Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition (운동영양학회지)

한국운동영양학회
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Systematic analysis of the pharmacological function of Schisandra as a potential exercise supplement

  • Hong, Bok Sil (Department of Nursing, Cheju Halla University) ;
  • Baek, Suji (Research and Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation) ;
  • Kim, Myoung-Ryu (Department of Nursing, Cheju Halla University) ;
  • Park, Sun Mi (Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Bom Sahn (Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Jisu (Physical Activity & Performance Institute, Konkuk University) ;
  • Lee, Kang Pa (Research and Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation)
  • Received : 2021.10.19
  • Accepted : 2021.12.23
  • Published : 2021.12.31
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

[Purpose] Exercise can prevent conditions such as atrophy and degenerative brain diseases. However, owing to individual differences in athletic ability, exercise supplements can be used to improve a person's exercise capacity. Schisandra chinensis (SC) is a natural product with various physiologically active effects. In this study, we analyzed SC using a pharmacological network and determined whether it could be used as an exercise supplement. [Methods] The active compounds of SC and target genes were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). The active compound and target genes were selected based on pharmacokinetic (PK) conditions (oral bioavailability (OB) ≥ 30%, Caco-2 permeability (Caco-2) ≥ -0.4, and drug-likeness (DL) ≥ 0.18). Gene ontology (GO) was analyzed using the Cytoscape software. [Results] Eight active compounds were identified according to the PK conditions. Twenty-one target genes were identified after excluding duplicates in the eight active compounds. The top 10 GOs were analyzed using GO-biological process analysis. GO was subsequently divided into three representative categories: postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity (53.85%), an intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway (36.46%), and endopeptidase activity (10%). SC is related to immune function. [Conclusion] According to the GO analysis, SC plays a role in immunity and inflammation, promotes liver metabolism, improves fatigue, and regulates the function of steroid receptors. Therefore, we suggest SC as an exercise supplement with nutritional and anti-fatigue benefits.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2020R1F1A1049665). This study was supported by the KU Research Professor Program of Konkuk University.

References

  1. Jaul E, Barron J. Age-related diseases and clinical and public health implications for the 85 years old and over population. Front Public Health. 2017;5:335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00335
  2. Majmundar MK, Hayward MD, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Future directions for the demography of aging: proceedings of a workshop. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on Population. 2018.
  3. Meng Q, Lin MS, Tzeng IS. Relationship between exercise and alzheimer's disease: a narrative literature review. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00131
  4. Andersen K, Rasmussen F, Held C, Neovius M, Tynelius P, Sundstrom J. Exercise capacity and muscle strength and risk of vascular disease and arrhythmia in 1.1 million young Swedish men: cohort study. BMJ. 2015;351:4543.
  5. Song C, Ikei H, Miyazaki Y. Physiological effects of nature therapy: a review of the research in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080781
  6. Bach HV, Kim J, Myung SK, Cho YA. Efficacy of ginseng supplements on fatigue and physical performance: a meta-analysis. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31:1879-86. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.12.1879
  7. Kimura I. Medical benefits of using natural compounds and their derivatives having multiple pharmacological actions. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006;126:133-43. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.126.133
  8. Oikawa SY, Brisbois TD, van Loon LJC, Rollo I. Eat like an athlete: insights of sports nutrition science to support active aging in healthy older adults. Geroscience. 2021;43:2485-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-021-00419-w
  9. Tvrda E, Michalko J, Arvay J, Vukovic NL, Ivanisova E, Duracka M, Matusikova I, Kacaniova M. Characterization of the omija (Schisandra chinensis) extract and its effects on the bovine sperm vitality and oxidative profile during in vitro storage. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:7123780
  10. Han HJ, Jung UJ, Kim HJ, Cho SJ, Kim AH, Han Y, Choi MS. Combined supplementation with grape pomace and omija fruit ethanol extracts dose-dependently improves body composition, plasma lipid profiles, inflammatory status, and antioxidant capacity in overweight and obese subjects. J Med Food. 2016;19:170-80. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2015.3488
  11. Lee JH, Lee YY, Lee J, Jang YJ, Jang HW. Chemical composition, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from omija (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.) produced by supercritical fluid extraction using CO2. Foods. 2021;10:1619. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071619
  12. Poudel S, Lee Y. Impaired taste associative memory and memory enhancement by feeding omija in parkinson's disease fly model. Mol Cells. 2018,41:646-52. https://doi.org/10.14348/MOLCELLS.2018.0014
  13. Ru J, Li P, Wang J, Zhou W, Li B, Huang C, Li P, Guo Z, Tao W, Yang Y, Xu X, Li Y, Wang Y, Yang L. TCMSP: a database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines. J Cheminform. 2014;6:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-6-13
  14. Cho S, Hong R, Yim P, Yeom M, Lee B, Yang WM, Hong J, Lee HS, Hahm DH. An herbal formula consisting of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, lycium Chinense mill and eucommia ulmoides oliv alleviates disuse muscle atrophy in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;213:328-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.008
  15. Jung S, Moon HI, Kim S, Quynh NTN, Yu J, Sandag Z, Le DT, Lee H, Lee H, Lee MS. Anticancer activity of gomisin J from Schisandra chinensis fruit. Oncol Rep. 2019;41:711-7.
  16. Shao S, Wang MX, Zhang HY, Fan L, Han RX, Shen YX, Yan MM, Zhao DQ. Antifatigue activity of glycoprotein from Schisandra chinensis functions by reducing oxidative stress. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;4231340.
  17. Park J, Han S, Park H. Effect of Schisandra chinensis extract supplementation on quadriceps muscle strength and fatigue in adult women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072475
  18. Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med. 2004;34:513-54. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434080-00003
  19. Louis J, Hausswirth C, Bieuzen F, Brisswalter J. Muscle strength and metabolism in master athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30:754-9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1231046
  20. Hargreaves M, Spriet LL. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nat Metab. 2020;2:817-28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4
  21. Yeon M, Choi H, Jun HS. Preventive effects of Schisandrin A, a bioactive component of Schisandra chinensis, on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. Nutrients. 2020;12:1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051255
  22. Scheffer DDL, Latini A. Exercise-induced immune system response: anti-inflammatory status on peripheral and central organs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2020;1866:165823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165823
  23. Cerqueira E, Marinho DA, Neiva HP, Lourenco O. Inflammatory effects of high and moderate intensity exercise-a systematic review. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1550. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01550
  24. Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, Carrera-Bastos P, Targ S, Franceschi C, Ferrucci L, Gilroy DW, Fasano A, Miller GW, Miller AH, Mantovani A, Weyand CM, Barzilai N, Goronzy JJ, Rando TA, Effros RB, Lucia A, Kleinstreuer N, Slavich GM. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019;25:1822-32. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0
  25. Luo G, Cheng BC, Zhao H, Fu XQ, Xie R, Zhang SF, Pan SY, Zhang Y. Schisandra chinensis lignans suppresses the production of inflammatory mediators regulated by NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 Cells. Molecules. 2018;23:3319. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123319
  26. Ertek S, Cicero A. Impact of physical activity on inflammation: effects on cardiovascular disease risk and other inflammatory conditions. Arch Med Sci. 2012;8:794-804. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.31614
  27. Hurt RT, Kulisek C, Buchanan LA, McClave SA. The obesity epidemic: challenges, health initiatives, and implications for gastroenterologists. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2010;6:780-92.
  28. Barnes AS. The epidemic of obesity and diabetes: trends and treatments. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011;38:142-4.
  29. Paschos P, Paletas K. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Hippokratia. 2009,13:9-19.
  30. Tinajero MG, Malik VS. An update on the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: a global perspective. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021;50:337-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2021.05.013
  31. Leal LG, Lopes MA, Batista ML, Jr. Physical exercise-induced myokines and muscle-adipose tissue crosstalk: a review of current knowledge and the implications for health and metabolic diseases. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1307. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01307
  32. Seo DY, Park SH, Marquez J, Kwak HB, Kim TN, Bae JH, Koh JH, Han J. Hepatokines as a molecular transducer of exercise. J Clin Med. 2021;10:385. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030385
  33. Carr RD, Solomon A. Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 as therapeutic agents for individuals with type 2 diabetes: a 25-year journey. Diabet Med. 2020;37:1230-3. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14325
  34. Itou M, Kawaguchi T, Taniguchi E, Oriishi T, Sata M. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor improves insulin resistance and steatosis in a refractory nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patient: a case report. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2012;6:538-44. https://doi.org/10.1159/000341510
  35. Li YP, Xiao J, Liang X, Pei Y, Han XF, Li CX, Tian H. DPP-4 inhibition resembles exercise in preventing type 2 diabetes development by inhibiting hepatic protein kinase Cepsilon expression in a mouse model of hyperinsulinemia. J Int Med Res. 2020;48:300060520934635.
  36. Carroll TJ, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. Recovery of central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017;122:1068-76. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00775.2016
  37. Meeusen R, Roelands B. Central fatigue and neurotransmitters, can thermoregulation be manipulated? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20:19-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01205.x
  38. Friend DM, Devarakonda K, O'Neal TJ, Skirzewski M, Papazoglou I, Kaplan AR, Liow JS, Guo J, Rane SG, Rubinstein M, Alvarez VA, Hall KD, Kravitz A. Basal ganglia dysfunction contributes to physical inactivity in obesity. Cell Metab. 2017;25:312-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.001
  39. Szopa A, Ekiert R, Ekiert H. Current knowledge of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Chinese magnolia vine) as a medicinal plant species: a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies. Phytochem Rev. 2017;16:195-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9470-4
  40. Shao S, Wang MX, Zhang HY, Fan L, Han RX, Shen YX, Yan MM, Zhao DQ. Antifatigue activity of glycoprotein from Schisandra chinensis functions by reducing oxidative stress. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:4231340.
  41. Kim KY, Ku SK, Lee KW, Song CH, An WG. Muscle-protective effects of Schisandrae fructus extracts in old mice after chronic forced exercise. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;212:175-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.022
  42. Cho YH, Lee SY, Lee CH, Park JH, So YS. Effect of Schisandra chinensis Baillon extracts and regular low-intensity exercise on muscle strength and mass in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113:1440-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa447