Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFC1107600) and Shandong Province Key R&D Program of China (2019JZZY011106).
References
- Antoniou J, Steffen T, Nelson F, Winterbottom N, Hollander AP, Poole RA, et al. : The human lumbar intervertebral disc: evidence for changes in the biosynthesis and denaturation of the extracellular matrix with growth, maturation, ageing, and degeneration. J Clin Invest 98 : 996-1003, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI118884
- Choi H, Tessier S, Silagi ES, Kyada R, Yousefi F, Pleshko N, et al. : A novel mouse model of intervertebral disc degeneration shows altered cell fate and matrix homeostasis. Matrix Biol 70 : 102-122, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.019
- Christ B, Wilting J : From somites to vertebral column. Ann Anat 174 : 23-32, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0940-9602(11)80337-7
- Cucchiarini M, Asen AK, Goebel L, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Zurakowski D, et al. : Effects of TGF-β overexpression via rAAV gene transfer on the early repair processes in an osteochondral defect model in minipigs. Am J Sports Med 46 : 1987-1996, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518773709
- Dowdell J, Erwin M, Choma T, Vaccaro A, Iatridis J, Cho SK : Intervertebral disk degeneration and repair. Neurosurgery 80(3S) : S46-S54, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyw078
- Gorth DJ, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV : A New Understanding of the Role of IL-1 in Age-Related Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in a Murine Model. J Bone Miner Res 34 : 1531-1542, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3714
- Gullbrand SE, Malhotra NR, Schaer TP, Zawacki Z, Martin JT, Bendigo JR, et al. : A large animal model that recapitulates the spectrum of human intervertebral disc degeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 25 : 146-156, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.08.006
- Hu Y, Tang JS, Hou SX, Shi XX, Qin J, Zhang TS, et al. : Neuroprotective effects of curcumin alleviate lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration through regulating the expression of iNOS, COX-2, TGF-β1/2, MMP-9 and BDNF in a rat model. Mol Med Rep 16 : 6864-6869, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7464
- Ireland D : Molecular mechanisms involved in intervertebral disc degeneration and potential new treatment strategies. Bioscience Horizons 2 : 83-89, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1093/biohorizons/hzp005
- Jin H, Shen J, Wang B, Wang M, Shu B, Chen D : TGF-β signaling plays an essential role in the growth and maintenance of intervertebral disc tissue. Febs Lett 585 : 1209-1215, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.034
- Jin L, Balian G, Li XJ : Animal models for disc degeneration-an update. Histol Histopathol 33 : 543-554, 2018
- Kawaguchi Y, Furushima K, Sugimori K, Inoue I, Kimura T : Association between polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-β1 gene with the radiologic characteristic and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 28 : 1424-1426, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000068245.27017.9F
- Kretschmer A, Moepert K, Dames S, Sternberger M, Kaufmann J, Klippel A : Differential regulation of TGF-beta signaling through Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4. Oncogene 22 : 6748-6763, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206791
- Lawson LY, Harfe BD : Developmental mechanisms of intervertebral disc and vertebral column formation. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 6 : e283, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.283
- Li N, Xiu L, Guan T, Hu Z, Jin Q : Expressions of transforming growth factor β1 and connective tissue growth factor in human lumbar intervertebral discs in different degrees of degeneration. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 28 : 891-895, 2014
- Li TF, O'Keefe RJ, Chen D : TGF-beta signaling in chondrocytes. Front Biosci 10 : 681-688, 2005 https://doi.org/10.2741/1563
- Li Y, Zou N, Wang J, Wang KW, Li FY, Chen FX, et al. : TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway mediates T-2 toxin-induced decrease of type II collagen in cultured rat chondrocytes. Toxins (Basel) 9 : 359, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9110359
- Nam DC, Lee HJ, Lee CJ, Hwang SC : Molecular pathophysiology of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Biomol Ther (Seoul) 27 : 342-348, 2019 https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2019.043
- Peck SH, McKee KK, Tobias JW, Malhotra NR, Harfe BD, Smith LJ : Whole transcriptome analysis of notochord-derived cells during embryonic formation of the nucleus pulposus. Sci Rep 7 : 10504, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10692-5
- Pryce BA, Watson SS, Murchison ND, Staverosky JA, Dunker N, Schweitzer R : Recruitment and maintenance of tendon progenitors by TGF-beta signaling are essential for tendon formation. Development 136 : 1351-1361, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.027342
- Qian J, Ge J, Yan Q, Wu C, Yang H, Zou J : Selection of the optimal puncture needle for induction of a rat intervertebral disc degeneration model. Pain Physician 22 : 353-360, 2019
- Rutges JP, Duit RA, Kummer JA, Bekkers JE, Oner FC, Castelein RM, et al. : A validated new histological classification for intervertebral disc degeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 21 : 2039-2047, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.10.001
- Sampara P, Banala RR, Vemuri SK, Av GR, Gpv S : Understanding the molecular biology of intervertebral disc degeneration and potential gene therapy strategies for regeneration: a review. Gene Ther 25 : 67-82, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41434-018-0004-0
- Specchia N, Pagnotta A, Toesca A, Greco F : Cytokines and growth factors in the protruded intervertebral disc of the lumbar spine. Eur Spine J 11 : 145-151, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-001-0361-y
- Tolonen J, Gronblad M, Virri J, Seitsalo S, Rytomaa T, Karaharju E : Transforming growth factor beta receptor induction in herniated intervertebral disc tissue: an immunohistochemical study. Eur Spine J 10 : 172-176, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1007/s005860000213
- Wang SL, Yu YL, Tang CL, Lv FZ : Effects of TGF-β1 and IL-1β on expression of ADAMTS enzymes and TIMP-3 in human intervertebral disc degeneration. Exp Ther Med 6 : 1522-1526, 2013 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1348
- Williams S, Alkhatib B, Serra R : Development of the axial skeleton and intervertebral disc. Curr Top Dev Biol 133 : 49-90, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.018
- Wu B, Meng C, Wang H, Jia C, Zhao Y : Changes of proteoglycan and collagen II of the adjacent intervertebral disc in the cervical instability models. Biomed Pharmacother 84 : 754-758, 2016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.077
- Yang Y, He X, Li Y, Feng J, Pang H, Wang J, et al. : Association of transforming growth factor-β1 with pathological grading of intervertebral disc degeneration. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 32 : 897-900, 2012
- Yu ZG, Xu N, Wang WB, Pan SH, Li KS, Liu JK : Interleukin-1 inhibits Sox9 and collagen type II expression via nuclear factor-kappaB in the cultured human intervertebral disc cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 122 : 2483-2488, 2009