과제정보
본 논문의 개선을 위해 의견을 제시해 주신 세 분의 심사위원께 감사드립니다. 그리고 관측자료 활용을 허락하여 주신 포항공과대학교와 한국해양과학기술원, 해양관측에 많은 도움을 주신 국립수산과학원과 해양환경공단에 감사드립니다. 이 논문은 연구재단(NRF-2019R1A2C2089994)의 지원을 받아 작성되었습니다.
참고문헌
- Albright, R., Takeshita, Y., Koweek, D. A., Ninokawa, A., Wolfe, K., Rivlin, T., Nebuchina, Y., Young, J., and Caldeira, K., 2018, Carbon dioxide addition to coral reef waters suppresses net community calcification. Nature, 555(7697), 516-519. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25968
- Anderson, L.A. and Sarmiento, J.L., 1994, Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 8, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB03318
- Bakker, D.C.E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C.S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K.M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S.D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S.R., Balestrini, C.F., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Bianchi, A.A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E.F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman- Mountford, N.K., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M.P., Hunt, C.W., Huss, B., Ibanhez, J.S.P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Kortzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschutzer, P., Lauvset, S.K., Lefevre4, N., Monaco, C.L., Manke, A., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F.J., Monteiro, F.M.S., Munro, D.R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K.F., Sutherland, S.C., Sutton, A.J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S.M.A.C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A.J., and Xu, S., 2016, A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT). Earth System Science Data. 8, 383-413.
- Barton, A., Waldbusser, G. G., Feely, R. A., Weisberg, S. B., Newton, J. A., Hales, B., Cudd, S., Eudeline, B., Langdon, C. J., Jefferds, I., King, T., Suhrbier, A., and McLaughlin, K., 2015, Impacts of coastal acidification on the Pacific Northwest shellfish industry and adaptation strategies implemented in response. Oceanography, 28(2), 146-159. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.63
- Bindoff, N.L., Cheung, W.W.L., Kairo, J.G., Aristegui, J., Guinder, V.A., Hallberg, R., Hilmi, N., Jiao, N., Karim, M.S., Levin, L., O'Donoghue, S., Purca Cuicapusa, S.R., Rinkevich, B., Suga, T., Tagliabue, A., and Williamson, P., 2019, Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. In Portner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegria, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B. and Weyer, N.W. (eds.), IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate.
- Brussaard, C. P. D., Noordeloos, A. A. M., Witte, H., Collenteur, M. C. J., Schulz, K., Ludwig, A., and Riebesell, U., 2013, Arctic microbial community dynamics influenced by elevated CO2 levels. Biogeosciences, 10(2), 719-731. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-719-2013
- Byrne, R. H., Mecking, S., Feely, R. A., and Liu, X., 2010, Direct observations of basin-wide acidification of the North Pacific Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(2), L02601, doi:10.1029/2009GL040999.
- Cai, W. J., Dai, M., and Wang, Y., 2006, Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province-based synthesis. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(12), L12603, doi:10.1029/2006GL026219.
- Cai, W. J., Hu, X., Huang, W. J., Murrell, M. C., Lehrter, J. C., Lohrenz, S. E., Chou, W. C., Zhai, W., Hollibaugh, J. T., Wang, Y., Zhao, P. Guo, X., Gundersen, K., D, M., and Gong, G. C., 2011, Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication. Nature Geoscience, 4(11), 766-770. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1297
- Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M. E., 2003, Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature, 425(6956), 365-365. https://doi.org/10.1038/425365a
- Chen, C. T. A., and Borges, A. V., 2009, Reconciling opposing views on carbon cycling in the coastal ocean: Continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems as sources of atmospheric CO2. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 56, 578-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.01.001
- Chen, C. T. A., Lui, H. K., Hsieh, C. H., Yanagi, T., Kosugi, N., Ishii, M., and Gong, G. C., 2017, Deep oceans may acidify faster than anticipated due to global warming. Nature Climate Change, 7(12), 890-894. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0003-y
- Choi, J. K., Ahn, J. H., Son, Y. B., Hwang, D. J., and Lee, S. J., 2020b, Application of GOCI to the estimates of primary productivity in the coastal waters of the East Sea. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, 36, 237-247. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.7780/KJRS.2020.36.2.2.2
- Choi,. Y., Cho, S., and Kim, D., 2020a, Seasonal variation in aragonite saturation states and the controlling factors in the southeastern Yellow Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 150, 110695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110695
- Choi, Y., Kim, D., Cho, S., and Kim, T.-W., 2019, Southeastern Yellow Sea as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 149, 110550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110550
- Choi, Y., Kim, D., Noh, J. H., and Kang, D. J., 2021, Contribution of Changjiang River discharge to CO2 uptake capacity of the northern East China Sea in August 2016. Continental Shelf Research, 215, 104336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2020.104336
- Choi, Y., Kim, T. H., Kim, D., and Kang, D. J., 2022, Spatiotemporal variability of aragonite saturation state in the northern East China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, e2021JC017593, https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2021JC017593.
- Chou, W. C., Gong, G. C., Hung, C. C., and Wu, Y. H., 2013, Carbonate mineral saturation states in the East China Sea: present conditions and future scenarios. Biogeosciences, 10(10), 6453-6467. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6453-2013
- Diaz, R.J. and Rosenberg R., 2008, Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science, 321, 926-929. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156401
- Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L., and Christian, J.R., 2007, Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements. PICES Special Publication 3, 191 p.
- Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., and Kleypas, J. A., 2009, Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1, 169-192. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834
- Doney, S. C., Mahowald, N., Lima, I., Feely, R. A., Mackenzie, F. T., Lamarque, J. F., and Rasch, P. J., 2007, Impact of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur deposition on ocean acidification and the inorganic carbon system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(37), 14580-14585. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702218104
- Dore, J. E., Lukas, R., Sadler, D. W., Church, M. J., and Karl, D. M., 2009, Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(30), 12235-12240. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906044106
- Ekstrom, J. A., Suatoni, L., Cooley, S. R., Pendleton, L. H., Waldbusser, G. G., Cinner, J. E., Ritter, J., Langdon, C., Hooidonk, R., Gledhill, D., Wellman, K., Beck, M. W., Brander, L. M., Rittschof, D., Doherty, C., Edwards, P. E. T., and Portela, R., 2015, Vulnerability and adaptation of US shellfisheries to ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change, 5(3), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2508
- Eyring, V., Gillett, N.P., Achuta Rao, K.M., Barimalala, R., Barreiro Parrillo, M., Bellouin, N., Cassou, C., Durack, P.J., Kosaka, Y., McGregor, S., Min, S., Morgenstern, O., and Sun, Y., 2021, Human Influence on the Climate System. In Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Pean, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekci, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., 2021, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. In Press.
- Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Hernandez-Ayon, J. M., Ianson, D., and Hales, B., 2008, Evidence for upwelling of corrosive "acidified" water onto the continental shelf. Science, 320(5882), 1490-1492. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155676
- Green, M. A., Jones, M. E., Boudreau, C. L., Moore, R. L., and Westman, B. A., 2004, Dissolution mortality of juvenile bivalves in coastal marine deposits. Limnology and Oceanography, 49(3), 727-734. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0727
- Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Monaco, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., and Wanninkhof, R., 2019, The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007. Science, 363(6432), 1193-1199. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153
- Hauri, C., Gruber, N., Vogt, M., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Lachkar, Z., Leinweber, A., McDonnell, A. M. P., Munnich, M., and Plattner, G. K., 2013, Spatiotemporal variability and long-term trends of ocean acidification in the California Current System. Biogeosciences, 10(1), 193-216. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-193-2013
- Hennige, S., Roberts, J. M., and Williamson, P., 2014, An updated synthesis of the impacts of ocean acidification on marine biodiversity. CBD Technical Series 75. 99 p.
- Heuer, R. M. and Grosell, M., 2014, Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 307(9), R1061-R1084.
- Ishii, M., Rodgers, K. B., Inoue, H. Y., Toyama, K., Sasano, D., Kosugi, N., Ono, H., Enyo, K., Nakano, T., Iudicone, D., Blanke, B., Aumont, O., and Feely, R. A., 2020, Ocean acidification from below in the Tropical Pacific. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 34(8), e2019GB006368, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006368.
- Jang, E., Im, J., Park, G. H., and Park, Y. G., 2017, Estimation of fugacity of carbon dioxide in the East Sea using in situ measurements and Geostationary Ocean Color Imager satellite data. Remote Sensing, 9(8), 821. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9080821
- Kang, D. J., Kim, J. Y., Lee, T., and Kim, K. R.., 2004, Will the East/Japan Sea become an anoxic sea in the next century?. Marine Chemistry, 91(1-4), 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.03.020
- Kaplan, M. B., Mooney, T. A., McCorkle, D. C., and Cohen, A. L., 2013, Adverse effects of ocean acidification on early development of squid (Doryteuthis pealeii). PLOS ONE, 8(5), e63714. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063714
- Kim, C. H., and Kim, K., 1983, Characteristics and origin of the cold water mass along the east coast of Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, 18(1), 73-83. (in Korean)
- Kim, D., Choi, S. H., Yang, E. J., Kim, K. H., Jeong, J. H., and Kim, Y. O., 2013a, Biologically mediated seasonality of aragonite saturation states in Jinhae Bay, Korea. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(6), 1420-1426. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00205.1
- Kim, D., Park, G. H., Baek, S. H., Choi, Y., and Kim, T.- W., 2018, Physical and biological control of aragonite saturation in the coastal waters of southern South Korea under the influence of freshwater. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 129(1), 318-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.038
- Kim, D., Yang, E. J., Baek, S. H., Kim, K. H., Jeong, J. H., and Kim, Y. O., 2014a, Aragonite undersaturation in Gwangyang Bay, South Korea: effects of fresh water input. Ocean Science Journal, 49(3), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-014-0022-9
- Kim, J. M., Lee, K., Han, I. S., Lee, J. S., Choi, Y. H., Lee, J. H., and Moon, J. Y., 2020, Anthropogenic nitrogen-induced changes in seasonal carbonate dynamics in a productive coastal environment. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(17), e2020GL088232, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088232.
- Kim, J. Y., Kang, D. J., Lee, T., and Kim, K. R., 2014b, Long-term trend of CO2 and ocean acidification in the surface water of the Ulleung Basin, the East/Japan Sea inferred from the underway observational data. Biogeosciences, 11(9), 2443-2454. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2443-2014
- Kim, K. R., Kim, G., Kim, K., Lobanov, V., Ponomarev, V., and Salyuk, A., 2002, A sudden bottom-water formation during the severe winter 2000-2001: The case of the East/Japan Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(8), doi:10.1029/2001GL014498.
- Kim, T.-W., Lee, K., Duce, R., and Liss, P., 2014c, Impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on phytoplankton productivity in the South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(9), 3156-3162, doi:10.1002/2014GL059665.
- Kim, T.-W., Lee, K, Lee, C., Jeong, H.-D., Suh, Y.-S., Lim, W., Kim, K.Y., and Jeong, H.-J, 2013b, Interannual nutrient dynamics in Korean coastal waters. Harmful Algae, 30, S15-S27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.10.003
- Ko, Y. H., Lee, K., Eom, K. H., and Han, I. S., 2016, Organic alkalinity produced by phytoplankton and its effect on the computation of ocean carbon parameters. Limnology and Oceanography, 61(4), 1462-1471. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10309
- Ko, Y. H., Park, G.-H., Kim, D., and Kim, T. W., 2021, Variations in seawater pCO2 associated with vertical mixing during tropical cyclone season in the northwestern subtropical Pacific Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8:679314, doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.679314.
- Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Crim, R., Hendriks, I. E., Ramajo, L., Singh, G. S., Duarte, C. M., and Gattuso, J. P., 2013, Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Global Change Biology, 19(6), 1884-1896. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12179
- Landschuetzer, P., Gruber, N., and Bakker, D. C., 2016, Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30(10), 1396-1417. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005359
- Landschutzer, P., Laruelle, G. G., Roobaert, A., and Regnier, P., 2020, A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans. Earth System Science Data, 12(4), 2537-2553. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020
- Lauvset, S. K., Gruber, N., Landschutzer, P., Olsen, A., and Tjiputra, J., 2015, Trends and drivers in global surface ocean pH over the past 3 decades. Biogeosciences, 12(5), 1285-1298. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1285-2015
- Lee, C.H., Lee, K., Ko, Y. H., and Lee, J.-S., 2021, Contribution of marine phytoplankton and bacteria to alkalinity: An uncharacterized component. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL093738. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093738.
- Lee, J. H., Pang, I. C., and Moon, J. H., 2016, Contribution of the Yellow Sea bottom cold water to the abnormal cooling of sea surface temperature in the summer of 2011. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121(6), 3777-3789, doi:10.1002/2016JC011658.
- Lee, K., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., Kim, T. W., Feely, R. A., and Kim, H. C., 2011, Roles of marginal seas in absorbing and storing fossil fuel CO2. Energy & Environmental Science, 4(4), 1133-1146. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00663g
- Martino, M., Hamilton, D., Baker, A. R., Jickells, T. D., Bromley, T., Nojiri, Y., Quack, B., and Boyd, P. W., 2014, Western Pacific atmospheric nutrient deposition fluxes, their impact on surface ocean productivity. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28(7), 712-728, doi:10.1002/2013GB004794.
- Nagelkerken, I. and Connell, S. D., 2015, Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(43), 13272-13277. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510856112
- Nagelkerken, I., Russell, B. D., Gillanders, B. M., and Connell, S. D., 2015, Ocean acidification alters fish populations indirectly through habitat modification. Nature Climate Change, 6(1), 89-93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2757
- Nam, S., Yoon, S. T., Park, J. H., Kim, Y. H., and Chang, K. I., 2016, Distinct characteristics of the intermediate water observed off the east coast of Korea during two contrasting years. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121(7), 5050-5068, doi:10.1002/2015JC011593.
- Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R. A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R. M., Lindsay, K., Reimer, E. M., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R. G., Plattner, G. K., Rodgers, K. B., Sabine, C. L., Sarmiento, J. L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R. D., Totterdell, I. J., Weirig, M. F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A., 2005, Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature, 437(7059), 681-686. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04095
- Park, G.-H., Lee, S. E., Kim, Y. I., Kim, D., Lee, K., Kang, J., Kim, Y. H., Kim, H., Park, S., and Kim, T. W., 2019, Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic inorganic nitrogen in airborne particles and precipitation in the East Sea in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Science of the Total Environment, 681, 400-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.135
- Park, G.-H., Lee, K., Tishchenko, P., Min, D.-H., Warner, M. J., Talley, L. D., Kang, D.-J., and Kim, K.-R. 2006, Large accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the East (Japan) Sea and its significant impact on carbonate chemistry, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB4013, doi:10.1029/2005GB002676.
- Park, G.-H., Lee, K., and Tishchenko, P. 2008, Sudden, considerable reduction in recent uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the East/Japan Sea, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L23611, doi:10.1029/2008GL036118.
- Park, K., and Kim, K. R., 2010, Unprecedented coastal upwelling in the East/Japan Sea and linkage to longterm large-scale variations. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(9), L09603, doi:10.1029/2009GL042231.
- Park, S., Lee, T., and Jo, Y. H., 2016, Sea Surface pCO2 and Its Variability in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea Constrained by a neural network model. The Sea, 21(1), 1-10. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.7850/JKSO.2016.21.1.1
- Park, Y.-G., Park, K.H., Im, J., Lee, W.K., Park, J.H., Noh, J.D., Gu, B.K., 2018, Development of satellite-based ocean carbon parameter estimation models for Korea waters. 722 p. (in Korean)
- Rockstrom, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, A., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., Nykvist, B., Wit, C. A., Hughes, T., Leeuw, S., Rodhe, H., Sorlin, S., Snyder, P. K., Costanza, R., Svedin, U., Falkenmark, M., Karlberg, L., Corell, R. W., Fabry, V. J., Hansen, J., Walker, B., Liverman, D., Richardson, K., Crutzen P., and Foley, J. A., 2009, A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, 461(7263), 472-475. https://doi.org/10.1038/461472a
- Roy, T., Lonbard, F., Bopp, L., and Gehlen, M., 2015, Projected impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on the global biogeography of planktonic Foraminifera. Biogeosciences, 12, 2873-2889. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2873-2015
- Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T. H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F., 2004, The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science, 305(5682), 367-371. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097403
- Salisbury, J., Green, M., Hunt, C., and Campbell, J., 2008, Coastal acidification by rivers: a threat to shellfish?. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 89(50), 513-513. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008EO500001
- Seo, H. S., and Kim, D. S., 2020, Effect of El Nino and La Nina on the coastal upwelling in East Sea, South Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety, 26(1), 75-83. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2020.26.1.075
- Seok, M. W., Kim, D., Park, G. H., Lee, K., Kim, T. H., Jung, J., Kim, K., Park, K. T., Kim, Y. H., Mo, A., Park, S., Ko, Y. H., Kang, J., Kim, H., and Kim, T.-W., 2021, Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nutrients to the Western North Pacific Ocean. Science of The Total Environment, 793, 148401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148401
- Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., Watson, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Metzl, N., Yoshikawa, H., Ishii, M., Midorikawa, T., Nojiri, Y., and De Baar, H. J. (2009). Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 56(8-10), 554-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009
- Theodosi, C., Markaki, Z., Tselepides, A., and Mihalopoulos, N., 2010, The significance of atmospheric inputs of soluble and particulate major and trace metals to the eastern Mediterranean seawater. Marine Chemistry, 120, 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.02.003
- Wigley, T., 1983, The pre-industrial carbon dioxide level. Climatic Change, 5(4), 315-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02423528
- Wu, L., Zhang, Q., and Jiang, Z., 2006, Three Gorges Dam affects regional precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(13), L13806, doi:10.1029/2006GL026780.
- Yang, Z. S., Wang, H. J., Saito, Y., Milliman, J. D., Xu, K., Qiao, S., and Shi, G., 2006, Dam impacts on the Changjiang (Yangtze) River sediment discharge to the sea: The past 55 years and after the Three Gorges Dam. Water Resources Research, 42(4), W04407, doi:10.1029/2005WR003970.
- Yoon, S. T., Chang, K. I., Nam, S., Rho, T., Kang, D. J., Lee, T., Park, K. A., Lobanov, V., Kaplunenko, D., Tishchenko, P., and Kim, K. R., 2018, Re-initiation of bottom water formation in the East Sea (Japan Sea) in a warming world. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-10.
- Yun, J. Y., Magaard, L., Kim, K., Shin, C. W., Kim, C., and Byun, S. K., 2004, Spatial and temporal variability of the North Korean Cold Water leading to the nearbottom cold water intrusion in Korea Strait. Progress in Oceanography, 60(1), 99-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2003.11.004