Acknowledgement
Thanks to the MacKay Memorial Hospital librarian, Pei-jin Li, for examining the references. The authors would like to thank Anthony Abram (www.uni-edit.net) for editing and proofreading this manuscript.
References
- Eurofound. Sixth European Working Conditions Survey. Available from: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/surveys/data-visualisation/sixtheuropeanworking-conditions-survey-2015. Accessed August 22, 2020.
- Ministry of Labor Republic of China (Taiwan). Labor standards. Available from: https://english.mol.gov.tw/homeinfo/6457/6558/6576/. Accessed August 22, 2020.
- Alterman T, Luckhaupt SE, Dahlhamer JM, Ward BW, Calvert GM. Prevalence rates of work organization characteristics among workers in the U.S.: data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Am J Ind Med 2013;56(6):647-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22108
- Wright Jr KP, Bogan RK, Wyatt JK. Shift work and the assessment and management of shift work disorder (SWD). Sleep Med Rev 2013;17(1):41-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2012.02.002
- Kecklund G, Axelsson J. Health consequences of shift work and insufficient sleep. BMJ 2016;355:i5210. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5210
- Morris CJ, Aeschbach D, Scheer FA. Circadian system, sleep and endocrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012;349(1):91-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.003
- Fatourechi V. Upper limit of normal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone: a moving and now an aging target? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(12):4560-2. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2285
- Weibel L, Brandenberger G, Goichot B, Spiegel K, Ehrhart J, Follenius M. The circadian thyrotropin rhythm is delayed in regular night workers. Neurosci Lett 1995;187(2):83-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(95)11344-4
- Goichot B, Weibel L, Chapotot F, Gronfier C, Piquard F, Brandenberger G. Effect of the shift of the sleep-wake cycle on three robust endocrine markers of the circadian clock. Am J Physiol 1998;275(2 Pt 1):E243-8.
- Moulin de Moraes CM, Mancini MC, de Melo ME, Figueiredo DA, Villares SM, Rascovski A, et al. Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in a morbidly obese population and improvement after weight loss induced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2005;15(9):1287-91. https://doi.org/10.1381/096089205774512537
- Orth DN, Shelton RC, Nicholson WE, Beck-Peccoz P, Tomarken AJ, Persani L, et al. Serum thyrotropin concentrations and bioactivity during sleep deprivation in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58(1):77-83. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.77
- Coppeta L, Di Giampaolo L, Rizza S, Balbi O, Baldi S, Pietroiusti A, et al. Relationship between the night shift work and thyroid disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Regul 2020;54(1):64-70. https://doi.org/10.2478/enr-2020-0008
- Moon SH, Lee BJ, Kim SJ, Kim HC. Relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone and night shift work. Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0141-0
- Leso V, Vetrani I, Sicignano A, Romano R, Iavicoli I. The Impact of shift-work and night shift-work on thyroid: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(5).
- De Vito P, Incerpi S, Pedersen JZ, Luly P, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormones as modulators of immune activities at the cellular level. Thyroid 2011;21(8):879-90. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2010.0429
- Rodondi N, den Elzen WP, Bauer DC, Cappola AR, Razvi S, Walsh JP, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. JAMA 2010;304(12):1365-74. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1361
- Cooper DS, Biondi B. Subclinical thyroid disease. Lancet 2012;379(9821):1142-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60276-6
- Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare Republic of China (Taiwan). Let's move toward a healthy life. Available from: http://health99.hpa.gov.tw/media/public/pdf/21777.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2020.
- Baumgartner C, Blum MR, Rodondi N. Subclinical hypothyroidism: summary of evidence in 2014. Swiss Med Wkly 2014;144:w14058.
- Surks MI, Hollowell JG. Age-specific distribution of serum thyrotropin and antithyroid antibodies in the US population: implications for the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(12):4575-82. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1499
- Sviridonova MA, Fadeyev VV, Sych YP, Melnichenko GA. Clinical significance of TSH circadian variability in patients with hypothyroidism. Endocr Res 2013;38(1):24-31. https://doi.org/10.3109/07435800.2012.710696
- Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(2):489-99. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.87.2.489
- Camastra S, Manco M, Frascerra S, Iaconelli A, Mingrone G, Ferrannini E. Daylong pituitary hormones in morbid obesity: effects of bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009;33(1):166-72. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.226
- Burdelak W, Bukowska A, Krysicka J, Peplonska B. Night work and health status of nurses and midwives. cross-sectional study. Med Pr 2012;63(5):517-29.
- Magrini A, Pietroiusti A, Coppeta L, Babbucci A, Barnaba E, Papadia C, et al. Shift work and autoimmune thyroid disorders. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006;19(4 Suppl):31-6.
- Saksvik IB, Bjorvatn B, Hetland H, Sandal GM, Pallesen S. Individual differences in tolerance to shift work-a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2011;15(4):221-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2010.07.002
- Parker DC, Rossman LG, Pekary AE, Hershman JM. Effect of 64-hour sleep deprivation on the circadian waveform of thyrotropin (TSH): further evidence of sleep-related inhibition of TSH release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64(1):157-61. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-64-1-157
- Ikegami K, Refetoff S, Van Cauter E, Yoshimura T. Interconnection between circadian clocks and thyroid function. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019;15(10):590-600. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0237-z
- Alward RR, Monk TH. A comparison of rotating-shift and permanent night nurses. Int J Nurs Stud 1990;27(3):297-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7489(90)90044-J
- Brabant G, Prank K, Ranft U, Schuermeyer T, Wagner TO, Hauser H, et al. Physiological regulation of circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in normal man and woman. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70(2):403-9. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-2-403
- Handel DA, Raja A, Lindsell CJ. The use of sleep aids among Emergency Medicine residents: a web based survey. BMC Health Serv Res 2006;6:136. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-6-136
- Hirschfeld U, Moreno-Reyes R, Akseki E, L'Hermite-Baleriaux M, Leproult R, Copinschi G, et al. Progressive elevation of plasma thyrotropin during adaptation to simulated jet lag: effects of treatment with bright light or zolpidem. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(9):3270-7. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.81.9.3270
- Holmback U, Forslund A, Lowden A, Forslund J, Akerstedt T, Lennernas M, et al. Endocrine responses to nocturnal eating-possible implications for night work. Eur J Nutr 2003;42(2):75-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-003-0386-6