Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
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High early pregnancy serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level, within a sub-optimal range, is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study

  • Yong, Heng Yaw (Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Shariff, Zalilah Mohd (Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Palaniveloo, Lalitha (Center for Nutrition Epidemiology Research, Institute for Public Health, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health) ;
  • Loh, Su Peng (Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Yusof, Barakatun Nisak Mohd (Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Rejali, Zulida (Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Bindels, Jacques (Danone Nutricia Research) ;
  • Tee, Yvonne Yee Siang (Danone Specialized Nutrition (Malaysia)) ;
  • van der Beek, Eline M. (Danone Nutricia Research)
  • Received : 2020.08.07
  • Accepted : 2021.07.13
  • Published : 2022.02.01
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Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Low early pregnancy serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels can increase gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, although inconsistent findings related to that association have been reported. This study examined the association of serum vitamin D with GDM and the possible influencers on this association. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 259 pregnant women within the Seremban Cohort Study (SECOST). Blood samples at < 14 weeks of gestation were drawn to determine serum 25(OH)D levels. GDM diagnosis was made at 24 to 32 weeks of gestation using a standard procedure. Association between serum vitamin D and GDM was tested using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Nearly all women (90%) had mild (68.3%) or severe (32.2%) vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Non-GDM women with mild VDD had a significantly higher mean vitamin D intake than GDM women with mild VDD (t = 2.04, p < 0.05). Women with higher early pregnancy serum vitamin D levels had a greater risk of GDM. However, this significant association was only identified among those with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and in women with a body mass index indicating overweight or obese status. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of VDD in this sample of pregnant women underscores the need for effective preventive public health strategies. Further investigation of this unexpected association between serum vitamin D level and GDM risk in predominantly VDD pregnant women and the potential effects of adiposity and family history of T2DM on that association is warranted.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the nurses, staff, and officials in MCH clinics, Seremban districts, Negeri Sembilan for their support and assistance during data collection.

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