Journal of Ginseng Research

  • 제46권1호
  • /
  • Pages.91-103
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 1226-8453(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2093-4947(eISSN)
고려인삼학회 (The Korean Society of Ginseng)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of red ginseng extract on gut microbial distribution

  • Kim, Young Kyun (Department of Family Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital) ;
  • Yum, Keun-Sang (Department of Family Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital)
  • 투고 : 2020.12.13
  • 심사 : 2021.04.16
  • 발행 : 2022.01.01
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Background: Red ginseng extract boosts immunity against inflammation and cancer in the human body. However, studies on the effects of red ginseng extract on the gut microbiome remain unexplored. Methods: In 2019, the positive effects and changes in the gut microbiome after administering 1 pack (3 g) of red ginseng extract per day to 53 adults aged 40 to 75 for 24 weeks were investigated. The gut microbial environment changes were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using next-generation sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction technology. Results: On comparing and analyzing alpha diversity and beta diversity, the microbial pattern showed significant differences (OTUs p = 0.003, chao1 p < 0.001, Bray-Curtis p = 0.001) before and after ingestion of red ginseng extract, indicating that gut microbial richness increased after ingestion. Moreover, after comparing and analyzing the gut microbiome's differences after red ginseng extract intake, significant differences were noted between three strains at the phylum level and among 57 strains at the genus level. Conclusion: This study proposes the potential use of red ginseng extract as a prebiotic after confirming its positive effects, including increasing gut microbiome richness, reducing harm to the gut microbiome, and increasing the number of some strains in the gut microbiome.

키워드

과제정보

This research was supported by the Korea Ginseng Corporation (KGC G18-Ef-12; 2018).

참고문헌

  1. Quigley EMM. Gut bacteria in health and disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2013;9:560-9.
  2. Collins S, Reid G. Distant site effect of ingested prebiotics. Nutrients 2016;8:523. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090523.
  3. Guarner F, Malagelada JR. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet 2003;361:512-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0.
  4. Yoon MY, Lee K, Yoon SS. Protective role of gut commensal microbes against intestinal infections [review]. J Microbiol 2014;52:983-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4655-2.
  5. Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A, Mayer EA. The brain-gut-microbiome axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;6:133-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003.
  6. Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann Gastroenterol 2015;28:203-9.
  7. Vuong HE, Hsiao EY. Emerging roles for the gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2017;81:411-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.024.
  8. Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T, Janssen S, Shastri GG, Ilhan ZE, Challis C, Schretter CE, Rocha S, Gradinaru V, et al. Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson's disease. Cell 2016;167:1469-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.018.e12.
  9. Bischoff SC, Barbara G, Buurman W, Ockhuizen T, Schulzke JD, Serino M, Tilg H, Watson A, Wells JM. Intestinal permeability-a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC Gastroenterol 2014;14:189. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-014-0189-7.
  10. Zheng P, Zeng B, Zhou C, Liu M, Fang Z, Xu X, Zeng L, Chen J, Fan S, Du X, et al. Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host's metabolism. Mol Psychiatry 2016;21:786-96. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.44.
  11. Rennstam Rubbmark O, Sint D, Cupic S, Traugott M. When to use next generation sequencing or diagnostic PCR in diet analyses. Mol Ecol Resour 2019;19:388-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12974.
  12. Williams A, Storton D, Buckles J, Llinas M, Wang W. Improvement of PCR-free NGS library preparation to obtain uniform read coverage of genome with extremely high AT content. J Biomol Tech 2012;23(Suppl):S34.
  13. Xiaoguang C, Hongyan L, Xiaohong L, Zhaodi F, Yan L, Lihua T, Rui H. Cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic activities of red ginseng. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;60:71-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(97)00133-5.
  14. Nguyen CT, Luong TT, Kim GL, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Korean Red Ginseng inhibits apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells via estrogen receptor β-mediated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt signaling. J Ginseng Res 2015;39:69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.06.005.
  15. Wang HY, Qi LW, Wang CZ, Li P. Bioactivity enhancement of herbal supplements by intestinal microbiota focusing on ginsenosides. Am J Chin Med 2011;39:1103-15. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X11009433.
  16. Kang S, Min H. Ginseng, the 'immunity boost': the effects of Panax ginseng on immune system. J Ginseng Res 2012;36:354-68. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.354.
  17. Ahn YJ, Kim MJ, Kawamura T, Yamamoto T, Fujisawa T, Mitsuoka T. Effect of Panax ginseng extract on growth responses of human intestinal bacteria and bacterial metabolism. J Ginseng Res 1990;14:253-64.
  18. Guo MZ, Ding S, Zhao C, Gu X, He X, Huang K, Luo Y, Liang Z, Tian H, Xu W. Red ginseng and semen coicis can improve the structure of gut microbiota and relieve the symptoms of ulcerative colitis. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;162:7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.029.
  19. Yang HJ, Kim MJ, Kwon DY, Kim DS, Zhang T, Ha C, Park S. Combination of aronia, red ginseng, shiitake mushroom, and nattokinase potentiated insulin secretion and reduced insulin resistance with improving gut microbiome dysbiosis in insulin-deficient type 2 diabetic rats. Nutrients 2018;10:948. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070948.
  20. Hong JT, Lee MJ, Yoon SJ, Shin SP, Bang CS, Baik GH, Kim DJ, Youn GS, Shin MJ, Ham YL, et al. Effect of Korea red ginseng on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an association of gut microbiota with liver function. J Ginseng Res 2020;7:4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.07.004.
  21. Cho S, Won CH, Lee DH, Lee MJ, Lee S, So SH, Lee SK, Koo BS, Kim NM, Chung JH. Red ginseng root extract mixed with Torilus fructus and Corni fructus improves facial wrinkles and increases type I procollagen synthesis in human skin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Med Food 2009;12:1252-9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.1390.
  22. Tuomisto H. A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography 2010;33:2-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05880.x.
  23. Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, Seifan M, Mohkam M, Masoumi SJ, Berenjian A, Ghasemi Y. Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications. Foods 2019;8:92. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030092.
  24. Yang Z, Ji G. Fusobacterium nucleatum-positive colorectal cancer [review]. Oncol Lett 2019;18:975-82. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10433.
  25. Kostic AD, Gevers D, Pedamallu CS, Michaud M, Duke F, Earl AM, Ojesina AI, Jung J, Bass AJ, Tabernero J, et al. Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res 2012;22:292-8. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.126573.111.
  26. Wang Y, Zou Y, Wang J, Ma H, Zhang B, Wang S. The protective effects of 2'-fucosyllactose against E. coli O157 infection are mediated by the regulation of gut microbiota and the inhibition of pathogen adhesion. Nutrients 2020;12:1284. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051284.
  27. Lin CH, Chen CC, Chiang HL, Liou JM, Chang CM, Lu TP, Chuang EY, Tai YC, Cheng C, Lin HY, et al. Altered gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokine responses in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019;16:129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-019-1528-y.
  28. Na HS, Lim YJ, YunYS, Choi YH, Oh JS, Rhee JH, Lee HC. Protective effect of Ginsan against Vibrio vulnificus infection. J Bacteriol Virol 2009;39:113-8. https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2009.39.2.113.
  29. Qin P, Zou Y, Dai Y, Luo G, Zhang X, Xiao L. Characterization a novel butyric acid-producing bacterium Collinsella aerofaciens subsp. Shenzhenensis subsp. nov. Microorganisms 2019;7:78. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030078.
  30. Hanchi H, Mottawea W, Sebei K, Hammami R. The genus Enterococcus: between probiotic potential and safety concernsdan update. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1791. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01791.
  31. Braiek OB, Smaoui S. Enterococci: between emerging pathogens and potential probiotics. Biomed Res Int 2019:5938210. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5938210.2019.
  32. Walters J. Ecological role of Lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: implications for fundamental and biomedical research. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:4985-96. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00753-08.
  33. Shokryazdan P, Sieo CC, Kalavathy R, Liang JB, Alitheen NB, Faselah Jahromi M, Ho YW. Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus strains with antimicrobial activity against some human pathogenic strains. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:927268. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/927268.