Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable comments and suggestions of reviewers on the draft version of this paper.
References
- ABAQUS/Standard (2017), Dassault Systemes Simulia Corporation, Providence, Version 6.17-1 ed. USA.
- Bortolotti, E., Jaspart, J.-P., Pietrapertosa, C., Nicaud, G., Petitjean, P., Grimault, J. and Michard, L. (2017), "Testing and modelling of welded joints between elliptical hollow sections", Tubular Structures X. Routledge.
- CEN (2005), Design of Steel Structures, EN 1993-1-8-Design of Joints. London, Brussels, Belgium.
- Cheng, Y.F. (2011), "A comparison of large......", Struct. Eng. Mech., 91(4), 1301-1328. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2011.91.4.1301.
- Choo, Y., Liang, J. and Lim, L. (2017), "Static strength of elliptical hollow section X-joint under brace compression", Tubular Structures X. Routledge.
- Feng, R., Chen, Y. and Chen, D. (2017), "Experimental and numerical investigations on collar plate and doubler plate reinforced SHS T-joints under axial compression", Thin-Walled Struct., 110, 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.10.017.
- Gao, F., Guan, X.Q., Zhu, H.P. and Liu, X.N. (2015), "Fire resistance behaviour of tubular T-joints reinforced with collar plates", J. Construct. Steel Res., 115, 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.07.021.
- Gao, F., Tang, Z., Guan, X., Zhu, H. and Chen, Z. (2018), "Ultimate strength of tubular T-joints reinforced with doubler plates after fire exposure", Thin-Walled Struct., 132, 616-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.09.021.
- Gao, F., Zhu, H., Liang, H. and Tian, Y. (2017), "Post-fire residual strength of steel tubular T-joint with concrete-filled chord", J. Construct. Steel Res., 139, 327-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.09.015.
- Haque, T., Packer, J.A. and Zhao, X.L.J.A.I.S.E. (2012), "Equivalent RHS approach for the design of EHS in axial compression or bending", Adv. Struct. Steel, 15, 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.15.1.107.
- Lesani, M., Bahaari, M. and Shokrieh, M. (2013), "Numerical investigation of FRP-strengthened tubular T-joints under axial compressive loads", Compos. Struct., 100, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.12.020.
- Lesani, M., Bahaari, M. and Shokrieh, M. (2014), "Experimental investigation of FRP-strengthened tubular T-joints under axial compressive loads", Construct. Build. Mater., 53, 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.097.
- Liu, H., Shao, Y., Lu, N. and Wang, Q. (2015), "Hysteresis of concrete-filled circular tubular (CFCT) T-joints under axial load", Steel Compos. Struct., 18(3), 739-756. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.3.739.
- Nassiraei, H. (2019a), "Local joint flexibility of CHS X-joints reinforced with collar plates in jacket structures subjected to axial load", Appl. Ocean Res., 93, 101961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.101961.
- Nassiraei, H. (2019b), "Static strength of tubular T/Y-joints reinforced with collar plates at fire induced elevated temperature", Marine Struct., 67, 102635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.102635.
- Nassiraei, H. (2020a), "Geometrical effects on the LJF of tubular T/Y-joints with doubler plate in offshore wind turbines", Ships Offshore Struct, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.202.0.1835051.
- Nassiraei, H. (2020b), "Local joint flexibility of CHS T/Y-connections strengthened with collar plate under in-plane bending load: parametric study of geometrical effects and design formulation", Ocean Eng., 202, 107054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107054.
- Nassiraei, H. and Rezadoost, P.J.E.S. (2021a), "Static capacity of tubular X-joints reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer subjected to compressive load", Eng. Struct., 236, 112041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112041.
- Nassiraei, H. and Rezadoost, P.J.M.S. (2021b), "Local joint flexibility of tubular T/Y-joints retrofitted with GFRP under in-plane bending momentv", Marine Struct., 77, 102936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2021.102936.
- Nassiraei, H., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A. and Ahmadi, H. (2016a), "Static performance of doubler plate reinforced tubular T/Y-joints subjected to brace tension", Thin-Wall. Struct., 108, 138-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.08.012.
- Nassiraei, H., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A. and Ahmadi, H. (2016b), "Static strength of collar plate reinforced tubular T/Y-joints under brace compressive loading", J. Construct. Steel Res., 119, 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.12.011.
- Nassiraei, H., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A., Ahmadi, H. and Zhu, L. (2017), "Static strength of doubler plate reinforced tubular T/Y-joints under in-plane bending load", J. Construct. Steel Res., 136, 49-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.05.009.
- Nassiraei, H., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A., Neshaei, S.A. and Zhu, L. J.M.S. (2018), "Structural behavior of tubular X-joints strengthened with collar plate under axially compressive load at elevated temperaturesv", Marine Struct., 61, 46-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2018.03.012.
- Nassiraei, H., Mojtahedi, A., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A. and Zhu, L. (2019), "Capacity of tubular X-joints reinforced with collar plates under tensile brace loading at elevated temperatures", Thin-Wall. Struct., 142, 426-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.04.042.
- Nassiraei, H., Zhu, L., Gu, C.J.S. and Structures, O. (2021), "Static capacity of collar plate reinforced tubular X-connections subjected to compressive loading: study of geometrical effects and parametric formulation", Ships Offshore Struct., 16, 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2019.1708041.
- Ozyurt, E. (2020), "Finite element study on axially loaded reinforced Square Hollow Section T-joints at elevated temperatures", Thin-Wall. Struct., 148, 106582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106582.
- Ozyurt, E. and Das, S. (2019), "Experimental and numerical studies on axially loaded reinforced square hollow section T-joints", Eng. Struct., 192, 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.05.012.
- Ozyurt, E. and Wang, Y. (2018), "Resistance of axially loaded T-and X-joints of elliptical hollow sections at elevated temperatures-A finite element study", Structures. 14, 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2018.01.004.
- Ozyurt, E. and Yilmaz, M. (2019), "Duzlem Ici Egilme Momenti Altindaki Elips Enkesitli T-birlesimlerinin Dayanimlari", Gumushane Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9, 547-556. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.504444.
- Packer, J., Choo, Y., Shen, W., Wardenier, J., Van der Vegte, G. and Mustard, T.J.C.F.R. (2012), "Axially loaded T and X joints of elliptical hollow sections", CIDECT Final Rep, (5BW-2), 12.
- Packer, J.A., Wardenier, J., Zhao, X.L., van der Vegte, G.J. and Kurobane, Y. (2009), Design Guide for Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) Joints Under Predominantly Static Loading. Verlag TUV Rheinland, Germany, CIDECT.
- Qu, H., Huo, J., Xu, C. and Fu, F. (2014), "Numerical studies on dynamic behavior of tubular T-joint subjected to impact loading", Int. J. Impact Eng., 67, 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.01.002.
- Qu, H., Li, A., Huo, J. and Liu, Y. (2017), "Dynamic performance of collar plate reinforced tubular T-joint with precompression chord", Eng. Struc., 141, 555-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.037.
- Shao, Y.B. (2016), "Static strength of collar-plate reinforced tubular T-joints under axial loading", Steel Compos. Struct., 21, 323-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.2.323.
- Shao, Y.B., Lie, S.T. and Chiew, S.P. (2010), "Static strength of tubular T-joints with reinforced chord under axial compression", Adv. Struct. Eng., 13, 369-377. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.13.2.369.
- Thandavamoorthy, T. (2003), "Comparative behaviour of stiffened and unstiffened welded tubular joints of offshore platforms", Steel Compos. Struct., 3(5), 321-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2003.3.5.321.
- van der Vegte, G.J. and Makino, Y. (2010), "Further research on chord length and boundary conditions of CHS T-and X-joints", Ad. Steel Construct., 6, 879-890.
- Wardenier, J., van der Vegte, G.J. and Liu, D. (2007), "Chord stress function for rectangular hollow section X and T joints", The Seventeenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers.