Acknowledgement
Funding for this paper was provided by Namseoul University year 2022.
References
- Luu L, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R. The Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein and its neuritogenic actions. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2021;18:772-786. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720501866621120814101
- Hansson O, Mikulskis A, Fagan AM, Teunissen C, Zetterberg H, Vanderstichele H, et al. The impact of preanalytical variables on measuring cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: a review. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14:1313-1333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.05.008
- Wegmann S, Biernat J, Mandelkow E. A current view on Tau protein phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2021;69:131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.003
- Babapour Mofrad R, Scheltens P, Kim S, Kang S, Youn YC, An SSA, et al. Plasma amyloid-β oligomerization assay as a pre-screening test for amyloid status. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13:133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-021-00873-w
- Choi Y, Joh Y, Ryu JS, Kim K, Seo D, Kim S. Endogenous Aβ peptide promote Aβ oligomerization tendency of spiked synthetic Aβ in Alzheimer's disease plasma. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2021;111: 103588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103588
- Pyun JM, Ryu JS, Lee R, Shim KH, Youn YC, Ryoo N, et al. Plasma amyloid-β oligomerization tendency predicts amyloid PET positivity. Clin Interv Aging. 2021 Apr 30;16:749-755. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S312473
- Konietzko U. AICD nuclear signaling and its possible contribution to Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012;9:200-216. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720512799361673
- Irwin DJ, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. Parkinson's disease dementia: convergence of α-synuclein, tau and amyloid-β pathologies. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14:626-436. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3549
- Youn YC, Lee BS, Kim GJ, Ryu JS, Lim K, Lee R, et al. Blood amyloid-β oligomerization as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease: a blinded validation study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;75:493-499. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200061
- Meng X, Li T, Wang X, Lv X, Sun Z, Zhang J, et al. Association between increased levels of amyloid-β oligomers in plasma and episodic memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11:89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-019-0535-7
- An SSA, Lee BS, Yu JS, Lim K, Kim GJ, Lee R, et al. Dynamic changes of oligomeric amyloid β levels in plasma induced by spiked synthetic Aβ42. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9:86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-017-0310-6
- Ivanov SM, Atanasova M, Dimitrov I, Doytchinova IA. Cellular polyamines condense hyperphosphorylated Tau, triggering Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep. 2020;10:10098. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67119-x
- Lan G, Cai Y, Li A, Liu Z, Ma S, Guo T, et al. Association of presynaptic loss with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline. Ann Neurol. 2022;92:1001-1015. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.2649
- Williams SM, Schulz P, Sierks MR. Oligomeric alpha-synuclein and beta-amyloid variants as potential biomarkers for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Eur J Neurosci. 2016;43:3-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13056
- Meneses A, Koga S, O'Leary J, Dickson DW, Bu G, Zhao N. TDP-43 Pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2021;16:84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-021-00503-x
- Zheng Y, Zhang L, Zhao J, Li L, Wang M, Gao P, et al. Advances in aptamers against Aβ and applications in Aβ detection and regulation for Alzheimer's disease. Theranostics. 2022;12:2095-2114. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.69465
- Hugo J, Ganguli M. Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2014;30: 421-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.001
- Harris LD, Jasem S, Licchesi JDF. The ubiquitin system in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1233:195-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_8
- Ruan Z, Pathak D, Venkatesan Kalavai S, Yoshii-Kitahara A, Muraoka S, Bhatt N, et al. Alzheimer's disease brain-derived extracellular vesicles spread tau pathology in interneurons. Brain. 2021;144:288-309. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa376
- Hu S, Tan J, Qin L, Lv L, Yan W, Zhang H, et al. Molecular chaperones and Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2021;160:105527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105527
- Varesi A, Pierella E, Romeo M, Piccini GB, Alfano C, Bjorklund G, et al. The potential role of gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease: from diagnosis to treatment. Nutrients. 2022;14:668. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030668
- Jiang C, Li G, Huang P, Liu Z, Zhao B. The gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58:1-15. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161141
- Chong JR, Ashton NJ, Karikari TK, Tanaka T, Scholl M, Zetterberg H, et al. Blood-based high sensitivity measurements of beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau as biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: a focused review on recent advances. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021;92:1231-1241. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2021-327370
- Leuzy A, Cullen NC, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Hansson O. Current advances in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2021 ;34:266-274. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000904
- Hansson O, Lehmann S, Otto M, Zetterberg H, Lewczuk P. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of the CSF amyloid β (Aβ) 42/40 ratio in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11:34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-019-0485-0
- Cervellati C, Trentini A, Rosta V, Passaro A, Bosi C, Sanz JM, et al. Serum beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) activity as candidate biomarker for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Geroscience. 2020;42:159-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-019-00127-6
- Preische O, Schultz SA, Apel A, Kuhle J, Kaeser SA, Barro C, et al. Serum neurofilament dynamics predicts neurodegeneration and clinical progression in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med. 2019;25:277-283. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0304-3
- Mavroudis I, Chowdhury R, Petridis F, Karantali E, Chatzikonstantinou S, Balmus IM, et al. YKL-40 as a potential biomarker for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;58:60. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58010060
- Kowalski K, Mulak A. Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;25:48-60. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm18087
- Moscoso A, Grothe MJ, Ashton NJ, Karikari TK, Lantero Rodriguez J, Snellman A, et al. Longitudinal associations of blood phosphorylated tau181 and neurofilament light chain with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78:396-406. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4986
- Rojas JC, Karydas A, Bang J, Tsai RM, Blennow K, Liman V, et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain predicts progression in progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2016;3: 216-225. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.290
- Katayama T, Sawada J, Takahashi K, Yahara O, Hasebe N. Meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid neuron-specific enolase levels in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13:163. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-021-00907-3
- Tarawneh R, D'Angelo G, Macy E, Xiong C, Carter D, Cairns NJ, et al. Visinin-like protein-1: diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 2011 Aug;70(2):274-85. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.2244
- Sturchio A, Dwivedi AK, Malm T, Wood MJA, Cilia R, Sharma JS, et al. High soluble amyloid-β42 predicts normal cognition in amyloid-positive individuals with Alzheimer's disease-causing mutations. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;90:333-348. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-220808
- Mizoi M, Yoshida M, Saiki R, Waragai M, Uemura K, Akatsu H, et al. Distinction between mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease by CSF amyloid β40 and β42, and protein-conjugated acrolein. Clin Chim Acta. 2014;430:150-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.007
- Mulugeta E, Londos E, Ballard C, Alves G, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. CSF amyloid β38 as a novel diagnostic marker for dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:160-164. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.199398
- Xu Y, Shen YY, Zhang XP, Gui L, Cai M, Peng GP, et al. Diagnostic potential of urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 for Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27:1429-1435. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14254
- Oeckl P, Halbgebauer S, Anderl-Straub S, Steinacker P, Huss AM, Neugebauer H, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum is increased in Alzheimer's disease and correlates with cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;67:481-488. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180325
- Wang X, Zhang S, Lin F, Chu W, Yue S. Elevated galectin-3 levels in the serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2015;30:729-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317513495107
- Wang MJ, Yi S, Han JY, Park SY, Jang JW, Chun IK, et al. Oligomeric forms of amyloid-β protein in plasma as a potential blood-based biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9:98. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-017-0324-0
- Guo Y, Hu Z, Wang Z. Corrigendum: recent advances in the application peptide and peptoid in diagnosis biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in blood. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022;15:865110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2022.865110
- Shi Y, Bao Q, Chen W, Wang L, Peng D, Liu J, et al. Potential roles of extracellular vesicles as diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;87:1-15. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-215666
- Olsson B, Lautner R, Andreasson U, Ohrfelt A, Portelius E, Bjerke M, et al. CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:673-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00070-3
- Jia L, Zhu M, Kong C, Pang Y, Zhang H, Qiu Q, et al. Blood neuro-exosomal synaptic proteins predict Alzheimer's disease at the asymptomatic stage. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;17:49-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12166
- Serrano-Pozo A, Das S, Hyman BT. APOE and Alzheimer's disease: advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30412-9
- Jung AN, Lee YJ, Choi SK, Park JO, Woo MS, Yu KN. A study on the statistical evaluation of apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer's disease. Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2004;36:110-114.
- Jiang C, Li G, Huang P, Liu Z, Zhao B. The gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58:1-15. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161141
- Leuzy A, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Palmqvist S, Janelidze S, Dage JL, Hansson O. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2022;14:e14408. https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202114408
- Zetterberg H, Burnham SC. Blood-based molecular biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain. 2019;12:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-019-0448-1
- Sharma L, Sharma A, Kumar D, Asthana MK, Lalhlenmawia H, Kumar A, et al. Promising protein biomarkers in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2022;37:1727-1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00847-9