Journal of Environmental Health Sciences (한국환경보건학회지)

Korean Society of Environmental Health (한국환경보건학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Concentrations and Exposure Levels via Intake of Phthalates in Dust Deposits in Indoor Children's Living Areas: Focusing on DEHP

어린이가 생활하는 실내공간의 바닥먼지 중 프탈레이트 농도와 노출수준: DEHP를 중심으로

  • Jeon, Seong-ho (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School, Korea University) ;
  • Kim, Kyung-hee (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School, Korea University) ;
  • Choi, Jae-wook (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School, Korea University)
  • 전성호 (고려대학교 대학원 환경산업보건학과) ;
  • 김경희 (고려대학교 대학원 환경산업보건학과) ;
  • 최재욱 (고려대학교 대학원 환경산업보건학과)
  • Received : 2022.01.12
  • Accepted : 2022.02.18
  • Published : 2022.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Few studies have evaluated the exposure to phthalates via inhalation of floor dust in children's living areas. Objectives: This study evaluated the concentration and exposure level of phthalates emitted from indoor floor dust in children's living areas. Methods: This study utilized the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Environment in 2019. Indoor dust was collected from 150 households with children aged 3~7 and 67 daycare centers or local children's centers by using vacuum cleaners. It was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Six types of phthalates were analyzed: Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), Di-N-octyl phthalate (DNOP), Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), Di -isodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Results: The medians of DEHP concentrations were 1,028 and 1,937 mg/kg in homes and daycare centers, respectively. The median and maximum values of daily intake were calculated by applying the median and 95th percentile values (the upper 5% of the total concentration) in dust measured in the homes. The DEHP median value was 1.6 ㎍/kg/bw/day, and a maximum A value of 7.8 ㎍/kg/bw/day was calculated. When the childcare center values were applied, the median daily intake of DEHP was 3.1 ㎍/kg/bw/day and the maximum value was 29.2 ㎍/kg/bw/day. As a result of calculating the daily intake by integrating the values of home and childcare facilities, the median and maximum values of daily intake were 1.9 and 10.9 ㎍/kg/bw/day, respectively. Conclusions: This study derives phthalate concentrations among the floor dust in homes and childcare facilities where children mainly spend time, and suggests their intake of phthalates through this. In particular, it was newly suggested that the phthalate concentrations in homes and childcare facilities are different, resulting in differences in intake.

Keywords

References

  1. Salthammer T, Uhde E, Schripp T, Schieweck A, Morawska L, Mazaheri M, et al. Children's well-being at schools: impact of climatic conditions and air pollution. Environ Int. 2016; 94: 196-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.009
  2. Mitro SD, Dodson RE, Singla V, Adamkiewicz G, Elmi AF, Tilly MK, et al. Consumer product chemicals in indoor dust: a quantitative meta-analysis of U.S. studies. Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 50(19): 10661-10672. Erratum in: Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 50(24): 13611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02023
  3. Mercier F, Glorennec P, Thomas O, Le Bot B. Organic contamination of settled house dust, a review for exposure assessment purposes. Environ Sci Technol. 2011; 45(16): 6716-6727. https://doi.org/10.1021/es200925h
  4. Shan Y, Wu W, Fan W, Haahtela T, Zhang G. House dust microbiome and human health risks. Int Microbiol. 2019; 22(3): 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-019-00057-5
  5. Dong T, Zhang Y, Jia S, Shang H, Fang W, Chen D, et al. Human indoor exposome of chemicals in dust and risk prioritization using EPA's ToxCast database. Environ Sci Technol. 2019; 53(12): 7045-7054. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00280
  6. Dong C, Liu J, Harvey P, Yan C. Characteristics and sources of Pb exposure via household dust from the urban area of Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ. 2022; 811: 151984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151984
  7. Tan SY, Praveena SM, Abidin EZ, Cheema MS. A review of heavy metals in indoor dust and its human health-risk implications. Rev Environ Health. 2016; 31(4): 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2016-0026
  8. Zheng J, Chen KH, Yan X, Chen SJ, Hu GC, Peng XW, et al. Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2013; 96: 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.017
  9. Bu Z, Zhang Y, Mmereki D, Yu W, Li B. Indoor phthalate concentration in residential apartments in Chongqing, China: implications for preschool children's exposure and risk assessment. Atmos Environ. 2016; 127: 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.12.010
  10. Hwang YJ, Park YH, Seo YK, Seo GK, Baek SO. Determination of phthalates compounds in the ambient atmosphere (I) - evaluation of a measurement method and its application to a field study. J Korean Soc Environ Eng. 2010; 32(5): 443-454.
  11. Lee YS, Choi I. Phthalates contamination in indoor dust in elementary schools in Seoul: a pilot study. J Environ Health Sci. 2020; 46(5): 548-554. https://doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2020.46.5.548
  12. Al Qasmi NN, Al-Thaiban H, Helaleh MIH. Indoor phthalates from household dust in Qatar: implications for non-dietary human exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019; 26(1): 421-430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3604-8
  13. Kubwabo C, Rasmussen PE, Fan X, Kosarac I, Wu F, Zidek A, et al. Analysis of selected phthalates in Canadian indoor dust collected using household vacuum and standardized sampling techniques. Indoor Air. 2013; 23(6): 506-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12048
  14. Wan D, Han Z, Liu D, Yang J. Risk assessments of heavy metals in house dust from a typical industrial area in Central China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J. 2016; 22(2): 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2015.1080593
  15. Wan Y, North ML, Navaranjan G, Ellis AK, Siegel JA, Diamond ML. Indoor exposure to phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Canadian children: the Kingston allergy birth cohort. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2022; 32(1): 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00310-y
  16. Oomen AG, Janssen PJ, Dusseldorp A, Noorlander CW. Exposure to Chemicals via House Dust. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2008. Report No.: RIVM Report 609021064/2008. p.87.
  17. Weaver JA, Beverly BE, Keshava N, Mudipalli A, Arzuaga X, Cai C, et al. Hazards of diethyl phthalate (DEP) exposure: a systematic review of animal toxicology studies. Environ Int. 2020; 145: 105848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105848
  18. Rocha PR, Oliveira VD, Vasques CI, Dos Reis PE, Amato AA. Exposure to endocrine disruptors and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2021; 161: 103330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103330
  19. Jeon SH. Study on migration of DEHP from some PVC floorings into house dust [dissertation]. [Seoul]: Seoul National University; 2011.
  20. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Method 3052, Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Siliceous and Organically Based Matrices. Washington, D.C.: EPA; 1996. p.1-20.
  21. Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Weschler CJ, Sigsgaard T, Lundgren B, Hasselgren M, et al. The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested casecontrol study. Environ Health Perspect. 2004; 112(14): 1393-1397. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7187
  22. Becker K, Seiwert M, Angerer J, Heger W, Koch HM, Nagorka R, et al. DEHP metabolites in urine of children and DEHP in house dust. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2004; 207(5): 409-417. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00309
  23. Ginsberg G, Ginsberg J, Foos B. Approaches to children's exposure assessment: case study with diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016; 13(7): 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070670
  24. Park SS, Koo YE, Hwang MS, Jeon WJ, Kim EJ, Seo MK, et al. Study on the Aggregated Risk Assessment of Phthalates to Human Health. Cheongju: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2019. Report No.: 19161위해기095. p.155.
  25. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Update for Chapter 5 of the Exposure Factors Handbook (Soil and Dust ingestion). Washington, D.C.: EPA; 2017. Report No.: EPA/600/R-17/384F. p.100.
  26. Yun S, Lim D, Oh K, Moon JS, Kim JH. Development of the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents. Wkly Health Dis. 2018; 11(25): 813-820.
  27. Kline T. Psychological Testing: A Practical Approach to Design and Evaluation. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2005. p.174.
  28. Yoon H, Lee B, Lee B, Park K, Kim P, Yu S. Study on Human Risk Assessment Using Biomonitoring Data (I). Incheon: National Institute of Environmental Research; 2018. Report No.: NIER-RP2018-216. p.60.