Toxicological Research

Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society (한국독성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Urinary 1-aminopyrene level in Koreans as a biomarker for the amount of exposure to atmospheric 1-nitropyrene

  • Ochirpurev, Bolormaa (Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Eom, Sang‑Yong (Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Toriba, Akira (Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University) ;
  • Kim, Yong‑Dae (Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Kim, Heon (Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
  • Received : 2020.12.30
  • Accepted : 2021.03.15
  • Published : 2022.01.15
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) is a major nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (nitro-PAH), and a common constituent in diesel exhaust particles (DEPs). Absorbed 1-nitropyrene is partly metabolized to 1-aminopyrene and excreted in urine. Recently, the number of diesel cars has been increasing, which could be a major cause of air pollution, resulting elevated levels of trafc-related DEPs around cities. The aim of this study was to investigate the usability of 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) as a biomarker for DEP exposure by examining the association between urinary 1-AP concentration and the amount of exposure to atmospheric 1-NP. The study subjects included 65 individuals who work on vehicular roads or bus terminals. Their 24 h urine samples were collected, and atmospheric air was sampled using a personal air sampler for 24 h. Urinary 1-AP and atmospheric nitro-PAH levels were measured using a high-pressure liquid chromatography-fuorescence detector (HPLC-FD). The average urine 1-AP concentration was 0.334 pg/g creatinine. Urinary 1-AP levels were signifcantly correlated with 1-NP level exposure (r=0.385, p=0.002) but not with the other nitro-PAHs. When the subjects were classifed into high-and low-exposure groups, a signifcant association was only found in the high exposure group (r=0.357, p=0.045). In conclusion, there was a signifcant correlation between 1-NP exposure and urinary 1-AP concentration; therefore, urinary 1-AP level could be used as an exposure biomarker for DEP.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2017R1A2B4012066).

References

  1. Ball LM, Rafter JJ, Gustafsson JA, Gustafsson BE, Kohan MJ, Lewtas J (1991) Formation of mutagenic urinary metabolites from 1-nitropyrene in germ-free and conventional rats: role of the gut flora. Carcinogenesis 12:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/12.1.1
  2. Bamford HA, Bezabeh DZ, Schantz S, Wise SA, Baker JE (2003) Determination and comparison of nitrated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in air and diesel particulate reference materials. Chemosphere 50:575-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00667-7
  3. Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Baan RA, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Guha N, Loomis D, Straif K, International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group (2012) Carcinogenicity of diesel-engine and gasoline-engine exhausts and some nitroarenes. Lancet. Oncol. 13:663-664. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70280-2
  4. IARC Working Group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 105. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon (FR). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294269/
  5. Howard PC, Flammang TJ, Beland FA (1985) Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo hepatic metabolism of the carcinogen 1-nitropyrene. Carcinogenesis 6:243-249. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/6.2.243
  6. Howard PC, Consolo MC, Dooley KL, Beland FA (1995) Metabolism of 1-nitropyrene in mice: transport across the placenta and mammary tissues. Chem Biol Interact 95:309-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2797(94)03574-r
  7. van Bekkum YM, van den Broek PH, Scheepers PT, Bos RP (1998) Sensitive and selective detection of urinary 1-nitropyrene metabolites following administration of a single intragastric dose of diesel exhaust particles (SRM 2975) to rats. Chem Res Toxicol 11:1382-1390. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx980162x
  8. Toriba A, Kitaoka H, Dills RL, Mizukami S, Tanabe K, Takeuchi N, Ueno M, Kameda T, Tang N, Hayakawa K, Simpson CD (2007) Identifcation and quantifcation of 1-nitropyrene metabolites in human urine as a proposed biomarker for exposure to diesel exhaust. Chem Res Toxicol 20:999-1007. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx700015q
  9. Laumbach R, Tong J, Zhang L, Ohman-Strickland P, Stern A, Fiedler N, Kipen H, Kelly-McNeil K, Lioy P, Zhang J (2009) Quantifcation of 1-aminopyrene in human urine after a controlled exposure to diesel exhaust. J Environ Monit JEM 11:153-159. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810039j
  10. Miller-Schulze JP, Paulsen M, Kameda T, Toriba A, Tang N, Tamura K, Dong L, Zhang X, Hayakawa K, Yost MG, Simpson CD (2013) Evaluation of urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene as biomarkers for exposure to diesel exhaust in taxi drivers of Shenyang. China J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 23:170-175. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.40
  11. Gong J, Zhu T, Kipen H, Rich DQ, Huang W, Lin WT, Hu M, Zhang JJ (2015) Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites as biomarkers of exposure to trafc-emitted pollutants. Environ Int 85:104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.003
  12. Miller-Schulze JP, Paulsen M, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Cassidy B, Naeher L, Villalobos MA, Simpson CD (2016) Nitro-PAH exposures of occupationally-exposed trafc workers and associated urinary 1-nitropyrene metabolite concentrations. J Environ Sci (China) 49:213-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.007
  13. Du M, Mullins BJ, Franklin P, Musk AW, Elliot N, Sodhi-Berry N, Junaldi E, de Klerk N, Reid A (2019) Measurement of urinary 1-aminopyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarkers of exposure to diesel particulate matter in gold miners. Sci Total Environ 685:723-728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.242
  14. Boongla Y, Orakij W, Nagaoka Y, Tang N, Hayakawa K, Toriba A (2017) Simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitro-derivatives in airborne particulates by using two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line reduction and fuorescence detection. Asian J Atmos Environ 11:283-299. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2017.11.4.283
  15. Hayakawa K, Tang N, Nagato E, Toriba A, Lin JM, Zhao L, Zhou Z, Qing W, Yang X, Mishukov V, Neroda A, Chung HY (2020) Long-term trends in urban atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: China, Russia, and Korea from 1999 to 2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020431
  16. Galaviz VE, Quintana PJ, Yost MG, Sheppard L, Paulsen MH, Camp JE, Simpson CD (2017) Urinary metabolites of 1-nitropyrene in US-Mexico border residents who frequently cross the San Ysidro Port of Entry. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 27:84-89. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2015.78
  17. Murahashi T, Hayakawa K (1997) A sensitive method for the determination of 6-nitrochrysene, 2-nitrofuoranthene and 1-, 2- and 4-nitropyrenes in airborne particulates using high-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 343:251-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(96)00632-0
  18. Miller-Schulze JP, Paulsen M, Toriba A, Tang N, Hayakawa K, Tamura K, Dong L, Zhang X, Simpson CD (2010) Exposures to particulate air pollution and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among taxi drivers in Shenyang, China. Environ Sci Technol 44:216-221. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802392u
  19. Seidel A, Dahmann D, Krekeler H, Jacob J (2002) Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the urine of mining workers occupationally exposed to diesel exhaust. Int J Hyg Environ Health 204:333-338. https://doi.org/10.1078/1438-4639-00116
  20. Neophytou AM, Hart JE, Chang Y, Zhang JJ, Smith TJ, Garshick E, Laden F (2014) Short-term trafc related exposures and biomarkers of nitro-PAH exposure and oxidative DNA damage. Toxics 2:377-390. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics2030377