Wind and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Review of international wind codes and recent research on mono-slope canopy roof

  • Pratap, Ajay (Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology) ;
  • Rani, Neelam (Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology)
  • Received : 2021.08.25
  • Accepted : 2022.04.21
  • Published : 2022.04.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Buildings with mono-sloped roofs are used for different purposes like at railway platforms, restaurants, industrial buildings, etc. Between two types of mono-slope roofs, clad and unclad, unclad canopy types are more vulnerable to wind load as wind produces pressure on both upper and lower surfaces of the roof, resulting in uplifting of the roof surface. This paper discusses the provisions of wind loads in different codes and standards for Low-rise buildings. Further, the pressure coefficients on mono-slope canopy roof available in wind code and standards are compared. Previous experimental studies for mono-slope canopy roof along with the recent wind tunnel testing carried out at Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee is briefly discussed and compared with the available wind codes. From the study it can further be asserted that the information available related to staging or blocking under the mono-slope canopy roofs is limited. This paper is an attempt to put together the available information in different wind codes/standards and the research works carried out by different researchers, along with shedding some light on the future scopes of research on mono-slope canopy roofs.

Keywords

References

  1. Abdi, D.S. and Bitsuamlak, G.T. (2014), "Wind flow simulations on idealized and real complex terrain using various turbulence models", Adv. Eng. Software 75, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2014.05.002,
  2. Ahmad, S. and Krishen, K. (2002), "Wind pressures on low-rise hip roof buildings", Wind Struct., 5(6), 493-514. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2002.5.6.493.
  3. Alrawashdeh, H. and Stathopoulos, T. (2015), "Wind pressures on large roofs of low buildings and wind codes and standards", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 147, 212-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.09.014.
  4. AS-NZS 1170-2 (2011), Structural Design Actions Part 2: Wind Actions.
  5. ASCE:7-16 (2016), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-16 Standard, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.
  6. BS 6399-2 (1997), British Standard Loading for Buildings-Part2, Code of Practice for Wind Loads, British Standards Institution.
  7. Cook, N.J. and Mayne, J.R. (1980), "A refined working approach to the assessment of wind loads for equivalent static design", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 6(1-2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(80)90026-4.
  8. EN 1991-1-4 (2005), Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures - Part 1-4: General Actions - Wind Actions.
  9. Fouad, N.S., Mahmoud, G.H. and Nasr, N.E. (2018), "Comparative study of international codes wind loads and CFD results for low rise buildings", Alexandria Eng, J., 57(4), 3623-3639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.11.023.
  10. Gimenez, J.M. and Facundo, B. (2019), "Optimization of RANS turbulence models using genetic algorithms to improve the prediction of wind pressure coefficients on low-rise buildings", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 193, 103978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.103978.
  11. Ginger, J.D., Holmes, J.D. and Kim, P.Y. (2010), "Variation of internal pressure with varying sizes of dominant openings and volumes", J. Struct. Eng., 136(10), 1319-1326. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000225
  12. Gumley, S.J. (1984). "A parametric study of extreme pressures for the static design of canopy structures", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 16(1), 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(84)90048-5.
  13. Gumley, S.J. (1990), Design Extreme Pressures: A Parametric Study for Canopy Roofs. University of Oxford Department of Engineering Science.
  14. Habte, F., Chowdhury, A.G. and Zisis, I. (2017), "Effect of wind-induced internal pressure on local frame forces of low-rise buildings", Eng. Struct., 143, 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.039.
  15. Holmes, J.D. (2003), Wind Loading of Structures, Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  16. IS 875 (2015), Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structure - Code of Practise Part 3 Wind Loads.
  17. Jensen, M. and Franck, N. (1965), Model Scale Tests in Turbulent Wind: Part 2, Danish Technical Press.
  18. Karava, P., Stathopoulos, T. and Athienitis, A.K. (2006), "Impact of internal pressure coefficients on wind-driven ventilation analysis", Int. J. Vent., 5(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2006.11683724.
  19. Kasperski, M. (1996), "Design wind loads for low-rise buildings: A critical review of wind load specifications for industrial buildings", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 61(2-3), 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(96)00051-7.
  20. Kind, R.J. (1986), "Worst suctions near edges of flat rooftops on low-rise buildings", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 25(1), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(86)90103-0.
  21. Krishna, P. (1995), "Wind loads on low rise buildings-A review", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 54, 383-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)00055-I.
  22. Krishna, P. (1995), "Wind loads on low rise buildings - A review", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 54/55, 383-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)00055-I.
  23. Kumar, S. (2020), "Wind loading on tall buildings: Review of Indian standards and recommended amendments", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 204, 104240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104240.
  24. Letchford, C.W. and Ginger, J.D. (1992), "Wind loads on planar canopy roofs - Part 1: Mean pressure distributions", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 45(1), 25-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90004-T.
  25. Lubitz, D. and White, R. (2007), "Wind-tunnel and field investigation of the effect of local wind direction on speed-up over hills", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 95, 639-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.09.001
  26. Miller, C.A. and Davenport, A.G. (1998), "Guidelines for the calculation of wind speed-ups in complex terrain", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 74-76, 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00016-6.
  27. Morrison, M.J. and Gregory A.K. (2018), "Effects of turbulence intensity and scale on surface pressure Fl Uctuations on the roof of a low-rise building in the atmospheric boundary layer", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 183, 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.10.017.
  28. Natalini, B., Marighetti, J.O. and Natalini, M.B. (2002), "Wind tunnel modelling of mean pressures on planar canopy roof", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 90(4-5), 427-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00205-7.
  29. Natalini, M.B., Morel, C. and Natalini, B. (2013), "Mean loads on vaulted canopy roofs", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 119, 102-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.0.
  30. Ong, R.H., Patruno, L., Yeo, D., He, Y. and Kwok. K. (2020), "Numerical simulation of wind-induced mean and peak pressures around a low-rise structure", Eng. Struct., 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110583.
  31. Peren, J.I., van Hooff, T., Leite, B.C. and Blocken, B. (2015), "CFD analysis of cross-ventilation of a generic isolated building with asymmetric opening positions: Impact of angle and opening location", Build. Environ., 85, 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.20.
  32. Rani, N. and Ahuja A. K. (2017), "Wind pressure distribution on circular canopy roofs", ISEC 2017 - 9th International Structural Engineering and Construction Conference: Resilient Structures and Sustainable Construction 1-6. https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.res.2017.133.
  33. Rani, N., Ahuja A.K. and Gupta P.K. (2013), "Wind pressure distribution on flat canopy roofs", J. Academic. Ind. Res., 1(May), 771-773.
  34. Roy, A.K., Ahuja, A.K. and Gupta, V.K. (2009), "Variation of wind pressure on canopy-roofs", ACSGE-03, Oct(25-27), 19-30, BITS Pilani, India Variation.
  35. Roy, A.K., Aslam A. and Singh, J. (2017), "Wind effect on canopy roof of low-rise buildings", International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering Innovations & Technology Management 02(December), 365-371.
  36. Sakib, F.A., Stathopoulos, T. and Anjan. K.B. (2021), "A review of wind loads on canopies attached to walls of low-rise Buildings", Eng. Struct., 230, 111656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111656.
  37. Shamsoddin, S. and Porte-Agel, F. (2017), "Large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary- layer flow through a wind farm sited on topography", Bound Layer Meteorol. 163, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-016-0216-z
  38. Singh, J. and Roy, A.K. (2019), "CFD simulation of the wind field around pyramidal roofed single-story buildings", SN Appl. Sci, 1(11), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1476-2.
  39. Singh, J. and Roy, A.K. (2019), "Effects of roof slope and wind direction on wind pressure distribution on the roof of a square plan pyramidal low-rise building using CFD simulation", Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng., 11(2), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-019-0227-3.
  40. Singh, P. and Ahuja, K.A. (2015), "Wind pressure distribution on trough canopy roofs", Int. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. (IJEAS), 2(4), 771-773.
  41. Stathopoulos, T. (1984), "Wind loads on low-rise buildings: A review of the state of the art", Eng. Struct., 6(2), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(84)90005-1.
  42. Stathopoulos, T. and Hatem, A. (2020), "Wind loads on buildings: A code of practice perspective", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 206, 104338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104338.
  43. Stathopoulos, T. and Mohammadian, A.R. (1986), "Wind loads on low buildings with mono-sloped roofs", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 23, 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(86)90034-6.
  44. Stathopoulos, T. and Saathoff, P. (1991), "Wind pressure on roofs of various geometries", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 38(2-3), 273-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(91)90047-Z.
  45. Stathopoulos, T. and Zhou, Y.S. (1995), "Numerical evaluation of wind pressures on flat roofs with the K-ε model", Build. Environ., 30(2), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(94)00038-T.
  46. Stathopoulos, T., Surry, D. and Davenport, A.G. (1979), "Wind-induced internal pressures in low buildings", Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Wind Engineering, Fort Collins, CO.
  47. Surry, D. and Stathopoulos, T. (1985), The Wind Loading of Low Buildings with Mono-Sloped Roofs, University of Western Ontario BLWT-SS38.
  48. Tominaga, Y., Shin A., Takuya K. and Yuki A. (2015), "Air flow around isolated gable-roof buildings with different roof pitches: Wind tunnel experiments and CFD simulations", Build. Environ., 84, 204-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.012.
  49. Uematsu, Y. and Theodore, S. (2003), "Wind loads on free-standing canopy roofs: A review", J. Wind Eng., 28(2), 95_245-95_256. https://doi.org/10.5359/jwe.28.95_245.
  50. Uematsu, Y., Theodore, S. and Eri I. (2008b), "Wind loads on free-standing canopy roofs: Part 2 overall wind forces", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 96(6-7), 1029-1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2007.06.026.
  51. Uematsu, Y., Theodore, S. and Eri, I. (2008a), "Wind loads on free-standing canopy roofs: Part 1 local wind pressures", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 96(6-7), 1015-1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2007.06.047.
  52. Wang, X. J., Li, Q.S. and Li, J. C. (2020), "Field measurements and numerical simulations of wind-driven rain on a low-rise building during typhoons", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104274.
  53. Weerasuriya, A.U., Hu, Z.Z., Li, S.W. and Tse, K.T. (2016), "Wind direction field under the influence of topography, part I: A descriptive model", Wind Struct., 22(4), 455-476. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2016.22.4.455.
  54. Yukio T. and Ahsan, K. (2013), Adv. Struct. Wind Eng., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54337-4_1.
  55. Zheng, X., Montazeri, H. and Blocken, B. (2020), "CFD simulations of wind flow and mean surface pressure for buildings with balconies: Comparison of RANS and LES", Build. Environ., 173, 106747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106747.