Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Assessment of titanium alloy bolts for structural applications

  • Li, Dongxu (School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney) ;
  • Uy, Brian (School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney) ;
  • Wang, Jia (School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney) ;
  • Song, Yuchen (School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney)
  • Received : 2021.06.29
  • Accepted : 2021.12.17
  • Published : 2022.02.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper explored the viability of utilising titanium alloy bolts in the construction industry through an experimental programme, where a total of sixty-six titanium alloy (Ti/6Al/4V) bolts were tested under axial tension, pure shear and combined tension and shear. In addition, a series of Charpy V-notch specimens machined from titanium alloy bolts, conventional high-strength steel bolts, austenitic and duplex stainless steel bolts were tested for impact toughness comparisons. The obtained experimental results demonstrated that the axial tensile and pure shear capacities of titanium alloy bolts can be reasonably estimated by the current design standards for steel structures (Eurocode 3, AS 4100 and AISC 360). However, under the combined tension and shear loading conditions, significant underestimation by Eurocode 3 and unsafe predictions through AS 4100 and AISC 360 indicate that proper modifications are necessary to facilitate the safe and economic use of titanium alloy bolts. In addition, numerical models were developed to calibrate the fracture parameters of the tested titanium alloy bolts. Furthermore, a design-based selection process of titanium alloy bolts in the structural applications was proposed, in which the ultimate strength, ductility performance and corrosion resistance (including galvanic corrosion) of titanium alloy bolts was mainly considered.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The first author was financially supported by the ARC under its Discovery Scheme (DP200100112). Assistance from Dr. Mohanad Mursi and technician staff of Centre for Advanced Structural Engineering (CASE) at the J.W. Roderick Laboratory are gratefully acknowledged.

References

  1. ANSI/AISC-360-16 (2016), Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Chicago, AISC.
  2. Astarita, A., Curioni, M., Squillace, A., Zhou, X., Bellucci, F., Thompson, G.E. and Beamish, K.A. (2015), "Corrosion behaviour of stainless steel-titanium alloy linear friction welded joints: Galvanic coupling", Mater. Corros., 66(2), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201307476
  3. ASTM Standard B348/B348M-19 (2019), Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bars and Billets, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  4. ASTM Standard F606 (2016), Standard Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  5. ASTM Standard G82-98 (2013), Standard in Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol. 03.02, Corrosion of Metals, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  6. Australian Standard AS1391 (2007), Metallic Materials-Tensile Testing at Ambient Temperature.
  7. Australia Standards AS4100 (2020), Steel Structures.
  8. Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 1817.1 (2003), Metallic materials Vickers hardness test method: test method.
  9. Bao, Y. and Wierzbicki, T. (2004), "On fracture locus in the equivalent strain and stress triaxiality space", Int. J. Mech. Sci., 46(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2004.02.006.
  10. Cai, Y. and Young, B. (2019), "Experimental investigation of carbon steel and stainless steel bolted connections at different strain rates", Steel Compos. Struct., 30(6), 551-565. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.6.551.
  11. Chesson, E., Faustino, N.L. and Munse, W.H. (1965), "High-strength bolts subjected to tension and shear", J. Struct. Div. ASCE, 91(5), 155-180. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0001327.
  12. D'Anello, M., Cassiano, D. and Landolfo, R. (2017), "Simplified criteria for finite element modelling of European preloadable bolts", Steel Compos. Struct., 24(6), 643-658. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.24.6.643.
  13. Ding, F.X., Yin, G. A., Wang, H. B., Wang, L. and Guo, Q. (2017), "Behavior of headed shear stud connectors subjected to cyclic loading", Steel Compos. Struct., 25(6), 705-716. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.25.6.705.
  14. Donachie, M.J. (2020), Titanium: A Technical Guide, ASM International.
  15. EI-Lobody, E. and Lam, D. (2002), "Modelling of headed stud in steel-precast composite beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 2(5), 355-378. https://doi:10.12989/scs.2002.2.5.355.
  16. Eurocode 3 (2005), Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.8: Design of Joints, London, U.K.
  17. Francavilla, A., Latour, M., Piluso, V. and Rizzano, G. (2016), "Bolted T-stubs: A refined model for flange and bolt fracture modes", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(2), 267-293. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.2.267
  18. Francis, R. (2017), Galvanic Corrosion: A Practical Guide for Engineers, 2nd Edition, National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
  19. Gluhovic, N., Markovic, Z., Spremic, M. and Pavlovic, M. (2020), "Mechanically fastened shear connectors in prefabricated concrete slabs-experimental analysis", Steel Compos. Struct., 36(4), 369-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.36.4.369.
  20. Gurrappa, I. (2013), "Characterization of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V for chemical, marine and industrial applications", Mater. Charact., 51(2-3), 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2003.10.006.
  21. Hanus, F., Zilli, G. and Franssen, J.M. (2011), "Behaviour of Grade 8.8 bolts under natural fire conditions-Tests and model", J. Constr. Steel Res., 67, 1292-1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.03.012.
  22. Hardcastle, N. (2022), https://www.flickr.com/photos/51885378@N06/4958193071/. Date Taken: 2010.
  23. Hu, Y., Tang, S.L., George, A.K., Tao, Z., Wang, X.Q. and Thai, H.T. (2019), "Behaviour of stainless steel bolts after exposure to elevated temperatures", J. Constr. Steel Res., 157, 371-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.02.021.
  24. Steel-Charpy, V. (2000), Notch Pendulum Impact Test-Instrumented Test Method. European Committee for Standardisation, EN ISO, 14556.
  25. Jha, A.K., Singh, S.K., Kiranmayee, M.S., Sreekumar, K. and Sihna, P.P. (2010), "Failure analysis of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) fastener used in aerospace application", Eng. Fail. Anal., 17, 1457-1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.05.007.
  26. Kawohl, A.K. and Lange, J., (2016), "Tests on 10.9 bolts under combined tension and shear", Acta Polytechnica, 56(2), 112-117. https://doi.org/10.14311/asfe.2015.050.
  27. King, F. (2009), Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steels in Environments Related to UK Geological Disposal, A Report to NDA RWMD.
  28. Kirby, B.R. (1995), "The behaviour of high-strength Grade 8.8 bolts in fire", J. Constr. Steel Res., 33, 3-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-974X(94)00013-8.
  29. Kodur, V., Yahyai, M., Rezaeian, A., Eslami, M. and Poormohamadi, A. (2017), "Residual mechanical properties of high strength steel bolts subjected to heating-cooling cycle", J. Constr. Steel Res., 131, 122-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.01.007
  30. Lan, H. [Photo - Licensed under Creative Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0). (2022), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts_(China)#/media/File:National_Grand_Theatre.jpg. Date Taken: 2007.
  31. Langberg, M., Ornek, C., Evertsson, J., Harlow, G.S., Linpe, W., Rullik, L., Carla, F., Felici, R., Bettini, E., Kivisakk, U., Lundgren, E. and Pan, J. (2019), "Redefining passivity breakdown of super duplex stainless steel by electrochemical operando synchrotron near surface X-ray analyses", NPJ Mater. Degradation, 3, 22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-019-0084-3.
  32. Lee, Y.W. and Wierzbicki, T. (2004), Quick Fracture Calibration for Industrial Use", Impact and Crashworthiness Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  33. Li, D., Uy, B., Wang, J. and Song, Y. (2020a), "Behaviour and design of Grade 10.9 high-strength bolts under combined actions", Steel Compos. Struct., 35(3), 327-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.3.327.
  34. Li, D., Uy, B., Wang, J. and Song, Y. (2020b), "Behaviour and design of high-strength Grade 12.9 bolts under combined tension and shear", J. Constr. Steel Res., 174, 106305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106305.
  35. Liu, X., Bai, R., Uy, B. and Ban, H. (2019), "Material properties and stress-strain curves for titanium-clad bimetallic steels", J. Constr. Steel Res., 162, 105756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105756.
  36. Long, L., Yan, S., Gao, X. and Kang, H. (2016), "Three-dimensional finite element simulation and application of high-strength bolts", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(3), 501-512. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.3.501.
  37. Maciel, D.T., Filho, S.L.M.R., Lauro, C.H. and Brandao, L.C. (2015), "Characteristics of machined and formed external threads in titanium alloy", Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 79, 779-792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-6858-z.
  38. Melhem, G.N. (2018), Aerospace fasteners: Use in structural applications, Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys, Taylor & Francis.
  39. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) STD-5020 (2012), Requirements for Threaded Fastening Systems in Spaceflight Hardware.
  40. Nippon Steel (2019), Features of Titanium Building Materials.
  41. Okazaki, Y. (2012), "Comparison of fatigue properties and fatigue crack growth rates of various implantable metals", Materials, 5, 2981-3005. https://doi.org/doi:10.3390/ma5122981.
  42. Poondla. N.B. (2010), A study of Welded Built-up Beams Made from Titanium and a Titanium Alloy, Master Thesis, The University of Akron, Akron.
  43. Qi, J., Wang, J., Li, M. and Chen, L. (2017), "Shear capacity of stud shear connectors with initial damage: Experiment, FEM model and theoretical formulation", Steel Compos. Struct., 25(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.25.1.079.
  44. Salat. S. (2007), "Three case studies for the architectural and structural use of titanium: Abu Dhabi airport, tianjin titanium towers, titanium gridshells", Ti-2007 Sci. Technol., 1589-1593.
  45. Song, Y., Wang, J., Uy, B. and Li, D. (2020a), "Experimental behaviour and fracture prediction of austenitic stainless steel bolts under combined tension and shear", J. Constr. Steel Res., 166, 105916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105916.
  46. Song, Y., Wang, J., Uy, B. and Li, D. (2020b), "Stainless steel bolts subjected to combined tension and shear: Behaviour and design", J. Constr. Steel Res., 170, 106122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106122.
  47. Spremic, M., Pavlovic, M., Markovic, Z., Veljkovic, M. and Budjevac, D. (2018), "FE validation of the equivalent diameter calculation model for grouped headed studs", Steel Compos. Struct., 26(3), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.26.3.375.
  48. Stevenson, M.E., McDougall, J.L. and Cline, K.G. (2003), "Metallurgical failure analysis of titanium wing attachment bolts", Practical Fail. Anal., 3,75-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02715936.
  49. Valadi. S, (Photo - Licensed under Creative Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)). (2011), https://www.flickr.com/photos/132084522@N05/17242473422. Date Taken: 2011.
  50. Venkateswarlu, V. Tripathy, D. Rajagopal, K. Tharian, K.T. and Venkitakrishnan, P.V. (2013), "Failure analysis and optimization of thermo-mechanical process parameter of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) fasteners for aerospace applications", Case Studies Eng. Fail. Anal., 1, 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csefa.2013.04.003.
  51. Wang, J., Uy, B., Li, D. and Song, Y., (2020), "Fatigue behaviour of stainless steel bolts in tension and shear under constant-amplitude loading", Int. J. Fatigue, 133, 105401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105401.
  52. Wang, L., Dou, Y., Han, S., Wu, J. and Cui, Z., (2020), "Influence of sulfide on the passivation behavior and surface chemistry of 2507 super duplex stainless steel in acidified artificial seawater", Appl. Surf. Sci., 504, 144340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144340.
  53. Wang, Z., Feng, Z. and Zhang, L. (2020), "Effect of high temperature on the corrosion behavior and passive film composition of 316 L stainless steel in high H2S-containing environments", Corros. Sci., 174, 108844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108844.
  54. Whittaker, J.T. and Hess, D.P. (2015), "Ductility of titanium alloy and stainless steel aerospace fasteners", J. Fail. Anal. Amd Preven., 15, 571-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-015-0007-8.
  55. Yan, J.B., Wang, Z., Wang, T. and Wang, X.T. (2018), "Shear and tensile behaviors of headed stud connectors in double skin composite shear wall", Steel Compos. Struct., 26(6), 759-769. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.26.6.759.
  56. Yang, F., Veljkovic, M. and Liu, Y. (2021), "Fracture simulation of partially threaded bolts under tensile loading", Eng. Struct., 226, 111373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111373.
  57. Yang, F., Liu, Y., Xin H. and Veljkovic, M., (2021), "Fracture simulation of a demountable steel-concrete bolted connector in push-out tests", Eng. Struct., 239, 112305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112305.