Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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The dehiscence process in Panax ginseng seeds and the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway in terms of metabolomics

  • Min, Jung Eun (College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Long, Nguyen Phuoc (College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Hong, Ji Yeon (College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kim, Sun Jo (College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Anh, Nguyen Hoang (College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Wang, Daijie (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)) ;
  • Wang, Xiao (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)) ;
  • Park, Jeong Hill (College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kwon, Sung Won (College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Lee, Seul Ji (College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2020.12.15
  • Accepted : 2021.06.09
  • Published : 2022.03.01
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Abstract

Background: Ginseng, officially known as Panax ginseng Meyer, has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb, particularly in Asia. Ginseng is propagated from seeds; however, seed germination is challenging, especially in its natural environment on farms. The seeds typically exhibit morphophysiological dormancy and require release from both morphological and physiological dormancy before germination. Although some studies have proposed methods for increasing seed germination rates, the underlying mechanisms of its dormancy release process remain unclear. Here, we investigated metabolic alterations during dehiscence in P. ginseng to determine their potential roles in dormancy release. Methods: We compared the ginseng seed metabolome before and after dehiscence and the ginsenoside and phytosterol compositions of the seeds in both periods in the presence of related enzymes. Results: After seed dehiscence, the sugar, amino acid, and squalene concentrations were significantly altered, phytosterols associated with the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway were increased, while ginsenoside and brassinosteroid levels were not significantly altered. In addition, squalene epoxidase, cycloartenol synthase, 24-methylenesterol C-methyltransferase, and the stigmasterol biosynthesis pathway were activated. Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggest that morphological activities that facilitate ginseng seed growth are the primary phenomena occurring during the dehiscence process. This study improves the understanding of P. ginseng germination processes and promotes further research of its germination and cultivation.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Rural Development Administration of Korea [PJ01420102]; BK21 Plus Program in 2021; the Bio-Synergy Research Project of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) [2012M3A9C4048796]; and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education [2019K1A3A1A05088041].

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