Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A strain-rate-dependent analytical model for composite bolted joints

  • Shamaei-Kashani, Alireza (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Composites Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, Iran University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Shokrieh, Mahmood M. (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Composites Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, Iran University of Science and Technology)
  • Received : 2020.10.28
  • Accepted : 2021.09.15
  • Published : 2021.10.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In the present research, a novel analytical approach was developed to predict the bearing chord stiffness and the damage initiation bearing-load of single-lap composite bolted joints under medium strain rate loading. First, the elastic moduli, Poisson's ratio, and strength of a unidirectional composite ply at an arbitrary strain rate were predicted by available micromechanical equations. Then, the bearing chord stiffness of the joint at any arbitrary strain rate was predicted. For this purpose, the available spring-based model was modified. The strain-rate-dependent damage initiation bearing-load of the joint was predicted by using the moduli and the stress concentration factor of a pin-loaded unidirectional ply. Four types of single-lap joints with [-45/0/+45/90]s and [90/-452/+45]s layups with and without carbon nanofibers were tested at the strain rates of 0.0048 s-1, 0.36 s-1, and 0.89 s-1. The results of experiments showed that mechanical properties of single-lap composite bolted joints increased with increasing the strain rate. Also, employing carbon nanofibers has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the joints. The predicted results in comparison with the conducted experimental data show good agreements.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the financial support of the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF), Grants No. 96000574, and 97024007.

References

  1. Arao, Y., Taniguchi, N., Nishiwaki, T., Hirayama, N, and Kawada, H. (2012), "Strain rate dependence of the tensile strength of glass fibers", J. Mater. Sci., 47(12), 4895-4903. https://doi.org/10.1007/210853-012-6360-z.
  2. ASTM D 5961-10., (2005), "Standard Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates", Composite Materials. ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA 15.03.
  3. Buckley, C.P., Harding, F., Hou, J.P., Ruiz, C. and Trojanowski, A. (2001), "Deformation of thermosetting resins at impact rates of strain. Part I: experimental study", J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 49, 1517-1538. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(00)00085-5.
  4. Chamis, C.C., Abdi, F., Garg, M., Minnetyan, L., Baid, H. Huang, D., et al., (2013), "Micromechanics-based progressive failure analysis prediction for WWFE-III composite coupon test cases", J. Compos. Mater., 47(20-21), 2695-2712. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998313499478.
  5. Dubina, D., Ciutina A.L. and Stratan, A. (2001), "Cyclic tests on bolted steel and composite double-sided beam-to-column joints", Steel Compos. Struct., 2(2), 147-160. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2002.2.2.147.
  6. Egan, B., McCarthy, C.T., McCarthy, M.A., Gray, P.J. and O'Higgins, R.M. (2013), "Static and high-rate loading of single and multi-bolt carbon--epoxy aircraft fuselage joints", Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufact., 53, 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.05.006.
  7. Elmahdy, A. and Verleysen, P. (2020), "Mechanical behavior of basalt and glass textile composites at high strain rates: A comparison", Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufact., 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.polymertesting. 2019.106224.
  8. Feser, T., Hassan, J., Waimer, M., O'Higgins, R.M., McCarthy, C.T., Toso, N., Byrne, M.E. and McCarthy, M.A. (2020), "Effects of transient dynamic loading on the energy absorption capability of composite bolted joints undergoing extended bearing failure", Compos. Struct., 247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112476.
  9. Hahn, H.T. and Tsai, S.W. (1973), "Nonlinear Elastic Behavior of Unidirectional Composite Laminae", J. Compos. Mater., 7, 102-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/002199837300700108.
  10. Hahn, H.T. and Tsai, S.W. (1980), Introduction to Composite Materials, CRC Press.
  11. Halpin, J.C. and Kardos. J.L., (1976), "The Halpin-Tsai Equations: A Review", Polymer Eng. Sci., 16(5), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.11002/pen.760160512.
  12. Hart-Smith, L.J. (2003), "Design and Analysis of Bolted and Riveted Joints in Fibrous Composite Structures", In Recent Advances in Structural Joints and Repairs for Composite Materials.
  13. Heimbs, S., Schmeer, S., Blaurock, J. and Steeger, S. (2013), "Static and dynamic failure behaviour of bolted joints in carbon fibre composites", Compo. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufact., 47, 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.12.003.
  14. Huang, Z.M. (2001), "Simulation of the mechanical properties of fibrous composites by the bridging micromechanics model", Compos. Part A: App. Sci. Manufact., 32(2), 143-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359.835X(00)00142-1.
  15. Ireman, T. (1998), "Three-dimensional stress analysis of bolted single-lap composite joints", Compos. Struct., 43, 195-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(98)00103-2.
  16. Khosravani, M.R., Andres, D. and Weinberg, K., (2019), "Influence of strain rate on fracture behavior of sandwich composite T-joints", Eur. J. Mech. - A/Solids, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2019.103821.
  17. McCarthy, M.A., McCarthy, C.T. and Padhi, G.S. (2006), "A simple method for determining the effects of bolt-hole clearance on load distribution in single-column multi-bolt composite joints", Compos. Struct., 73(1), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.01.028.
  18. Mosalmani, R. (2014), "Dynamic Crash of Laminated Composites Filled with Carbon Nanofibers", Ph.D. Dissertation; Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
  19. Nelson, W.D., Bunin, B.L. and Hart-Smith, L.J. (1983), "Critical Joints in Large Composite Aircraft Structure", Nasa, USA.
  20. Okoli, O.I. and Smith, G.F. (2000), "The effect of strain rate and fibre content on the poisson's ratio of glass/epoxy composites", Compos. Struct., 48(1-3), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(99)0089-6.
  21. Omidi, M.J. (2008), "Dynamic Crash of Composite Structures under Intermediate Strain Rates", Ph.D. Dissertation, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
  22. Pearce, G.M., Johnson, A.F., Thomson, R.S. and Kelly, D.W. (2010), "Experimental investigation of dynamically loaded bolted joints in carbon fibre composite structures", Appl. Compos. Mater., 17(3), 271-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-009-9120-8.
  23. Reis, J.M.L., Coelho, J.L.V., Monterio, A.H. and Da Costa Mattos, H.S. (2012), "Tensile behavior of glass/epoxy laminates at varying strain rates and temperatures", Compos. Part B: Eng., 43, 2041-2046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.02.005.
  24. Shamaei-Kashani, A.R. and Shokrieh, M.M. (2019), "An analytical approach to predict the mechanical behavior of single-lap single-bolt composite joints reinforced with carbon nanofibers", Compos. Struct., 215, 116-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.02.055.
  25. Sharos, P.A, Egan, B. and McCarthy, C.T. (2014), "An analytical model for strength prediction in multi-bolt composite joints at various loading rates", Compos. Struct., 116, 300-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.05.021.
  26. Shokrieh, M.M., Mosalmani, R. and Shamaei, A.R. (2015), "A combined micromechanical-numerical model to simulate shear behavior of carbon nanofiber/epoxy nanocomposites", Mater. Design, 67, 531-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.077.
  27. Shokrieh, M.M. and Omidi, M.J. (2009), "Compressive response of glass-fiber reinforced polymeric composites to increasing compressive strain rates", Compos. Struct., 89, 517-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.11.006.
  28. Sun, L.H., Ounaies, Z., Gao, X.L., Whalen, C.A. and Yang, Z.G. (2011), "Preparation, characterization, and modelling of carbon nanofiber/epoxy nanocomposites", J. Nanomater., 2011, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/307589.
  29. Wagas, R., Uy, B., Wang, J. and Thai, H.T. (2019), "In-plane structural analysis of blind-bolted composite frames with semi-rigid joints", Steel Compos. Struct., 31(4), 373-385. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.31.4.373.
  30. Wang, J., Uy, B. and Li, D. 2018), "Analysis of demountable steel and composite frames with semi-rigid bolted joints", Steel Compos. Struct., 28(3), 363-380. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.28.3.363.
  31. Wang, P., He, R., Chen, H., Zhu, X. and Fang, D. (2015), "A novel predictive model for mechanical behavior of single-lap GFRP composite bolted joint under static and dynamic loading", Compos. Part B: Eng., 79, 322-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.04.053
  32. Wang, Z. and Xia, X. (1998), "Experimental evaluation of the strength distribution of fibers under high strain rates by bimodal weibull distribution", Compos. Sci. Technol., 57(12), 1599-1607. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00092-4
  33. Yeh, M.K., Tai, N.H. and Liu, J.H. (2006), "Mechanical behavior of phenolic-based composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes", Carbon, 44(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.07.005.
  34. Zhao, L., Fang, Z., Liu, F., Shan, M. and Zhang, J. (2019), "A modified stiffness method considering effects of hole tensile deformation on bolt load distribution in multi-bolt composite joints", Compos. Part B, 171, 264-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.05.010.