DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Prediction on the Economic Activity Level of the Elderly in South Korea - Focusing on Machine Learning Method Combined with Forecast Combination -

우리나라 고령층의 경제활동 수준 예측 - 머신러닝 기법과 연계한 예측조합법을 중심으로 -

  • Kim, Jeong-Woo (Dept. of Economics, Gangneung Wonju National University)
  • 김정우 (강릉원주대학교 경제학과)
  • Received : 2022.04.07
  • Accepted : 2022.05.20
  • Published : 2022.05.28

Abstract

This study predicts the economic activity level of the elderly in Korea using various machine learning methods. While the previous studies mainly focused on testing the relationship between the economic activity level and the life satisfaction or the social security system, this study aims at the accurate prediction on the economic activity level of the elderly using various machine learning methods and the forecast combination. Dependent variables such as the activity rate, employment rate, etc and independent variables such as the income, average wage, etc compose the dataset in this study. Five different machine learning methods and two forecast combinations are applied to the given dataset. The prediction performances of the machine learning method and the forecast combination varied across the dependent variables and prediction intervals, but it was found that the forecast combination was relatively superior to other methods in terms of the stability of prediction. This study has significance in that it accurately predicted the economic activity level of the elderly and achieved the stability of the prediction, raising practicality from a policy perspective.

본 연구는 급속한 고령화 시대에서 우리나라의 고령층의 경제활동 수준을 다양한 머신러닝 기법으로 정확히 예측하고자 하였다. 고령층의 경제활동 수준과 기존 연구들은 고령층의 삶의 만족도, 사회보장제도 등과 연관된 인과성 검증을 중심으로 이루어진 데 반해, 본 연구는 다양한 머신러닝 기법으로 고령층의 경제활동 수준을 예측하였으며, 특히 예측조합법을 함께 사용함으로써 예측의 안정성을 도모하였다. 60세 이상의 경제활동참가율, 취업률 등을 종속변수로 하고 가구 특성, 소득, 평균임금 등을 설명변수로 설정하여 서로 다른 특성을 지닌 5가지의 머신러닝 기법과 2가지의 예측조합법을 적용하여 예측결과들을 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 종속변수별, 예측구간별로 예측성능이 높은 머신러닝 기법 및 예측조합법은 상이하였으나, 예측의 안정성 측면에서는 예측조합법이 상대적으로 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라, 본 연구는 고령층의 경제활동 수준을 정확히 예측하고 예측의 안정성을 도모하여 정책적 관점에서도 실용성을 제고한다고 볼 수 있다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This paper was supported by research funds for newly appointed professors of Gangneung-Wonju National University in 2020.

References

  1. J. S. Yoo. (2021). Demographic changes and future measures. Seoul: Korea Economic Research Institute.
  2. G. F. Anderson & P. S. Hussey. (2000). Population Aging: A Comparison Among Industrialized Countries: Populations around the world are growing older, but the trends are not cause for despair. Health affairs, 19(3), 191-203. DOI : 10.1377/hlthaff.19.3.191
  3. S. D. Chung, P. H. Ju & B. K. Kim. (2011). Public Perception and Countermeasures on an 'Aging Society' - A Content Analysis of Newspaper Articles -. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 63(4), 203-224. DOI : 10.20970/kasw.2011.63.4.009
  4. B. Kim. (2014). Employment structure and income of the elderly population aged 65 and over. Monthly labor review, 21-35.
  5. J. Y. Kim. (2017). Path Analysis Amongs Education level, Employment Status and Self-Esteem Effecting on the Life Satisfaction of the Elderly. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 72(3), 167-190. DOI : 10.21194/kjgsw.72.3.201709.167
  6. S. M. Park. (2010). A Comparative Study of the Factors Influencing Life Satisfaction between Urban and Rural Elderly. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 47(1), 137-160. DOI : 10.21194/kjgsw..47.201003.137
  7. S. H. Hu, J. D. Kim & J. T. Yun. (2011). Analysis of Employment Effects on Life Satisfaction of the Elderly. Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society, 31, 1103-1118.
  8. M. J. Kwon. (2021). Factors influencing convergence quality of life of the elderly according to economic activity. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 12(5), 345-354. DOI : 10.15207/JKCS.2021.12.5.345
  9. J. N. Han. (2019). The Relationship between Employment and Depressive Symptoms among Korean Older Adults: The Moderation of Attitude Toward Working in Later Life. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 74(3), 93-116. https://doi.org/10.21194/kjgsw.74.3.201909.93
  10. C. J. Chang. (2017). Structural relationship of subjective health, ability to work, participation on economic activity, and life satisfaction among the Korean elderly. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 8(10), 305-310. DOI : 10.15207/JKCS.2017.8.10.305
  11. S. K. Yoon. (2016). The Impact of Employment on Depression among Korean Older Adults: Gender Differences in Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem. Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare, 71(3), 389-410. DOI : 10.21194/kjgsw.71.3.201609.389
  12. H. J. Jun & M. Y. Kim. (2014). The Gender Difference in the Longitudinal Effect of Employment on Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults. Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society, 34(2), 315-331
  13. S. H. Jeon & D. H. Cho. (2017). Labor Supply and Poverty of the Elderly. The Journal of Korean Public Policy, 19(2), 71-93. DOI : 10.37103/KAPP.19.2.4
  14. J. M. Lee & T. W. Kim. (2014). Policy Strategies for Reducing Income and Asset Poverty Among Korean Old-Age Households. Health and welfare policy forum, 2014(6), 64-73.
  15. J. Gruber & D. Wise. (2004). Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: Micro-Estimation. 2004. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. DOI : 10.7208/chicago/9780226309989.001.0001
  16. J. F. Quinn, R. V. Burkhauser & D. A. Myers. (1990). Passing the torch: The influence of economic incentives on work and retirement. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment. DOI : 10.17848/9780880994996
  17. R. Aisa, F. Pueyo, & M. Sanso. (2012). Life expectancy and labor supply of the elderly. Journal of Population Economics, 25(2), 545-568. DOI : 10.1007/S00148-011-0369-5
  18. Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2017). Ministry of Health and Welfare Main Business Plan Press Release. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare.
  19. Y. S. Seo. (2015). The Effect of Socio-economic Deprivation on Depression According to the Age of the Elderly. Journal of the Korea Gerontological Society, 35(1), 99-117.
  20. Y. Miyake & M. Yasuoka. (2018). Subsidy Policy and Elderly Labor. Italian Economic Journal, 4(2), 331-347. DOI : 10.1007/s40797-017-0067-x
  21. W. Frimmel. (2021). Later retirement and the labor market re-integration of elderly unemployed workers. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 19, 100310. DOI : 10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100310
  22. R. Lee & A. Mason. (2011). The price of maturity: Aging populations mean countries have to find new ways to support their elderly. Finance & development, 48(2), 6.
  23. K. Sohee et al. (2021). Comparison of Explanation-centered Statistical Model and Prediction-centered Machine Learning. The Journal of Humanities and Social science, 12(2), 245-260.
  24. K. Kim & D. Chang. (2005). Employment Rate: A Concept and its Empirical Usefulness. Economic Analysis, 11(2).
  25. E. Fix & J. L. Hodges Jr. (1952). Discriminatory analysis-nonparametric discrimination: Small sample performance. Texas: California Univ Berkeley.
  26. P. Buhlmann & B. Yu. (2002). Analyzing bagging. The annals of Statistics, 30(4), 927-961. DOI : 10.1214/aos/1031689014
  27. R. Tibshirani. (1996). Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 58(1), 267-288. DOI : 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x
  28. H. Zou & T. Hastie. (2005). Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net. Journal of the royal statistical society: series B (statistical methodology), 67(2), 301-320. DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x
  29. J. M. Bates & C. W. Granger. (1969). The combination of forecasts. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 20(4), 451-468. DOI: 10.1057/jors.1969.103
  30. C. E. Weiss, E. Raviv & G. Roetzer. (2018). Forecast Combinations in R using the ForecastComb Package. R Journal, 10(2). DOI : 10.32614/RJ-2018-052
  31. T. M. Dantas & F. L. C. Oliveira. (2018). Improving time series forecasting: An approach combining bootstrap aggregation, clusters and exponential smoothing. International Journal of Forecasting, 34(4), 748-761. DOI : 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2018.05.006
  32. D. F. Hendry & M. P. Clements. (2004). Pooling of forecasts. The Econometrics Journal, 7(1), 1-31. DOI : 10.1111/j.1368-423X.2004.00119.x
  33. T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, & J. H. Friedman. (2001). The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction. 2001. New York: Springer. DOI : 10.1007/BF02985802
  34. A. Timmermann. (2006). Forecast combinations. Handbook of economic forecasting, 1, 135-196. DOI : 10.1016/S1574-0706(05)01004-9