Toxicological Research

Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society (한국독성학회)
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Forced swimming stress increases natatory activity of lead-exposed mice

  • Araujo, Ulisses C. (Laboratorio de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomedico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro) ;
  • Krahe, Thomas E. (Departamento de Psicologia, Pontificia Universidade Catolica Do Rio de Janeiro) ;
  • Ribeiro‑Carvalho, Anderson (Departamento de Ciencias, Faculdade de Formacao de Professores da, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro) ;
  • Gomes, Regina A.A. (Centro de Estudos da Saude Do Trabalhador E Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz) ;
  • Lotufo, Bruna M. (Laboratorio de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomedico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro) ;
  • Moreira, Maria de Fatima R. (Centro de Estudos da Saude Do Trabalhador E Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz) ;
  • de Abreu-Villaca, Yael (Laboratorio de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomedico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro) ;
  • Manhaes, Alex C. (Laboratorio de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomedico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro) ;
  • Filgueiras, Claudio C. (Laboratorio de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiologicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomedico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro)
  • Received : 2019.10.02
  • Accepted : 2020.03.26
  • Published : 2021.01.15
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Abstract

Recent evidence points to the relationship between lead toxicity and the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which suggests that lead exposure could influence how an individual cope with stress. Here we test this hypothesis by investigating the behavioral effects of lead exposure in mice during the forced swimming test (FST), a parading in which animals are exposed to a stressful situation and environment. Swiss mice received either 180 ppm or 540 ppm of lead acetate (Pb) in their ad-lib water supply for 60-90 days, starting at postnatal day 30. Control (Ctrl) mice drank tap water. At the end of the exposure period, mice were submitted to a 5-min session of FST or to an open-field session of the same duration. Data from naïve animals showed that corticosterone levels were higher for animals tested in the FST compared to animals tested in the open-field. Blood-lead levels (BLL) in Pb-exposed mice ranged from 14.3 to 106.9 ㎍/dL. No differences were observed in spontaneous locomotion between Ctrl and Pb-exposed groups in the open-field. However, in the FST, Pb-treated mice displayed higher swimming activity than Ctrl ones and this effect was observed even for animals with BLL higher than 20 ㎍/dL. Furthermore, significant differences in brain glutathione levels, used as an indicator of led toxicity, were only observed for BLL higher than 40 ㎍/dL. Overall, these findings suggest that swimming activity in the FST is a good indicator of lead toxicity and confirm our prediction that lead toxicity influences behavioral responses associated to stress.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by grants from: Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ-BRAZIL), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq-BRAZIL) and SR2-UERJ. The authors are thankful to to Ulisses Risso for animal care.

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