuma S, Miyaaki H, Hidaka M, et al. Response to lenvatinib is associated with optimal relativedose intensity in hepatocellular carcinoma: experience in clinical settings. Cancers (Basel) 2019;11:1769
  847. Ohki T, Sato K, Kondo M, Goto E, Sato T, Kondo Y, et al. Impact of adverse events on the progression-free survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with lenvatinib: a multicenter retrospective study. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2020;7:141-149
  848. Maruta S, Ogasawara S, Ooka Y, Obu M, Inoue M, Itokawa N, et al. Potential of lenvatinib for an expanded indication from the REFLECT trial in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2020;9:382-396
  849. Sho T, Suda G, Ogawa K, Shigesawa T, Suzuki K, Nakamura A, et al. Lenvatinib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma who do not meet the REFLECT trial eligibility criteria. Hepatol Res 2020;50:966-977
  850. Goh MJ, Oh JH, Park Y, Kim J, Kang W, Sinn DH, et al. Efficacy and safety of lenvatinib therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in a real-world practice in Korea. Liver Cancer 2021;10:52-62
  851. Sho T, Suda G, Ogawa K, Kimura M, Shimazaki T, Maehara O, et al. Early response and safety of lenvatinib for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in a real-world setting. JGH Open 2020;4:54-60
  852. Cheon J, Chon HJ, Bang Y, Park NH, Shin JW, Kim KM, et al. Real-world efficacy and safety of lenvatinib in Korean patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Liver Cancer 2020;9:613-624
  853. Ogushi K, Chuma M, Uojima H, Hidaka H, Numata K, Kobayashi S, et al. Safety and efficacy of lenvatinib treatment in Child-Pugh A and B patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical practice: a multicenter analysis. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2020;13:385-396
  854. Sho T, Suda G, Ogawa K, Kimura M, Kubo A, Tokuchi Y, et al. Early response and safety of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in patients who do not meet IMbrave150 eligibility criteria. Hepatol Res 2021;51:979-989
  855. Hayakawa Y, Tsuchiya K, Kurosaki M, Yasui Y, Kaneko S, Tanaka Y, et al. Early experience of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy in Japanese patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in real-world practice. Invest New Drugs 2022;40:392-402
  856. Kelley RK, Sangro B, Harris W, Ikeda M, Okusaka T, Kang YK, et al. Safety, efficacy, and pharmacodynamics of tremelimumab plus durvalumab for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: randomized expansion of a phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:2991-3001
  857. Abou-Alfa GK, Chan SL, Kudo M, Lau G, Kelley RK, Furuse J, et al. Phase 3 randomized, open-label, multicenter study of tremelimumab (T) and durvalumab (D) as first-line therapy in patients (pts) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC): HIMALAYA. J Clin Oncol 2022;4_suppl:379
  858. Qin S, Bi F, Gu S, Bai Y, Chen Z, Wang Z, et al. Donafenib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, openlabel, parallel-controlled phase II-III trial. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:3002-3011
  859. Kelley RK, Yau T, Cheng AL, Kaseb A, Qin S, Zhu AX, et al. VP10-2021: cabozantinib (C) plus atezolizumab (A) versus sorafenib (S) as first-line systemic treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC): results from the randomized phase III COSMIC-312 trial. Ann Oncol 2022;33:114-116
  860. Cheng AL, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle PR, Ducreux M, Kim TY, et al. Updated efficacy and safety data from IMbrave150: atezolizumab plus bevacizumab vs. sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2022;76:862-873
  861. d'Izarny-Gargas T, Durrbach A, Zaidan M. Efficacy and tolerance of immune checkpoint inhibitors in transplant patients with cancer: a systematic review. Am J Transplant 2020;20:2457-2465
  862. Pinter M, Scheiner B, Peck-Radosavljevic M. Immunotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a focus on special subgroups. Gut 2021;70:204-214
  863. Rimassa L, Personeni N, Czauderna C, Foerster F, Galle P. Systemic treatment of HCC in special populations. J Hepatol 2021;74:931-943
  864. Pfister D, Nunez NG, Pinyol R, Govaere O, Pinter M, Szydlowska M, et al. NASH limits anti-tumour surveillance in immunotherapy-treated HCC. Nature 2021;592:450-456
  865. Finn RS, Ryoo BY, Merle P, Kudo M, Bouattour M, Lim HY, et al. Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in KEYNOTE-240: a randomized, double-blind, phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:193-202
  866. Jackson R, Psarelli EE, Berhane S, Khan H, Johnson P. Impact of viral status on survival in patients receiving sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized phase III trials. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:622-628
  867. Reig M, Rimola J, Torres F, Darnell A, Rodriguez-Lope C, Forner A, et al. Postprogression survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: rationale for secondline trial design. Hepatology 2013;58:2023-2031
  868. Lencioni R, Kudo M, Ye SL, Bronowicki JP, Chen XP, Dagher L, et al. GIDEON (Global Investigation of therapeutic DEcisions in hepatocellular carcinoma and Of its treatment with sorafeNib): second interim analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2014;68:609-617
  869. Llovet JM, Decaens T, Raoul JL, Boucher E, Kudo M, Chang C, et al. Brivanib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who were intolerant to sorafenib or for whom sorafenib failed: results from the randomized phase III BRISK-PS study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3509-3516
  870. Zhu AX, Kudo M, Assenat E, Cattan S, Kang YK, Lim HY, et al. Effect of everolimus on survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after failure of sorafenib: the EVOLVE-1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;312:57-67
  871. Zhu AX, Park JO, Ryoo BY, Yen CJ, Poon R, Pastorelli D, et al. Ramucirumab versus placebo as second-line treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma following first-line therapy with sorafenib (REACH): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:859-870
  872. Rimassa L, Assenat E, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Pracht M, Zagonel V, Mathurin P, et al. Tivantinib for second-line treatment of MET-high, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (METIV-HCC): a final analysis of a phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Oncol 2018;19:682-693
  873. Bruix J, Qin S, Merle P, Granito A, Huang YH, Bodoky G, et al. Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2017;389:56-66
  874. Abou-Alfa GK, Meyer T, Cheng AL, El-Khoueiry AB, Rimassa L, Ryoo BY, et al. Cabozantinib in patients with advanced and progressing hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2018;379:54-63
  875. Qin S, Chen Z, Fang W, Ren Z, Xu R, Ryoo BY, et al. Pembrolizumab plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care as second-line therapy in patients in Asia with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): phase 3 KEY-NOTE-394 study. J Clin Oncol 2022;4_suppl:383
  876. Zhu AX, Kang YK, Yen CJ, Finn RS, Galle PR, Llovet JM, et al. Ramucirumab after sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and increased α-fetoprotein concentrations (REACH-2): a randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2019;20:282-296
  877. Sonbol MB, Riaz IB, Naqvi SAA, Almquist DR, Mina S, Almasri J, et al. Systemic therapy and sequencing options in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:e204930
  878. Lim H, Ramjeesingh R, Liu D, Tam VC, Knox JJ, Card PB, et al. Optimizing survival and the changing landscape of targeted therapy for intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021;113:123-136
  879. Wilhelm SM, Dumas J, Adnane L, Lynch M, Carter CA, Schutz G, et al. Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506): a new oral multikinase inhibitor of angiogenic, stromal and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases with potent preclinical antitumor activity. Int J Cancer 2011;129:245-255
  880. Abou-Elkacem L, Arns S, Brix G, Gremse F, Zopf D, Kiessling F, et al. Regorafenib inhibits growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in a highly aggressive, orthotopic colon cancer model. Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12:1322-1331
  881. Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, Wilkie D, McNabola A, Rong H, et al. BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2004;64:7099-7109
  882. El-Khoueiry AB, Sangro B, Yau T, Crocenzi TS, Kudo M, Hsu C, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial. Lancet 2017;389:2492-2502
  883. Kudo M, Matilla A, Santoro A, Melero I, Gracian AC, Acosta-Rivera M, et al. CheckMate 040 cohort 5: a phase I/II study of nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and Child-Pugh B cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2021;75:600-609
  884. Yau T, Kang YK, Kim TY, El-Khoueiry AB, Santoro A, Sangro B, et al. Efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib: the CheckMate 040 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:e204564
  885. Qin S, Li Q, Gu S, Chen X, Lin L, Wang Z, et al. Apatinib as second-line or later therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (AHELP): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;6:559-568
  886. Qin S, Ren Z, Meng Z, Chen Z, Chai X, Xiong J, et al. Camrelizumab in patients with previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:571-580
  887. Lee CH, Lee YB, Kim MA, Jang H, Oh H, Kim SW, et al. Effectiveness of nivolumab versus regorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma patients who failed sorafenib treatment. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020;26:328-339
  888. Choi WM, Choi J, Lee D, Shim JH, Lim YS, Lee HC, et al. Regorafenib versus nivolumab after sorafenib failure: real-world data in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2020;4:1073-1086
  889. Alsina A, Kudo M, Vogel A, Cheng AL, Tak WY, Ryoo BY, et al. Effects of subsequent systemic anticancer medication following first-line lenvatinib: a post hoc responder analysis from the phase 3 REFLECT study in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2020;9:93-104
  890. Ando Y, Kawaoka T, Suehiro Y, Yamaoka K, Kosaka Y, Uchikawa S, et al. Analysis of post-progression survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with lenvatinib. Oncology 2020;98:787-797
  891. Koroki K, Kanogawa N, Maruta S, Ogasawara S, Iino Y, Obu M, et al. Posttreatment after lenvatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2021;10:473-484
  892. Hiraoka A, Kumada T, Tada T, Ogawa C, Tani J, Fukunishi S, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of ramucirumab after lenvatinib for post-progression treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2020;9:133-138
  893. Brandi G, de Rosa F, Agostini V, di Girolamo S, Andreone P, Bolondi L, et al. Metronomic capecitabine in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a phase II study. Oncologist 2013;18:1256-1257
  894. Mir O, Coriat R, Boudou-Rouquette P, Ropert S, Durand JP, Cessot A, et al. Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin as secondline treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma pretreated with sorafenib. Med Oncol 2012;29:2793-2799
  895. Lee JE, Bae SH, Choi JY, Yoon SK, You YK, Lee MA. Epirubicin, cisplatin, 5-FU combination chemotherapy in sorafenib-refractory metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:235-241
  896. Thomas MB. Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer J 2008;14:123-127
  897. Petrelli F, Coinu A, Borgonovo K, Cabiddu M, Ghilardi M, Lonati V, et al. Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy: a new option in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. A systematic review and pooled analysis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2014;26:488-496
  898. Qin S, Bai Y, Lim HY, Thongprasert S, Chao Y, Fan J, et al. Randomized, multicenter, open-label study of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin versus doxorubicin as palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from Asia. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3501-3508
  899. Patrikidou A, Sinapi I, Regnault H, Fayard F, Bouattour M, Fartoux L, et al. Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after failure of antiangiogenic therapies. Invest New Drugs 2014;32:1028-1035
  900. Lim TY, Cheong JY, Cho SW, Sim SJ, Kim JS, Choi SJ, et al. Effect of low dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin intraarterial infusion chemotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with decompensated cirrhosis. Korean J Hepatol 2006;12:65-73
  901. Woo HY, Bae SH, Park JY, Han KH, Chun HJ, Choi BG, et al. A randomized comparative study of high-dose and low-dose hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for intractable, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010;65:373-382
  902. Hamada A, Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Takaki H, Akeboshi M, Takeda K. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with use of an implanted port system in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:835-841
  903. Ueshima K, Kudo M, Takita M, Nagai T, Tatsumi C, Ueda T, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy using low-dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 2010;78 Suppl 1:148-153
  904. Kudo M, Izumi N, Sakamoto M, Matsuyama Y, Ichida T, Nakashima O, et al. Survival analysis over 28 years of 173,378 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Liver Cancer 2016;5:190-197
  905. Kawaoka T, Aikata H, Hyogo H, Morio R, Morio K, Hatooka M, et al. Comparison of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus sorafenib monotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Dig Dis 2015;16:505-512
  906. Terashima T, Yamashita T, Arai K, Kawaguchi K, Kitamura K, Yamashita T, et al. Beneficial effect of maintaining hepatic reserve during chemotherapy on the outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2017;6:236-249
  907. Terashima T, Yamashita T, Arai K, Sunagozaka H, Kitahara M, Nakagawa H, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after sorafenib. Hepatol Res 2014;44:1179-1185
  908. Jeong SW, Jang JY, Lee JE, Lee SH, Kim SG, Cha SW, et al. The efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy as an alternative to sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2012;8:164-171
  909. Song DS, Song MJ, Bae SH, Chung WJ, Jang JY, Kim YS, et al. A comparative study between sorafenib and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. J Gastroenterol 2015;50:445-454
  910. Fukubayashi K, Tanaka M, Izumi K, Watanabe T, Fujie S, Kawasaki T, et al. Evaluation of sorafenib treatment and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparative study using the propensity score matching method. Cancer Med 2015;4:1214-1223
  911. Choi JH, Chung WJ, Bae SH, Song DS, Song MJ, Kim YS, et al. Randomized, prospective, comparative study on the effects and safety of sorafenib vs. hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018;82:469-478
  912. Lyu N, Wang X, Li JB, Lai JF, Chen QF, Li SL, et al. Arterial chemotherapy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil versus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a biomolecular exploratory, randomized, phase III trial (FOHAIC-1). J Clin Oncol 2022;40:468-480
  913. Lee J, Han JW, Sung PS, Lee SK, Yang H, Nam HC, et al. Comparative analysis of lenvatinib and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-center, propensity score study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4045
  914. Ikeda M, Shimizu S, Sato T, Morimoto M, Kojima Y, Inaba Y, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin versus sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: randomized phase II trial. Ann Oncol 2016;27:2090-2096
  915. Kudo M, Ueshima K, Yokosuka O, Ogasawara S, Obi S, Izumi N, et al. Sorafenib plus low-dose cisplatin and fluorouracil hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus sorafenib alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (SILIUS): a randomised, open label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;3:424-432
  916. Kondo M, Morimoto M, Kobayashi S, Ohkawa S, Hidaka H, Nakazawa T, et al. Randomized, phase II trial of sequential hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and sorafenib versus sorafenib alone as initial therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: SCOOP-2 trial. BMC Cancer 2019;19:954
  917. He M, Li Q, Zou R, Shen J, Fang W, Tan G, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin vs sorafenib alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2019;5:953-960
  918. Zheng K, Zhu X, Fu S, Cao G, Li WQ, Xu L, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: a randomized trial. Radiology 2022;303:455-464
  919. Chen S, Xu B, Wu Z, Wang P, Yu W, Liu Z, et al. Pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib with or without hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in selected populations of patients with treatment-naive unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma exhibiting PD-L1 staining: a multicenter retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2021;21:1126
  920. He MK, Liang RB, Zhao Y, Xu YJ, Chen HW, Zhou YM, et al. Lenvatinib, toripalimab, plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus lenvatinib alone for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021;13:17588359211002720
  921. Li QJ, He MK, Chen HW, Fang WQ, Zhou YM, Xu L, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin versus transarterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2022;40:150-160
  922. Park JW, Kim YJ, Kim DY, Bae SH, Paik SW, Lee YJ, et al. Sorafenib with or without concurrent transarterial chemoembolization in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: the phase III STAH trial. J Hepatol 2019;70:684-691
  923. Peng Z, Fan W, Zhu B, Wang G, Sun J, Xiao C, et al. Lenvatinib combined with transarterial chemoembolization as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III, randomized clinical trial (LAUNCH). J Clin Oncol 2022 Aug 3 [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.22.00392
  924. Robert C, Ribas A, Hamid O, Daud A, Wolchok JD, Joshua AM, et al. Durable complete response after discontinuation of pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:1668-1674
  925. Jansen YJL, Rozeman EA, Mason R, Goldinger SM, Geukes Foppen MH, Hoejberg L, et al. Discontinuation of anti-PD-1 antibody therapy in the absence of disease progression or treatment limiting toxicity: clinical outcomes in advanced melanoma. Ann Oncol 2019;30:1154-1161
  926. Roayaie S, Blume IN, Thung SN, Guido M, Fiel MI, Hiotis S, et al. A system of classifying microvascular invasion to predict outcome after resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2009;137:850-855
  927. Belghiti J, Panis Y, Farges O, Benhamou JP, Fekete F. Intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma complicating cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1991;214:114-117
  928. Liao M, Zhu Z, Wang H, Huang J. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for patients after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017;52:624-634
  929. Hong Y, Wu LP, Ye F, Zhou YM. Adjuvant intrahepatic injection iodine-131-lipiodol improves prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after resection: a meta-analysis. Indian J Surg 2015;77(Suppl 3):1227-1232
  930. Riaz IB, Riaz H, Riaz T, Rahman S, Amir M, Badshah MB, et al. Role of vitamin K2 in preventing the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Gastroenterol 2012;12:170
  931. Chu KJ, Lai EC, Yao XP, Zhang HW, Lau WY, Fu XH, et al. Vitamin analogues in chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg 2010;33:120-126
  932. Zhong J, Xiang B, Ma L, Li L. Conventional oral systemic chemotherapy for postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Mol Clin Oncol 2014;2:1091-1096
  933. Bruix J, Takayama T, Mazzaferro V, Chau GY, Yang J, Kudo M, et al. Adjuvant sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation (STORM): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:1344-1354
  934. Zhu XD, Li KS, Sun HC. Adjuvant therapies after curative treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and prospects. Genes Dis 2020;7:359-369
  935. Takayama T, Sekine T, Makuuchi M, Yamasaki S, Kosuge T, Yamamoto J, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy to lower postsurgical recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356:802-807
  936. Xu L, Wang J, Kim Y, Shuang ZY, Zhang YJ, Lao XM, et al. A randomized controlled trial on patients with or without adjuvant autologous cytokine-induced killer cells after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2016;5:e1083671
  937. Lee JH, Lee JH, Lim YS, Yeon JE, Song TJ, Yu SJ, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2015;148:1383-1391.e6
  938. Yu X, Zhao H, Liu L, Cao S, Ren B, Zhang N, et al. A randomized phase II study of autologous cytokine-induced killer cells in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Immunol 2014;34:194-203
  939. Hui D, Qiang L, Jian W, Ti Z, Da-Lu K. A randomized, controlled trial of postoperative adjuvant cytokine-induced killer cells immunotherapy after radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2009;41:36-41
  940. Weng DS, Zhou J, Zhou QM, Zhao M, Wang QJ, Huang LX, et al. Minimally invasive treatment combined with cytokine-induced killer cells therapy lower the short-term recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinomas. J Immunother 2008;31:63-71
  941. Lee JH, Lee JH, Lim YS, Yeon JE, Song TJ, Yu SJ, et al. Sustained efficacy of adjuvant immunotherapy with cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma: an extended 5-year follow-up. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019;68:23-32
  942. Yoon JS, Song BG, Lee JH, Lee HY, Kim SW, Chang Y, et al. Adjuvant cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score-matched analysis of real-world data. BMC Cancer 2019;19:523
  943. Wang H, Liu A, Bo W, Feng X, Hu Y, Tian L, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis 2016;48:1275-1282
  944. Yeo W, Lam KC, Zee B, Chan PS, Mo FK, Ho WM, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing systemic chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2004;15:1661-1666
  945. Nagamatsu H, Itano S, Nagaoka S, Akiyoshi J, Matsugaki S, Kurogi J, et al. Prophylactic lamivudine administration prevents exacerbation of liver damage in HBe antigen positive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transhepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2369-2375
  946. Jang JW, Kim YW, Lee SW, Kwon JH, Nam SW, Bae SH, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus in HBsAg-negative patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2015;10:e0122041
  947. Lim S, Han J, Kim GM, Han KH, Choi HJ. Hepatitis B viral load predicts survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with sorafenib. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;30:1024-1031
  948. Lee PC, Chao Y, Chen MH, Lan KH, Lee IC, Hou MC, et al. Risk of HBV reactivation in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2020;8:e001072
  949. Park JW, Park KW, Cho SH, Park HS, Lee WJ, Lee DH, et al. Risk of hepatitis B exacerbation is low after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy for patients with HBV--related hepatocellular carcinoma: report of a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2194-2200
  950. Lao XM, Luo G, Ye LT, Luo C, Shi M, Wang D, et al. Effects of antiviral therapy on hepatitis B virus reactivation and liver function after resection or chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2013;33:595-604
  951. Lao XM, Wang D, Shi M, Liu G, Li S, Guo R, et al. Changes in hepatitis B virus DNA levels and liver function after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2011;41:553-563
  952. Jang JW, Choi JY, Bae SH, Yoon SK, Chang UI, Kim CW, et al. A randomized controlled study of preemptive lamivudine in patients receiving transarterial chemo-lipiodolization. Hepatology 2006;43:233-240
  953. Xu X, Huang P, Tian H, Chen Y, Ge N, Tang W, et al. Role of lamivudine with transarterial chemoembolization in the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:1273-1278
  954. Li X, Zhong X, Chen ZH, Wang TT, Ma XK, Xing YF, et al. Efficacy of prophylactic entecavir for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma receiving transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:8665-8670
  955. Jang JW, Yoo SH, Nam HC, Jang BH, Sung PS, Lee SW, et al. Association of prophylactic anti-hepatitis B virus therapy with improved long-term survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:546-555
  956. Tamori A, Nishiguchi S, Tanaka M, Kurooka H, Fujimoto S, Nakamura K, et al. Lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B virus reactivation in a patient receiving intra-arterial chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2003;26:77-80
  957. Liu S, Lai J, Lyu N, Xie Q, Cao H, Chen D, et al. Effects of antiviral therapy on HBV reactivation and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2020;10:582504
  958. Kubo S, Nishiguchi S, Hamba H, Hirohashi K, Tanaka H, Shuto T, et al. Reactivation of viral replication after liver resection in patients infected with hepatitis B virus. Ann Surg 2001;233:139-145
  959. Huang L, Li J, Yan J, Sun J, Zhang X, Wu M, et al. Antiviral therapy decreases viral reactivation in patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. J Viral Hepat 2013;20:336-342
  960. Huang G, Lau WY, Wang ZG, Pan ZY, Yuan SX, Shen F, et al. Antiviral therapy improves postoperative survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2015;261:56-66
  961. Kim JH, Park JW, Kim TH, Koh DW, Lee WJ, Kim CM. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;69:813-819
  962. Jang JW, Kwon JH, You CR, Kim JD, Woo HY, Bae SH, et al. Risk of HBV reactivation according to viral status and treatment intensity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Antivir Ther 2011;16:969-977
  963. Jun BG, Kim YD, Kim SG, Kim YS, Jeong SW, Jang JY, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and efficacy of antiviral treatment: a multicenter study. PLoS One 2018;13:e0201316
  964. Dan JQ, Zhang YJ, Huang JT, Chen MS, Gao HJ, Peng ZW, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after radiofrequency ablation or hepatic resection for HBV-related small hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013;39:865-872
  965. Yoshida H, Yoshida H, Goto E, Sato T, Ohki T, Masuzaki R, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine after radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 2008;2:89-94
  966. Lee JI, Kim JK, Chang HY, Lee JW, Kim JM, Chung HJ, et al. Impact of postoperative hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatocellular carcinoma patients who formerly had naturally suppressed virus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:1019-1027
  967. Chang JI, Sinn DH, Cho H, Kim S, Kang W, Gwak GY, et al. Clinical outcomes of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma patients with undetectable serum HBV DNA levels. Dig Dis Sci 2022;67:4565-4573
  968. Papatheodoridi M, Tampaki M, Lok AS, Papatheodoridis GV. Risk of HBV reactivation during therapies for HCC: a systematic review. Hepatology 2022;75:1257-1274
  969. Sung PS, Bae SH, Jang JW, Song DS, Kim HY, Yoo SH, et al. Differences in the patterns and outcomes of enhanced viral replication between hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma during transarterial chemolipiodolization. Korean J Hepatol 2011;17:299-306
  970. Carr BI, Pujol L. Pain at presentation and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pain 2010;11:988-993
  971. Ibrahim NM, Abdelhameed KM, Kamal SMM, Khedr EMH, Kotb HIM. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex on visceral pain in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Pain Med 2018;19:550-560
  972. Chwistek M. Recent advances in understanding and managing cancer pain. F1000Res 2017;6:945
  973. Hong SH, Roh SY, Kim SY, Shin SW, Kim CS, Choi JH, et al. Change in cancer pain management in Korea between 2001 and 2006: results of two nationwide surveys. J Pain Symptom Manage 2011;41:93-103
  974. Kim JY, Jang WY, Hur MH, Lee KK, Do YR, Park KU, et al. Prevalence and management of pain by different age groups of Korean cancer patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2013;30:393-398
  975. van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH, de Rijke JM, Kessels AG, Schouten HC, van Kleef M, Patijn J. Prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: a systematic review of the past 40 years. Ann Oncol 2007;18:1437-1449
  976. Grudzen CR, Richardson LD, Johnson PN, Hu M, Wang B, Ortiz JM, et al. Emergency department-initiated palliative care in advanced cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2016;2:591-598
  977. Bakitas MA, Tosteson TD, Li Z, Lyons KD, Hull JG, Li Z, et al. Early versus delayed initiation of concurrent palliative oncology care: patient outcomes in the ENABLE III randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:1438-1445
  978. Zimmermann C, Swami N, Krzyzanowska M, Hannon B, Leighl N, Oza A, et al. Early palliative care for patients with advanced cancer: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014;383:1721-1730
  979. Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, Gallagher ER, Admane S, Jackson VA, et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:733-742
  980. Ryu E, Kim K, Cho MS, Kwon IG, Kim HS, Fu MR. Symptom clusters and quality of life in Korean patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Nurs 2010;33:3-10
  981. Verbeeck RK. Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64:1147-1161
  982. Radner H, Ramiro S, Buchbinder R, Landewe RB, van der Heijde D, Aletaha D. Pain management for inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and other spondylarthritis) and gastrointestinal or liver comorbidity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;1:CD008951
  983. World Health Organization (WHO). Cancer pain relief: with a guide to opioid availability. Geneva: WHO, 1996
  984. Ministry of Health & Welfare. Cancer pain management guideline. Seoul: Ministry of Health & Welfare, 2012
  985. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guideline in oncology: adult cancer pain. Vol. 1. Fort Washington: NCCN, 2013
  986. Rossi S, Assis DN, Awsare M, Brunner M, Skole K, Rai J, et al. Use of over-the-counter analgesics in patients with chronic liver disease: physicians' recommendations. Drug Saf 2008;31:261-270
  987. Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, Davern TJ, Lalani E, Hynan LS, et al. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2005;42:1364-1372
  988. UFaDAF UDoHaHS. Drugs: acetaminophen information. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2017
  989. Mofredj A, Cadranel JF, Darchy B, Barbare JC, Cazier A, Pras V, et al. Hepatotoxicity caused by therapeutic doses of paracetamol in alcoholics. Report of 2 cases of fatal hepatitis in cirrhosis. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1999;150:507-511
  990. Dart RC, Bailey E. Does therapeutic use of acetaminophen cause acute liver failure? Pharmacotherapy 2007;27:1219-1230
  991. Kuffner EK, Green JL, Bogdan GM, Knox PC, Palmer RB, Heard K, et al. The effect of acetaminophen (four grams a day for three consecutive days) on hepatic tests in alcoholic patients--a multicenter randomized study. BMC Med 2007;5:13
  992. Heard K, Green JL, Bailey JE, Bogdan GM, Dart RC. A randomized trial to determine the change in alanine aminotransferase during 10 days of paracetamol (acetaminophen) administration in subjects who consume moderate amounts of alcohol. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:283-290
  993. Khalid SK, Lane J, Navarro V, Garcia-Tsao G. Use of over-the-counter analgesics is not associated with acute decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:994-999
  994. Villeneuve JP, Raymond G, Bruneau J, Colpron L, Pomier-Layrargues G. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of acetaminophen in normal, alcoholic and cirrhotic subjects. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1983;7:898-902
  995. Hirschfield GM, Kumagi T, Heathcote EJ. Preventative hepatology: minimising symptoms and optimising care. Liver Int 2008;28:922-934
  996. Benson GD, Koff RS, Tolman KG. The therapeutic use of acetaminophen in patients with liver disease. Am J Ther 2005;12:133-141
  997. Chandok N, Watt KD. Pain management in the cirrhotic patient: the clinical challenge. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85:451-458
  998. Williams RL, Upton RA, Cello JP, Jones RM, Blitstein M, Kelly J, et al. Naproxen disposition in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1984;27:291-296
  999. Bessone F. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: what is the actual risk of liver damage? World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:5651-5661
  1000. Riley TR 3rd, Smith JP. Ibuprofen-induced hepatotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a case series. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1563-1565
  1001. Ackerman Z, Cominelli F, Reynolds TB. Effect of misoprostol on ibuprofen-induced renal dysfunction in patients with decompensated cirrhosis: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel group study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2033-2039
  1002. Castro-Fernandez M, Sanchez-Munoz D, Galan-Jurado MV, Larraona JL, Suarez E, Lamas E, et al. Influence of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in gastrointestinal bleeding due to gastroduodenal ulcers or erosions in patients with liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;29:11-14
  1003. Lee YC, Chang CH, Lin JW, Chen HC, Lin MS, Lai MS. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use and risk of upper gastrointestinal adverse events in cirrhotic patients. Liver Int 2012;32:859-866
  1004. Kotb HI, Fouad IA, Fares KM, Mostafa MG, Abd El-Rahman AM. Pharmacokinetics of oral tramadol in patients with liver cancer. J Opioid Manag 2008;4:99-104
  1005. Christian-Miller N, Frenette C. Hepatocellular cancer pain: impact and management challenges. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2018;5:75-80
  1006. Smith HS. Opioid metabolism. Mayo Clin Proc 2009;84:613-624
  1007. Hasselstrom J, Eriksson S, Persson A, Rane A, Svensson JO, Sawe J. The metabolism and bioavailability of morphine in patients with severe liver cirrhosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990;29:289-297
  1008. Tegeder I, Lotsch J, Geisslinger G. Pharmacokinetics of opioids in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;37:17-40
  1009. Kotb HI, El-Kady SA, Emara SE, Fouad EA, El-Kabsh MY. Pharmacokinetics of controlled release morphine (MST) in patients with liver carcinoma. Br J Anaesth 2005;94:95-99
  1010. Tallgren M, Olkkola KT, Seppala T, Hockerstedt K, Lindgren L. Pharmacokinetics and ventilatory effects of oxycodone before and after liver transplantation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;61:655-661
  1011. Durnin C, Hind ID, Ghani SP, Yates DB, Molz KH. Pharmacokinetics of oral immediate-release hydromorphone (Dilaudid IR) in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2001;44:83-84
  1012. Haberer JP, Schoeffler P, Couderc E, Duvaldestin P. Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in anaesthetized patients with cirrhosis. Br J Anaesth 1982;54:1267-1270
  1013. Berry P, Kotha S. Improving end of life care in liver disease. J Hepatol 2022;76:1225-1226
  1014. Kashima M, Yamakado K, Takaki H, Kaminou T, Tanigawa N, Nakatsuka A, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194:536-541
  1015. Nagata Y, Nakano Y, Abe M, Takahashi M, Kohno S. Osseous metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma: embolization for pain control. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1989;12:149-153
  1016. Miller AB, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, Winkler A. Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer 1981;47:207-214
  1017. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:205-216
  1018. Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009;45:228-247
  1019. Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2010;30:52-60
  1020. Forner A, Ayuso C, Varela M, Rimola J, Hessheimer AJ, de Lope CR, et al. Evaluation of tumor response after locoregional therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma: are response evaluation criteria in solid tumors reliable? Cancer 2009;115:616-623
  1021. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, Beaugrand M, Lencioni R, Burroughs AK, et al. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 2001;35:421-430
  1022. Llovet JM, Di Bisceglie AM, Bruix J, Kramer BS, Lencioni R, Zhu AX, et al. Design and endpoints of clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:698-711
  1023. Chiou VL, Burotto M. Pseudoprogression and immune-related response in solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:3541-3543
  1024. Jia W, Gao Q, Han A, Zhu H, Yu J. The potential mechanism, recognition and clinical significance of tumor pseudoprogression after immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Med 2019;16:655-670
  1025. Lee DH, Hwang S, Koh YH, Lee KH, Kim JY, Kim YJ, et al. Outcome of initial progression during nivolumab treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma: should we use iRECIST? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;8:771887
  1026. Lewis S, Cedillo MA, Lee KM, Bane O, Hectors S, Ma W, et al. Comparative assessment of standard and immune response criteria for evaluation of response to PD-1 monotherapy in unresectable HCC. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022;47:969-980
  1027. Seymour L, Bogaerts J, Perrone A, Ford R, Schwartz LH, Mandrekar S, et al. iRECIST: guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:e143-e152
  1028. Llovet JM, Lencioni R. mRECIST for HCC: performance and novel refinements. J Hepatol 2020;72:288-306