DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

LES simulations of wind-induced pressure on the floor system underside of elevated buildings

  • Amini, Mehrshad (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University) ;
  • Memari, Ali M. (Department of Architectural Engineering and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University)
  • Received : 2021.05.11
  • Accepted : 2021.11.02
  • Published : 2021.11.25

Abstract

Recent hurricanes have shown that coastal elevated houses are still vulnerable to wind-induced damage, mostly to envelope systems. This paper discusses the performance of elevated houses against hurricane wind loads, particularly wind flow characteristics and the distribution of the peak pressure coefficient (Cp_min) corresponding to the underside of the floor system. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was utilized to investigate the effect of interior piers and the wind direction (0°, 45°, and 90°) on the distribution and the magnitude of Cp_min. The CFD results show that the distribution of Cp_min and its maximum value are dependent on pier distribution (e.g., pier location and spacing) and wind direction. The distribution of Cp_min for the 90° wind direction is more similar to the 0° wind direction, but the leeward parts of the floor system are exposed to higher negative pressures. The maximum of Cp_min belongs to the 90° wind direction, which occurs at the windward edge and behind the interior pier due to recirculation zones and subsequent vortices. The results of this study indicate that current design standards and provisions need to be updated to include proper design requirements for the floor system, particularly around piers, to help reduce direct/indirect wind-induced damage to elevated houses in coastal areas.

Keywords

References

  1. Abdelfatah, N., Elawady, A., Irwin, P. and Chowdhury, A. (2020), "A study of aerodynamic pressures on elevated houses." Wind Struct., 31(4), 335-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/was.2020.31.4.335.
  2. Aboshosha, H., Elshaer, A., Bitsuamlak, G.T. and Damatty, A.E (2015), "Consistent inflow turbulence generator for LES evaluation of wind-induced responses for tall buildings", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 142, 198-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.04.004.
  3. American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) (2016), Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-16), https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412916.
  4. Amini, M. and Memari, A.M. (2020), "Review of literature on performance of coastal residential buildings under hurricane conditions and lessons learned", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 34(6), 04020102. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001509.
  5. Amini, M. and Memari, A.M. (2021a), "Comparative review and assessment of various flood retrofit methods for low-rise residential buildings in coastal areas", Nat. Haz. Rev., 22(3), 04021009, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000464.
  6. Amini, M. and Memari, A.M. (2021b), "CFD-based evaluation of elevated coastal residential buildings under hurricane wind loads", J. Archit. Eng., 27(3), 04021014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000472.
  7. Baba-Ahmadi, M.H. and Tabor, G. (2009), "Inlet condition for LES using mapping and feedback control", Comput. Fluids., 38(6), 1299-1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2009.02.001.
  8. Berthaut-Gerentes, J. and Delaunay, D. (2015), "LES: Unsteady atmospheric turbulent layer inlet. A precursor method application and its quality check", Computation, 3(2), 262-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation3020262.
  9. Bin, O., Kruse, J.B. and Landry, C.E. (2008), "Flood hazards, insurance rates, and amenities: Evidence from the coastal housing market", J. Risk Insur., 75(1), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2007.00248.x.
  10. Blocken, B. (2015), "Computational fluid dynamics for urban physics: Importance, scales, possibilities, limitations and ten tips and tricks towards accurate and reliable simulations", Build. Environ., 91, 219-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.015.
  11. Choi, C.K. and Kwon, D.K. (1998), "Wind tunnel blockage effects on aerodynamic behavior of bluff body", Wind Struct., 1(4), 351-364. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.1998.1.4.351.
  12. Elshaer, A., Bitsuamlak, G. and Abdallah, H. (2019), "Variation in wind load and flow of a low-rise building during progressive damage scenario", Wind Struct., 28(6), 389-404. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2019.28.6.389.
  13. English, E.C., Friedland, C.J. and Orooji, F. (2015), "Amphibious construction versus permanent static elevation: Flood resilience without increased vulnerability to wind", Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Amphibious Architecture, Design and Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand: Siam Cement Group.
  14. FEMA (2005), Hurricane Charley in Florida, FEMA 488. FEMA, Washington, D.C.
  15. FEMA. (2011), Vol. 1 of Coastal Construction Manual, FEMA P-55, FEMA, Washington, D.C.
  16. FEMA. (2020), Hurricane Michael in Florida, FEMA P-2077, FEMA, Washington, D.C.
  17. Franke, J., Hellsten, A., Schlunzen, H. and Carissimo, B. (2007), "Best practice guideline for the CFD simulation of flows in the urban environment", COST Office, Brussels, Belgium.
  18. Gopu, V.J. (2013), "Performance of light-frame structures subjected to extreme wind loads", Proceedings of the 8th Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, Singapore: Research Publishing Services.
  19. He, J., Pan, F. and Cai, C.S. (2019), "Modeling wind load paths and sharing in a wood-frame building", Wind Struct., 29(3), 177-194. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2019.29.3.177.
  20. Holmes, J.D. (1994), "Wind pressures on tropical housing", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 53(1-2), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(94)90021-3.
  21. Iousef, S., Montazeri, H., Blocken, B. and van Wesemael, P.J.V. (2017), "On the use of non-conformal grids for economic LES of wind flow and convective heat transfer for a wall-mounted cube", Build. Environ., 119, 44-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.04.004.
  22. Kennedy, A., Rogers, S., Sallenger, A., Gravois, U., Zachry, B., Dosa, M. and Zarama, F. (2011), "Building destruction from waves and surge on the Bolivar Peninsula during Hurricane Ike", J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng., 137(3), 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000061.
  23. Kim, J.H., Moravej, M., Sutley, E.J. and Chowdhury, A. (2019), "Determination of wind pressures on low-rise elevated residential buildings through large-scale wind tunnel testing", In Structures Congress 2019: Buildings and Natural Disasters, 284-293. Reston, V.A.
  24. Kim, J.H., Moravej, M., Sutley, E.J., Chowdhury, A. and Dao, T. N. (2020), "Observations and analysis of wind pressures on the floor underside of elevated buildings", Eng. Struct., 221, 111101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111101.
  25. Kreibich, H., Thieken, A.H., Petrow, T.H., Muller, M. and Merz, B. (2005), "Flood loss reduction of private households due to building precautionary measures-Lessons learned from the Elbe flood in August 2002", Nat. Haz. Earth Syst. Sci., 5(1), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-117-2005.
  26. Lin, N. and Shullman, E. (2017), "Dealing with hurricane surge flooding in a changing environment: Risk assessment considering storm climatology change, seal level rise, and coastal development", Stochastic Environ. Res. Risk Assess., 31(9), 2379-2400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-016-1377-5.
  27. Marshal, T.P. (2010), Hurricane Ike Damage Survey, Haag Engineering, TX.
  28. Marshall, R.D. (1977), The Measurement of Wind Loads on a Full-Scale Mobile Home - NBSIR 77-1289, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
  29. Monroe, J.S. (1996), Wind Tunnel Modeling of Low-Rise Structures in a Validated Open Country Simulation, M.S. Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
  30. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). (2018), "U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters", NCEI. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/. Accessed 24 February 2021.
  31. Nicholas, R.J. and Lowe, J.A. (2004), "Benefit of mitigation of climate change for coastal areas", Global Environ. Change, 14(3), 229-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.04.005.
  32. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) (2014), Measurement Science R&D Roadmap for Windstorm and Coastal Inundation Impact Reduction, NIST GCR 14-973-13. Gaithersburg, MD: NIST.
  33. Ozmen, Y., Baydar, E. and van Beeck, J.P.A.J. (2016), "Wind flow over the low-rise building models with gabled roofs having different pitch angles", Build. Environ., 95, 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.014.
  34. Pope, S.B. (2000), Turbulent Flows, Cambridge University Press.
  35. Rappaport, J. and Sachs, J.D. (2003), "The United States as a coastal nation", J. Econ. Growth, 8(1), 5-46. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022870216673.
  36. Ricci, M., Patruno, L. and de Miranda, S. (2017), "Wind loads and structural response: Benchmarking LES on a low-rise building", Eng. Struct., 144, 26-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.027.
  37. Roy, R.J. (1983), "Wind tunnel measurement of total loads on a mobile home", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 13(1), 327-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(83)90153-8.
  38. Tominaga, Y. and Stathopoulos, T. (2009), "Numerical simulation of dispersion around an isolated cubic building: Comparison of various types of k-ε models", Atmos. Environ., 43(20), 3200-3210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.038.
  39. Tominaga, Y., Mochida, A., Murakami, S. and Sawaki, S. (2008b), "Comparison of various revised k-ε models and LES applied to flow around a high-rise building model with 1:1:2 shape placed within the surface boundary layer", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 96(4), 389-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.01.004.
  40. Tominaga, Y., Mochida, A., Yoshie, R., Kataoka, H., Nozu, T., Yoshikawa, M. and Shirasawa, T. (2008a), "AIJ guidelines for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 96(10-11), 1749-1761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2008.02.058.
  41. van de Lindt, J.M., Graettinger, A., Gupta, R., Skaggs, T., Pryor, S. and Fridley, K.J. (2007), "Performance of wood-frame structures during Hurricane Katrina", J. perform. Construct. Fac., 21(2), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)08873828(2007)21:2(108).
  42. van Druenena, T., van Hooff, T., Montazeri, H. and Blocken, B. (2019), "CFD evaluation of building geometry modifications to reduce pedestrian level wind speed", Build. Environ., 163, 106293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106293.
  43. van Hoof, T., Blocken, B. and Tominaga, Y. (2017), "On the accuracy of CFD simulations of cross-ventilation flows for a generic isolated building: Comparison of RANS, LES and experiments", Build. Environ., 114, 148-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.019.
  44. Versteeg, H.K. and Malalasekera, W. (2007), "An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The finite volume method", Pearson/Prentice Hall, Harlow, England.
  45. Wang, Y. and Chen, Z. (2020), "Simulation of approaching boundary layer flow and wind loads on high-rise buildings by wall-modeled LES", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 207, 104410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104410.
  46. Xian, S., Lin, N. and Hatzikyriakou, A. (2015), "Storm surge damage to residential areas: A quantitative analysis for Hurricane Sandy in comparison with FEMA flood map", Nat. Haz., 79(3), 1867-1888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1937-x.
  47. Xing, F., Mohotti, D. and Chauhan, K. (2018a), "Study on localised wind pressure development in gable roof buildings having different roof pitches with experiments, RANS and LES simulation models", Build. Environ., 143, 240-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.07.026.
  48. Xing, F., Mohotti, D. and Chauhan, K. (2018b), "Experimental and numerical study on mean pressure distributions around an isolated gable roof building with and without openings", Build. Environ., 132, 30-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.027.
  49. Zachry, B.C., Booth, W.J., Rhome, J.R. and Sharon, T.M. (2015), "A national view of storm surge risk and inundation", Weather Clim. Soc., 7(2), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-14-00049.1.
  50. Zheng, X., Montazeri, H. and Blocken, B. (2020), "CFD simulations of wind flow and mean surface pressure for buildings with balconies: Comparison of RANS and LES", Build. Environ., 173, 106747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106747.
  51. Zhiyin, Y. (2015), "Large-eddy simulation: Past, present and the future", Chin. J. Aeronaut., 28(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2014.12.007.