Acknowledgement
The medical guideline committee included Korean Society of Radiology, the Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and clinical Immunology, and the Korean Nephrology Society. We thank Chng-Hee Cho for her contributions to data acquisition and support.
References
- Jung SE. Prevention of infection from contrast agents. J Korean Med Assoc 2020;63:141-144 https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2020.63.3.141
- Buerke B, Mellmann A, Stehling C, Wessling J, Heindel W, Juergens KU. Microbiologic contamination of automatic injectors at MDCT: experimental and clinical investigations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008;191:W283-W287 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.07.3954
- Buerke B, Puesken M, Mellmann A, Seifarth H, Heindel W, Wessling J. Microbiologic contamination and time efficiency of use of automatic MDCT injectors with prefilled syringes: results of a clinical investigation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194:299-303 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.3189
- Buerke B, Puesken M, Mellmann A, Schuelke C, Knauer A, Heindel W, et al. Automatic MDCT injectors: hygiene and efficiency of disposable, prefilled, and multidosing roller pump systems in clinical routine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;197:W226-W232 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.5924
- Lee DH, Jung KY, Choi YH. Use of maximal sterile barrier precautions and/or antimicrobial-coated catheters to reduce the risk of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:947-950 https://doi.org/10.1086/590356
- Yoon SH, Lee SY, Kang HR, Kim JY, Hahn S, Park CM, et al. Skin tests in patients with hypersensitivity reaction to iodinated contrast media: a meta-analysis. Allergy 2015;70:625-637 https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12589
- Kwon OY, Lee JH, Park SY, Seo B, Won HK, Kang Y, et al. Novel strategy for the prevention of recurrent hypersensitivity reactions to radiocontrast media based on skin testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019;7:2707-2713 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.04.036
- Trautmann A, Brockow K, Behle V, Stoevesandt J. Radiocontrast media hypersensitivity: skin testing differentiates allergy from nonallergic reactions and identifies a safe alternative as proven by intravenous provocation. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019;7:2218-2224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.04.005
- Torres MJ, Trautmann A, Bohm I, Scherer K, Barbaud A, Bavbek S, et al. Practice parameters for diagnosing and managing iodinated contrast media hypersensitivity. Allergy 2021;76:1325-1339 https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14656
- International Society of Nephrology. Section 2: AKI definition. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2012;2:19-36 https://doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2011.32
- American College of Radiology. Manual on contrast media. Available at: https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Contrast-Manual. Accessed April 22, 2021
- Baumgarten DA, Ellis JH. Contrast-induced nephropathy: contrast material not required? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008;191:383-386 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.08.1310
- Davenport MS, Cohan RH, Khalatbari S, Ellis JH. The challenges in assessing contrast-induced nephropathy: where are we now? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014;202:784-789 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.13.11369
- McDonald JS, McDonald RJ, Carter RE, Katzberg RW, Kallmes DF, Williamson EE. Risk of intravenous contrast material-mediated acute kidney injury: a propensity score-matched study stratified by baseline-estimated glomerular filtration rate. Radiology 2014;271:65-73 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13130775
- Newhouse JH, RoyChoudhury A. Quantitating contrast medium-induced nephropathy: controlling the controls. Radiology 2013;267:4-8 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13122876
- Nyman U, Ahlkvist J, Aspelin P, Brismar T, Frid A, Hellstrom M, et al. Preventing contrast medium-induced acute kidney injury. Side-by-side comparison of Swedish-ESUR guidelines. Eur Radiol 2018;28:5384-5395 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5678-6
- Too CW, Ng WY, Tan CC, Mahmood MI, Tay KH. Screening for impaired renal function in outpatients before iodinated contrast injection: comparing the Choyke questionnaire with a rapid point-of-care-test. Eur J Radiol 2015;84:1227-1231 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.04.001
- Nijssen EC, Nelemans PJ, Rennenberg RJ, Theunissen RA, van Ommen V, Wildberger JE. Prophylaxis in highrisk patients with eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2: get the balance right. Invest Radiol 2019;54:580-588 https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000570
- Trivedi H, Foley WD. Contrast-induced nephropathy after a second contrast exposure. Ren Fail 2010;32:796-801 https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2010.495441
- Bailey CJ, Turner RC. Metformin. N Engl J Med 1996;334:574-579 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199602293340906
- Dunn CJ, Peters DH. Metformin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Drugs 1995;49:721-749 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199549050-00007
- Sirtori CR, Pasik C. Re-evaluation of a biguanide, metformin: mechanism of action and tolerability. Pharmacol Res 1994;30:187-228 https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-6618(94)80104-5
- Wiholm BE, Myrhed M. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis in Sweden 1977-1991. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;44:589-591 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02440866