Acknowledgement
This work was supported by National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital (Grant no., NHIMC2020CR014). National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital had no involvement in study design, the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data.
References
- Pavlovic MD, Schuller-Petrovic S, Pichot O, et al. Guidelines of the First International Consensus Conference on Endovenous Thermal Ablation for Varicose Vein Disease: ETAV Consensus Meeting 2012. Phlebology 2015;30:257-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355514524568
- Ludbrook J, Beale G. Femoral venous valves in relation to varicose veins. Lancet 1962;1:79-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)83664-9
- Abu-Own A, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Saphenous vein reflux without incompetence at the saphenofemoral junction. Br J Surg 1994;81:1452-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800811016
- Labropoulos N, Giannoukas AD, Delis K, et al. Where does venous reflux start? J Vasc Surg 1997;26:736-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(97)70084-3
- Cooper DG, Hillman-Cooper CS, Barker SG, Hollingsworth SJ. Primary varicose veins: the sapheno-femoral junction, distribution of varicosities and patterns of incompetence. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;25:53-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.2002.1782
- Engelhorn CA, Engelhorn AL, Cassou MF, Salles-Cunha SX. Patterns of saphenous reflux in women with primary varicose veins. J Vasc Surg 2005;41:645-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.12.051
- Labropoulos N, Kang SS, Mansour MA, Giannoukas AD, Buckman J, Baker WH. Primary superficial vein reflux with competent saphenous trunk. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1999;18:201-6. https://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.1998.0794
- Qureshi MI, Gohel M, Wing L, et al. A study to evaluate patterns of superficial venous reflux in patients with primary chronic venous disease. Phlebology 2015;30:455-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355514536384
- Labropoulos N, Leon L, Engelhorn CA, et al. Sapheno-femoral junction reflux in patients with a normal saphenous trunk. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;28:595-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2004.07.021
- Pittaluga P, Chastane S, Rea B, Barbe R. Classification of saphenous refluxes: implications for treatment. Phlebology 2008;23:2-9. https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2007.007042
- Garcia-Gimeno M, Rodriguez-Camarero S, Tagarro-Villalba S, et al. Reflux patterns and risk factors of primary varicose veins' clinical severity. Phlebology 2013;28:153-61.
- Chastanet S, Pittaluga P. Patterns of reflux in the great saphenous vein system. Phlebology 2013;28 Suppl 1:39-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355513477021
- Matic PA, Vlajinac HD, Marinkovic JM, Maksimovic MZ, Radak DJ. Chronic venous disease: correlation between ultrasound findings and the clinical, etiologic, anatomic and pathophysiologic classification. Phlebology 2014;29:522-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355513497360
- Zollmann P, Zollmann C, Zollmann P, et al. Determining the origin of superficial venous reflux in the groin with duplex ultrasound and implications for varicose vein surgery. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2017;5:82-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2016.10.001
- Panpikoon T, Wedsart B, Treesit T, Chansanti O, Bua-Ngam C. Duplex ultrasound findings and clinical classification of lower extremity chronic venous insufficiency in a Thai population. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2019;7:349-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.08.012
- Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020;8:342-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.12.075
- Cavezzi A, Labropoulos N, Partsch H, et al. Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs: UIP consensus document: part II. anatomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006;31:288-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.07.020
- Danielsson G, Eklof B, Grandinetti A, Kistner RL. The influence of obesity on chronic venous disease. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2002;36:271-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/153857440203600404
- Meulendijks AM, Franssen WM, Schoonhoven L, Neumann HA. A scoping review on chronic venous disease and the development of a venous leg ulcer: the role of obesity and mobility. J Tissue Viability 2020;29:190-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2019.10.002
- Evans CJ, Allan PL, Lee AJ, Bradbury AW, Ruckley CV, Fowkes FG. Prevalence of venous reflux in the general population on duplex scanning: the Edinburgh vein study. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:767-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(98)70051-5
- Kostas TI, Ioannou CV, Drygiannakis I, et al. Chronic venous disease progression and modification of predisposing factors. J Vasc Surg 2010;51:900-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2009.10.119
- Pannier F, Rabe E. Progression in venous pathology. Phlebology 2015;30(1 Suppl):95-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355514568847
- Pittaluga P, Chastanet S, Guex JJ. Great saphenous vein stripping with preservation of sapheno-femoral confluence: hemodynamic and clinical results. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:1300-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.01.042
- Mariani F, Mancini S, Bucalossi M, Allegra C. Selective high ligation of the sapheno-femoral junction decreases the neovascularization and the recurrent varicose veins in the operated groin. Int Angiol 2015;34:250-6.
- Danielsson G, Eklof B, Grandinetti A, Lurie F, Kistner RL. Deep axial reflux, an important contributor to skin changes or ulcer in chronic venous disease. J Vasc Surg 2003;38:1336-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(03)00907-8
- Lin JC, Iafrati MD, O'Donnell TF Jr, Estes JM, Mackey WC. Correlation of duplex ultrasound scanning-derived valve closure time and clinical classification in patients with small saphenous vein reflux: is lesser saphenous vein truly lesser? J Vasc Surg 2004;39:1053-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.01.021