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Analysis of the superplasticizer demand using computer simulation

  • Heirati, Arian (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University) ;
  • Zandi, Yousef (Department of Civil Engineering,Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University) ;
  • Tafreshi, Shahriar Tavousi (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University) ;
  • Behruyan, Manuchehr (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University)
  • Received : 2021.02.25
  • Accepted : 2021.10.31
  • Published : 2021.11.25
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Abstract

The merits of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) such as high deformability, excellent resistance to segregation, and usability without applying vibration is highly common. To gain an environment-friendly approach or improving SCC properties, cement in SCC can be partially replaced with other materials. However, identifying the most effective parameters on the Superplasticizer demand (SP demand) of SSC would not be easy after the replacement. The main aim of this study is to identify the most influencing approaches on SP demand prediction. Hence, five different approaches in SP demand prediction, including Jring test, V funnel test, Ubox test, 3-min slump value, and 50-min slump value have been considered. Then, different models of an artificial intelligence approach are developed and the most influential one in an accurate SP demand prediction was determined. In comparison with other methods, it was indicated that in estimating the SP demand, V-funnel can be a better technique because of producing the lowest RMSE.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

I (Arian Heirati) would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor professors, Dr. Zandi, and Dr. Tavousi Tafreshi for their continues support and elating encouragement, throughout this research. I am also thankful to Dr. Behruyan for his timely advice which was a great source of inspiration.

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  81. Safa, M., Maleka, A., Arjomand, M.A., Khorami, M. and Shariati, M. (2019), "Strain rate effects on soil-geosynthetic interaction in fine-grained soil", Geomech. Eng., 19(6), 533. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.6.533.
  82. Safa, M., Sari, P.A., Shariati, M., Suhatril, M., Trung, N.T., Wakil, K. and Khorami, M. (2020), "Development of neuro-fuzzy and neuro-bee predictive models for prediction of the safety factor of eco-protection slopes", Physica A, 124046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.124046.
  83. Sajedi, F. and Shariati, M. (2019), "Behavior study of NC and HSC RCCs confined by GRP casing and CFRP wrapping", Steel Compos. Struct., 30(5), 417-432. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.5.417.
  84. Sari, P.A., Suhatril, M., Osman, N., Mu'azu, M., Dehghani, H., Sedghi, Y., Safa, M., Hasanipanah, M., Wakil, K. and Khorami, M. (2018), "An intelligent based-model role to simulate the factor of safe slope by support vector regression", Eng. Comput., 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-018-0677-4.
  85. Sedghi, Y., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Ahmadi, E., Moghimi Azar, V., Toghroli, A., Safa, M., Tonnizam Mohamad, E., Khorami, M. and Wakil, K. (2018a), "Application of ANFIS technique on performance of C and L shaped angle shear connectors", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(3), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.3.335.
  86. Sedghi, Y., Zandi, Y., Toghroli, A., Safa, M., Mohamad, E.T., Khorami, M. and Wakil, K. (2018b), "Application of ANFIS technique on performance of C and L shaped angle shear connectors", Smart Struct Syst., 22(3), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.3.335.
  87. Selvama, S.B., Chelliapanb, S., Dinc, M.F.M., Kamyabb, H., Albatib, S.K., Othmanb, N., Yuzird, A. and Nasrie, N.S. (2019), "Landfill leachate treatment by an anaerobic process enhanced with recyclable uniform beads (RUB) of seaweed species of Gracilaria", Desalin. Water Treat., 143, 208-216. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23520.
  88. Shah, S., Sulong, N.R., Shariati, M. and Jumaat, M. (2015), "Steel rack connections: Identification of most influential factors and a comparison of stiffness design methods", PloS One, 10(10), e0139422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139422.
  89. Shah, S., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Shariati, M., Khan, R. and Jumaat, M. (2016a), "Behavior of steel pallet rack beam-to-column connections at elevated temperatures", Thin Wall Struct., 106, 471-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.05.021.
  90. Shah, S., Sulong, N.R., Jumaat, M. and Shariati, M. (2016b), "State-of-the-art review on the design and performance of steel pallet rack connections", Eng. Fail. Anal., 66, 240-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.04.017.
  91. Shah, S., Sulong, N.R., Khan, R., Jumaat, M. and Shariati, M. (2016c), "Behavior of industrial steel rack connections", Mech. Syst. Signal Pr., 70, 725-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.08.026.
  92. Shahabi, S., Ramli Sulong, N. H., Shariati, M., Mohammadhassani, M. and Shah, S. (2016a), "Numerical analysis of channel connectors under fire and a comparison of performance with different types of shear connectors subjected to fire", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(3), 651-669. https://10.12989/scs.2016.20.3.651.
  93. Shahabi, S., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Shariati, M. and Shah, S. (2016b), "Performance of shear connectors at elevated temperatures-A review", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(1), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.1.185.
  94. Shahabi, S., Sulong, N., Shariati, M., Mohammadhassani, M. and Shah, S. (2016c), "Numerical analysis of channel connectors under fire and a comparison of performance with different types of shear connectors subjected to fire", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(3), 651-669. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.3.651.
  95. Sharafi, P., Mortazavi, M., Usefi, N., Kildashti, K., Ronagh, H. and Samali, B. (2018a), "Lateral force resisting systems in lightweight steel frames: recent research advances", Thin Wall. Struct., 130, 231-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.04.019.
  96. Sharafi, P., Rashidi, M., Samali, B., Ronagh, H. and Mortazavi, M. (2018b), "Identification of factors and decision analysis of the level of modularization in building construction", J. Archit. Eng., 24(2), 04018010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000313.
  97. Shariat, M., Shariati, M., Madadi, A. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Computational Lagrangian multiplier method by using for optimization and sensitivity analysis of rectangular reinforced concrete beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 29(2), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.29.2.243.
  98. Shariati, M. (2008), "Assessment of building using none-destructive test techniques (ultra sonic pulse velocity and Schmidt rebound hammer)", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya.
  99. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. (2010), "Experimental and analytical study on channel shear connectors in light weight aggregate concrete". Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Steel & Composite Structures, Sydney, Australia, July. http://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-6218-3_CC-Fr031.
  100. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Mahoutian, M. (2011a), "Shear resistance of channel shear connectors in plain, reinforced and lightweight concrete", Sci. Res., 6(4), 977-983. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.1120.
  101. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M., Shafigh, P. and Sinaei, H. (2011b), "Assessing the strength of reinforced concrete structures through ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt rebound hammer tests", Sci. Res., 6(1), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.879.
  102. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Shariati. A. (2011c), "Experimental and numerical investigations of channel shear connectors in high strength concrete", Proceedings of the 2011 World Congress on Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics (ASEM'11+).
  103. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Sinaei, H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Shafigh, P. (2011d), "Behavior of channel shear connectors in normal and light weight aggregate concrete (Experimental and analytical Study)", Adv. Mat. Res., 168, 2303-2307. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.168-170.2303.
  104. Shariati, A., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M. and Shariati, M. (2012a), "Investigation of channel shear connectors for composite concrete and steel T-beam", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(11), 1828-1831. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.1604.
  105. Shariati, A., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M. and Shariati. M. (2012b), "Various types of shear connectors in composite structures: A review", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(22), 2876-2890. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPSx11.004.
  106. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. (2012c), "Experimental assessment of channel shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Mater. Des., 34, 325-331. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.008.
  107. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Sinaei, H. (2012d), "Behaviour of C-shaped angle Shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading: An experimental study", Mater. Des., 41, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.04.039.
  108. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Sinaei, H. (2012e), "Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of channel shear connector embedded in the lightweight aggregate concrete in composite bridge girders", Fifth International Conference on Engineering Failure Analysis, Hague, Netherlands, July.
  109. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Sinaei, H. (2013), "Comparison of behaviour between channel and angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Constr. Build Mater., 38, 582-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.050.
  110. Shariati, M. (2013), "Behaviour of C-shaped shear Connectors in stell concrete composite beams", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya.
  111. Shariati, A. (2014), "Behaviour of C-shaped angle shear connectors in high strength concrete", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya.
  112. Shariati, A., Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Khanouki, M.A. and Mahoutian, M. (2014a), "Experimental assessment of angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Constr. Build Mater., 52, 276-283. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.036.
  113. Shariati, M., Shariati, A., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Suhatril, M. and Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. (2014b), "Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of angle shear connectors embedded in high strength concrete", Eng. Fail. Anal., 41, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.017.
  114. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Shariati, A. and Arabnejad Khanouki. M.M. (2015), "Behavior of V-shaped angle shear connectors: Experimental and parametric study", Mater. Struct., 49(9), 3909-3926. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0762-8.
  115. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Shariati, A. and A. Kueh, B.H. (2016), "Comparative performance of channel and angle shear connectors in high strength concrete composites: An experimental study", Constr. Build Mater., 120, 382-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.102.
  116. Shariati, M., Toghroli, A., Jalali, A. and Ibrahim, Z. (2017), "Assessment of stiffened angle shear connector under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Fifth International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering-CSM 2017, Bangkok, Thailand, September.
  117. Shariati, M., Tahir, M.M., Wee, T.C., Shah, S., Jalali, A., Abdullahi, M.A.M. and Khorami. M. (2018), "Experimental investigations on monotonic and cyclic behavior of steel pallet rack connections", Eng. Fail. Anal., 85, 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.014.
  118. Shariati, A.T. and Shariati, M. (2019), "Selection of the most influential parameters on Vectorial Crystal growth of highly oriented vertically aligned carbon nanotubes by adaptive neurofuzzy technique", Int. J. Hydromechatron., 3(3), 238-251. http://doi.org/10.1504/IJHM.2020.10030657.
  119. Shariati, M., Azar, S.M., Arjomand, M.A., Tehrani, H.S., Daei, M. and Safa, M. (2019a), "Comparison of dynamic behavior of shallow foundations based on pile and geosynthetic materials in fine-grained clayey soils", Geomech. Eng., 19(6), 473-484. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.6.473.
  120. Shariati, M., Faegh, S.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahavarnia, S., Zandi, Y., Masoom, D.R., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Salih, M.N. (2019b), "Numerical study on the structural performance of corrugated low yield point steel plate shear walls with circular openings", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(4), 569-581. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.393.
  121. Shariati, M., Heyrati, A., Zandi, Y., Laka, H., Toghroli, A., Kianmehr, P., Safa, M., Salih, M.N. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019c), "Application of waste tire rubber aggregate in porous concrete", Smart Struct. Syst., 24(4), 553-566. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2019.24.4.553.
  122. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahadori, A., Zandi, Y., Salih, M.N., Nguyen, H., Dou, J., Song, X. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019d), "Application of a hybrid Artificial Neural NetworkParticle Swarm optimization (ANN-PSO) model in behavior prediction of channel shear connectors embedded in normal and high-Strength concrete", Appl. Sci., 9(24), 5534. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245534.
  123. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Zandi, Y., Dehghani, D., Bahadori, A., Shariati, A., Trung, N.T., Salih, M.N. and PoiNgian, S. (2019e), "Application of extreme learning machine (ELM) and genetic programming (GP) to design steel-concrete composite floor systems at elevated temperatures", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(3), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.3.319.
  124. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Zandi, Y., Dehghani, D., Bahadori, A., Shariati, A., Trung, N.T., Salih, M.N. and Poi-Ngian, S. (2019f), "Application of extreme learning machine (ELM) and genetic programming (GP) to design steel-concrete composite floor systems at elevated temperatures", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(3), 319. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.3.319.
  125. Shariati, M., Rafie, S., Zandi, Y., Fooladvand, R., Gharehaghaj, B., Mehrabi, P., Shariat, A., Trung, N.T., Salih, M.N. and PoiNgian, S. (2019g), "Experimental investigation on the effect of cementitious materials on fresh and mechanical properties of self-consolidating concrete", Adv. Concr. Constr., 8(3), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.8.3.225.
  126. Shariati, M., Trung, N.T., Wakil, K., Mehrabi, P., Safa, M. and Khorami, M. (2019h), "Moment-rotation estimation of steel Rack connection using extreme learning machine", Steel Compos. Struct., 31(5), 427-435. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.31.5.427.
  127. Shariati, M., Faegh, S.S., Mehrabi, P., Bahavarnia, S., Zandi, Y., Masoom, D.R., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Salih, M.N.A. (2019i), "Numerical study on the structural performance of corrugated low yield point steel plate shear walls with circular openings", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(4), 569-581. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.4.569.
  128. Shariati, M. (2020), "Evaluation of seismic performance factors for tension-only braced frames", Steel Compos. Sturct., 35(4). 599-609. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.4.599.
  129. Shariati, A., Barati, M.R., Ebrahimi, F., Singhal, A. and Toghroli, A. (2020a), "Investigating vibrational behavior of graphene sheets under linearly varying in-plane bending load based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory", Adv. Nano. Res., 8(4), 265-276. https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2020.8.4.265.
  130. Shariati, A., Barati, M.R., Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli, A. (2020b), "Investigation of microstructure and surface effects on vibrational characteristics of nanobeams based on nonlocal couple stress theory", Adv. Nano Res., 8(3), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2020.8.3.191.
  131. Shariati, A., Bayrami, S.S, Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli, A. (2020c), "Wave propagation analysis of electro-rheological fluid-filled sandwich composite beam", Mech. Based Des. Struct., 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2020.1745646.
  132. Shariati, A., Ebrahimi, F., Hosseini, S.H.S., Toghroli, A. and Bayrami, S.S. (2020d), "On the nonlinear dynamics of viscoelastic graphene sheets conveying nanoflow: Parametric excitation analysis", Mech. Based Des. Struct., 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2020.1728544.
  133. Shariati, A., Ebrahimi, F., Karimiasl, M., Selvamani, R. and Toghroli, A. (2020e), "On bending characteristics of smart magneto-electro-piezoelectric nanobeams system", Adv. Nano Res. 9(3), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2020.9.3.183.
  134. Shariati, A., Ebrahimi, F., Karimiasl, M., Vinyas, M. and Toghroli, A. (2020f), "On transient hygrothermal vibration of embedded viscoelastic flexoelectric/piezoelectric nanobeams under magnetic loading", Adv. Nano Res., 8(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2020.8.1.049.
  135. Shariati, A., Hosseini, S.H.S., Bayrami, S.S., Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli, A. (2020g), "Effect of residual surface stress on parametrically excited nonlinear dynamics and instability of viscoelastic piezoelectric nanoelectromechanical resonators", Eng. Comput., 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-019-00916-9.
  136. Shariati, A., Hosseini, S.H.S., Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli. A. (2020h), "Nonlinear dynamics and vibration of reinforced piezoelectric scale-dependent plates as a class of nonlinear Mathieu-Hill systems: parametric excitation analysis", Eng. Comput., 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-00942-y.
  137. Shariati, A., Qaderi, S., Ebrahimi, F. and Toghroli. A. (2020i), "On buckling characteristics of polymer composite plates reinforced with graphene platelets", Eng. Comput., 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-00992-2.
  138. Shariati, M., Azar, S.M., Arjomand, M.A., Tehrani, H.S., Daei, M. and Safa, M. (2020j), "Evaluating the impacts of using piles and geosynthetics in reducing the settlement of fine-grained Soils under static load", Geomech. Eng., 20(2), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.2.087.
  139. Shariati, M., Ghorbani, M., Naghipour, M., Alinejad, N. and Toghroli, A. (2020k), "The effect of RBS connection on energy absorption in tall buildings with braced tube frame system", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(3), 393. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.393.
  140. Shariati, M., Grayeli, M., Shariati, A. and Naghipour, M. (2020l), "Performance of composite frame consisting of steel beams and concrete filled tubes under fire loading", Steel Compos. Struct., 36(5), 587-602. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.36.5.587.
  141. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Ghahremani, B., Azarhomayun, F., Ahmadi, M., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2020m), "A novel hybrid extreme learning machine-grey wolf optimizer (ELMGWO) model to predict compressive strength of concrete with partial replacements for cement", Eng. Comput., 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-020-01081-0.
  142. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Haido, J.H., Yousif, S.T., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Shariati, A. (2020n), "Identification of the most influencing parameters on the properties of corroded concrete beams using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(1), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.1.155.
  143. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Ahmadi, M., Wakil, K., Trung, N.T. and Toghroli. A. (2020o), "Prediction of concrete strength in presence of furnace slag and fly ash using hybrid ANN-GA (Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm)", Smart Struct. Syst., 25(2), 183-195. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2020.25.2.183.
  144. Shariati, M., Naghipour, M., Yousofizinsaz, G., Toghroli, A. and Tabarestani, N.P. (2020p), "Numerical study on the axial compressive behavior of built-up CFT columns considering different welding lines", Steel Compos. Struct., 34(3), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.34.3.377.
  145. Shariati, M., Shariati, A., Trung, N.T., Shoaei, P., Ameri, F., Bahrami, N. and Zamanabadi, S.N. (2020q), "Alkali-activated Slag (AAS) Paste: Correlation between durability and microstructural characteristics", Constr. Build. Mater., 120886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120886.
  146. Shariati, M., Tahmasbi, F., Mehrabi, P., Bahadori, A. and Toghroli, A. (2020r), "Monotonic behavior of C and L Shaped Angle Shear connectors within steel-concrete Composite beams: An Experimental Investigation", Steel Compos. Struct., 35(2), 237-247. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.35.2.237.
  147. Shariati, M., Mafipour, M.S., Mehrabi, P., Shariati, A., Toghroli, A., Trung, N.T. and Salih, M.N. (2021a), "A novel approach to predict shear strength of tilted angle connectors using artificial intelligence techniques", Eng. Comput., 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-019-00930-x.
  148. Shariati, M., Davoodnabi, S.M., Toghroli, A., Kong, Z. and Shariati, A. (2021b), "Hybridization of metaheuristic algorithms with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to predict load-slip behavior of angle shear connectors at elevated temperatures", Compos. Struct., 278, 114524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114524.
  149. Sinaei, H., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shariati, M. (2011), "Numerical investigation on exterior reinforced concrete Beam-Column joint strengthened by composite fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 6(28), 6572-6579. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.1225.
  150. Sinaei, H., Shariati, M., Abna, A.H., Aghaei, M. and Shariati, A. (2012), "Evaluation of reinforced concrete beam behaviour using finite element analysis by ABAQUS", Sci. Res., 7(21), 2002-2009. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1393.
  151. Suhatril, M., Osman, N., Sari, P.A., Shariati, M. and Marto, A. (2019), "Significance of surface eco-protection techniques for cohesive soils slope in Selangor, Malaysia", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 37(3), 2007-2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0740-3.
  152. Taheri, E., Firouzianhaji, A., Usefi, N., Mehrabi, P., Ronagh. H. and Samali. B. (2019), "Investigation of a method for strengthening perforated cold-formed steel profiles under compression loads", Appl. Sci. 9(23), 5085. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235085.
  153. Tahmasbi, F., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Tahir, M.M. (2016), "Shear Capacity of C-Shaped and L-Shaped Angle Shear Connectors", PLoS One., 11(8), e0156989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156989.
  154. Toghroli, A., Mohammadhassani, M., Suhatril, M., Shariati, M. and Ibrahim, Z. (2014a), "Prediction of shear capacity of channel shear connectors using the ANFIS model", Steel Compos. Struct., 17(5), 623-639. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.5.623.
  155. Toghroli, A., Mohammadhassani, M.., Suhatril, M, Shariati. and Ibrahim, Z. (2014b), "Prediction of shear capacity of channel shear connectors using the ANFIS model", Steel Compos Struct., 17(5), 623-639. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.5.000.
  156. Toghroli, A., Suhatril, M., Ibrahim, Z., Safa, M., Shariati, M. and Shamshirband, S. (2016), "Potential of soft computing approach for evaluating the factors affecting the capacity of steel-concrete composite beam", J. Intell. Manuf., 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-016-1217-y.
  157. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Karim, M.R. and Ibrahim, Z. (2017), "Investigation on composite polymer and silica fume-rubber aggregate pervious concrete", Fifth International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering - CSM 2017, Zurich, Switzerland, September. http://doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-132-0-56.
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  159. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Sajedi, F., Ibrahim, Z., Koting, S., Mohamad, E.T. and Khorami, M. (2018b), "A review on pavement porous concrete using recycled waste materials", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.433.
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