Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society (대한족부족관절학회지)

Korean Foot & Ankle Society (대한족부족관절학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Surgical Procedures for Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability

만성 외측 발목 불안정증의 수술적 치료

  • Young, Ki Won (Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University) ;
  • Lee, Hong Seop (Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University) ;
  • Hwang, Ji Sun (Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University)
  • 양기원 (노원을지대학교병원 족부정형외과) ;
  • 이홍섭 (노원을지대학교병원 족부정형외과) ;
  • 황지선 (노원을지대학교병원 족부정형외과)
  • Received : 2021.02.22
  • Accepted : 2021.02.27
  • Published : 2021.03.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Surgical treatments for chronic lateral ankle instability include anatomic repair, anatomic reconstruction using an auto or allograft, non-anatomic reconstruction, and arthroscopic repair. Open anatomic repair using the native ligament with or without reinforcement of the inferior extensor retinaculum is commonly performed in patients with sufficient ligament quality. Non-anatomical reconstruction using the adjacent peroneus brevis tendon is typically used only in patients with poor-quality ligament remnants or when previous repair failed. Anatomical reconstruction can be considered in patients in whom anatomical repair is expected to fail and when performed using auto or allografts can provide good to excellent short-term results, although the long-term outcomes of these methods remain unclear. Arthroscopic repair can provide good to excellent short-term clinical outcomes, but evidence supporting this technique is limited. The advantages and disadvantages of various surgical methods should be compared, and appropriate treatment should be implemented based on patient characteristics.

Keywords

References

  1. Elmslie RC. Recurrent subluxation of the ankle-joint. Ann Surg. 1934;100:364-7. doi: 10.1097/00000658-193408000-00012.
  2. Watson-Jones R. Recurrent forward dislocation of the ankle joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1952;34:519.
  3. Evans DL. Recurrent instability of the ankle; a method of surgical treatment. Proc R Soc Med. 1953;46:343-4. doi: 10.1177/ 003591575304600507.
  4. Chrisman OD, Snook GA. Reconstruction of lateral ligament tears of the ankle. An experimental study and clinical evaluation of seven patients treated by a new modification of the Elmslie procedure. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1969;51:904-12. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-196951050-00007
  5. Brostrom L. Sprained ankles. VI. Surgical treatment of "chronic" ligament ruptures. Acta Chir Scand. 1966;132:551-65.
  6. Gould N, Seligson D, Gassman J. Early and late repair of lateral ligament of the ankle. Foot Ankle. 1980;1:84-9. doi: 10.1177/107110078000100206.
  7. Anderson ME. Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle using the plantaris tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:930-4. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198567060-00016
  8. Horibe S, Shino K, Taga I, Inoue M, Ono K. Reconstruction of lateral ligaments of the ankle with allogeneic tendon grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:802-5. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.73B5.1894670.
  9. Kashuk KB, Carbonell JA, Blum JA. Arthroscopic stabilization of the ankle. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1997;14:459-78.
  10. Karlsson J, Bergsten T, Lansinger O, Peterson L. Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle for chronic lateral instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70:581-8. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198870040-00015
  11. Bahr R, Pena F, Shine J, Lew WD, Tyrdal S, Engebretsen L. Biomechanics of ankle ligament reconstruction. An in vitro comparison of the Brostrom repair, Watson-Jones reconstruction, and a new anatomic reconstruction technique. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:424-32. doi: 10.1177/036354659702500402.
  12. Sugimoto K, Takakura Y, Akiyama K, Kamei S, Kitada C, Kumai T. Long-term results of Watson-Jones tenodesis of the ankle. Clinical and radiographic findings after ten to eighteen years of follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:1587-96. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199811000-00004.
  13. Colville MR, Marder RA, Zarins B. Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments. A biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20:594-600. doi: 10.1177/036354659202000518.
  14. Snook GA, Chrisman OD, Wilson TC. Long-term results of the Chrisman-Snook operation for reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:1-7. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198567010-00001
  15. Hennrikus WL, Mapes RC, Lyons PM, Lapoint JM. Outcomes of the Chrisman-Snook and modified-Brostrom procedures for chronic lateral ankle instability. A prospective, randomized comparison. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:400-4. doi: 10.1177/036354659602400402.
  16. Ibrahim SA, Hamido F, Al Misfer AK, Ghafar SA, Awad A, Salem HKh, et al. Anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments using Gracillis tendon in chronic ankle instability; a new technique. Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;17:239-46. doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2010.07.006.
  17. Kennedy JG, Smyth NA, Fansa AM, Murawski CD. Anatomic lateral ligament reconstruction in the ankle: a hybrid technique in the athletic population. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:2309-17. doi: 10.1177/0363546512455397.
  18. Bell SJ, Mologne TS, Sitler DF, Cox JS. Twenty-six-year results after Brostrom procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:975-8. doi: 10.1177/0363546505282616.
  19. Tourne Y, Mabit C, Moroney PJ, Chaussard C, Saragaglia D. Long-term follow-up of lateral reconstruction with extensor retinaculum flap for chronic ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33:1079-86. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2012.1079.
  20. Jeong BO, Kim MS, Song WJ, SooHoo NF. Feasibility and outcome of inferior extensor retinaculum reinforcement in modified Brostrom procedures. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35:1137-42. doi: 10.1177/1071100714543645.
  21. Lee KT, Lee JI, Sung KS, Kim JY, Kim ES, Lee SH, et al. Biomechanical evaluation against calcaneofibular ligament repair in the Brostrom procedure: a cadaveric study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2008;16:781-6. doi: 10.1007/s00167-008-0557-3.
  22. Lee KT, Park YU, Kim JS, Kim JB, Kim KC, Kang SK. Long-term results after modified Brostrom procedure without calcaneofibular ligament reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32:153-7. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2011.0153.
  23. White WJ, McCollum GA, Calder JD. Return to sport following acute lateral ligament repair of the ankle in professional athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:1124-9. doi: 10.1007/s00167-015-3815-1.
  24. Lee K, Jegal H, Chung H, Park Y. Return to play after modified Brostrom operation for chronic ankle instability in elite athletes. Clin Orthop Surg. 2019;11:126-30. doi: 10.4055/cios.2019.11.1.126.
  25. Paden MH, Stone PA, McGarry JJ. Modified Brostrom lateral ankle stabilization utilizing an implantable anchoring system. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1994;33:617-22.
  26. Viens NA, Wijdicks CA, Campbell KJ, Laprade RF, Clanton TO. Anterior talofibular ligament ruptures, part 1: biomechanical comparison of augmented Brostrom repair techniques with the intact anterior talofibular ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:405-11. doi: 10.1177/0363546513510141.
  27. Cho BK, Park KJ, Park JK, SooHoo NF. Outcomes of the modified Brostrom procedure augmented with suture-tape for ankle instability in patients with generalized ligamentous laxity. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38:405-11. doi: 10.1177/1071100716683348.
  28. Dierckman BD, Ferkel RD. Anatomic reconstruction with a semitendinosus allograft for chronic lateral ankle instability. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:1941-50. doi: 10.1177/0363546515593942.
  29. Coughlin MJ, Schenck RC Jr, Grebing BR, Treme G. Comprehensive reconstruction of the lateral ankle for chronic instability using a free gracilis graft. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25:231-41. doi: 10.1177/107110070402500407.
  30. Jung HG, Shin MH, Park JT, Eom JS, Lee DO, Lee SH. Anatomical reconstruction of lateral ankle ligaments using free tendon allografts and biotenodesis screws. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36:1064-71. doi: 10.1177/1071100715584848.
  31. Komenda GA, Ferkel RD. Arthroscopic findings associated with the unstable ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 1999;20:708-13. doi: 10.1177/107110079902001106.
  32. Hawkins RB. Arthroscopic stapling repair for chronic lateral instability. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 1987;4:875-83.
  33. Ferkel RD, Scranton PE Jr. Arthroscopy of the ankle and foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75:1233-42. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199308000-00016.
  34. Acevedo JI, Mangone P. Arthroscopic brostrom technique. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36:465-73. doi: 10.1177/1071100715576107.
  35. Brown AJ, Shimozono Y, Hurley ET, Kennedy JG. Arthroscopic repair of lateral ankle ligament for chronic lateral ankle instability: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2018;34:2497-503. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.02.034.
  36. Yeo ED, Lee KT, Sung IH, Lee SG, Lee YK. Comparison of all-inside arthroscopic and open techniques for the modified Brostrom procedure for ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2016;37:1037-45. doi: 10.1177/1071100716666508.
  37. Matsui K, Burgesson B, Takao M, Stone J, Guillo S, Glazebrook M. Minimally invasive surgical treatment for chronic ankle instability: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:1040-8. doi: 10.1007/s00167-016-4041-1.
  38. Kanamoto T, Shiozaki Y, Tanaka Y, Yonetani Y, Horibe S. The use of MRI in pre-operative evaluation of anterior talofibular ligament in chronic ankle instability. Bone Joint Res. 2014;3:241-5. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.38.2000295.
  39. Jung HG, Kim NR, Kim TH, Eom JS, Lee DO. Magnetic resonance imaging and stress radiography in chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2017;38:621-6. doi: 10.1177/1071100717693207.