Molecules and Cells

Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology (한국분자세포생물학회)
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Mechanisms of Weight Control by Primary Cilia

  • Lee, Chan Hee (Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University) ;
  • Kang, Gil Myoung (Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Min-Seon (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine)
  • Received : 2021.12.19
  • Accepted : 2022.01.25
  • Published : 2022.04.30
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Abstract

A primary cilium, a hair-like protrusion of the plasma membrane, is a pivotal organelle for sensing external environmental signals and transducing intracellular signaling. An interesting linkage between cilia and obesity has been revealed by studies of the human genetic ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, in which obesity is a principal manifestation. Mouse models of cell type-specific cilia dysgenesis have subsequently demonstrated that ciliary defects restricted to specific hypothalamic neurons are sufficient to induce obesity and hyperphagia. A potential mechanism underlying hypothalamic neuron cilia-related obesity is impaired ciliary localization of G protein-coupled receptors involved in the regulation of appetite and energy metabolism. A well-studied example of this is melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), mutations in which are the most common cause of human monogenic obesity. In the paraventricular hypothalamus neurons, a blockade of ciliary trafficking of MC4R as well as its downstream ciliary signaling leads to hyperphagia and weight gain. Another potential mechanism is reduced leptin signaling in hypothalamic neurons with defective cilia. Leptin receptors traffic to the periciliary area upon leptin stimulation. Moreover, defects in cilia formation hamper leptin signaling and actions in both developing and differentiated hypothalamic neurons. The list of obesity-linked ciliary proteins is expending and this supports a tight association between cilia and obesity. This article provides a brief review on the mechanism of how ciliary defects in hypothalamic neurons facilitate obesity.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea (2017R1A2B3007123, 2019R1F1A1060805, 2019R1I1A1A01058091, 2020R1A2C3004843, 2020R1A4A3078962), and from the Asan Institute for Life Sciences (2019-IP0855-1).

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