Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Optimization of irradiated waste polyethylene terephthalate modified asphalt pavement using response surface methodology

  • Usman, Aliyu (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS) ;
  • Sutanto, Muslich H. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS) ;
  • Napiah, Madzlan (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS) ;
  • Zoorob, Salah E. (Construction and Building Materials Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research) ;
  • Al-Sabaeei, Abdulnaser M. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS)
  • Received : 2019.10.22
  • Accepted : 2021.09.13
  • Published : 2021.09.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The study focuses on the characterization of asphalt pavement mechanical properties containing two different sizes of irradiated plastic waste polyethylene terephthalate (IP) using gamma irradiation technique as fine aggregate substitutes in a 14mm asphaltic concrete wearing (ACW14). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed in this study to determine the relationships between three independent factors (IP6, IP16, and bitumen content) on mix volumetric and Marshall Characteristics. To fabricate the samples, 0 to 1%, 1 to 2.5%, and 4 to 6% all by weight of aggregate particles were used as percentages for IP6, IP16, and bitumen contents, respectively. RSM statistical analysis demonstrates a high coefficient of correlation (R2) of 0.9700, 0.9896, 0.9869, and 0.8946 for the responses bulk density (BSD), void in the mix (VIM), stability, and flow, respectively. The high correlation coefficient shows that the models developed are in reasonable agreement with the analyzed experimental outcomes. Investigation of the individual effect of the independent factors elucidates that interactions between the three factors influenced all the responses. In view of the outcomes accomplished 0.55%, 1.77%, and 4.63% were observed to be the optimized contents for IP6, IP16, and bitumen contents, respectively.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to appreciate the support provided by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for carrying out this research.

References

  1. Abtahi, S.M., Sheikhzadeh, M. and Hejazi, S.M. (2010), "Fiberreinforced asphalt-concrete-a review", Construct. Build. Mater., 24(6), 871-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.11.009.
  2. Ahmadinia, E., Zargar, M., Karim, M.R., Abdelaziz, M. and Ahmadinia, E. (2012), "Performance evaluation of utilization of waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in stone mastic asphalt", Construct. Build. Mater., 36, 984-989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.015.
  3. Ahmadinia, E., M. Zargar, M. R. Karim, M. Abdelaziz and P. Shafigh (2011), "Using waste plastic bottles as additive for stone mastic asphalt", Mater. Des., 32(10), 4844-4849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.06.016.
  4. Arshadi, M.R. (2018), "Investigating the creep properties of PETmodified asphalt concrete", Civil Eng. Infrastruct. J., 51(2), 277-292
  5. ASTM C127-88 (1993), Standard method of test for specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate, American Society for Testing and Materials Designation, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  6. ASTM C128-04a (2006), Standard test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption of fine aggregate; American Society for Testing and Materials International; West Conshohocken, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  7. ASTM C131-06 (2006), Standard test method for resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, USA
  8. ASTM D5 (2013), Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  9. ASTM D36 (2009), Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus), American Society for Testing and Materials International; West Conshohocken, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  10. ASTM D113 (2007), Standard test method for ductility of bituminous materials, Annual Book of Standards, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  11. ASTM D570 (2005), Standard test method for water absorption of plastics, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  12. ASTM D792 (2000), Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  13. ASTM D1559 (2002), Standard test method for marshal test, Annual book of ASTM standards, vol. 04.03, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  14. ASTM D2726 (2013), Standard test method for bulk specific gravity and density of non-absorptive compacted bituminous mixtures, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  15. Bagher, A.M. (2014), "Advantages of gamma radiation in science and industry", J. Adv. Phys., 3(2), 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1166/jap.2014.1110
  16. Bala, N., Napiah, M. and Kamaruddin, I. (2018), "Nanosilica composite asphalt mixtures performance-based design and optimisation using response surface methodology", Int. J. Pavement Eng., 21(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1435881.
  17. Bas, D. and Boyaci, I.H. (2007), "Modeling and optimization II: Comparison of estimation capabilities of response surface methodology with artificial neural networks in a biochemical reaction", J. Food Eng., 78(3), 846-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.11.025.
  18. Bezerra, M.A., Santelli, R.E., Oliveira, E.P., Villar, L.S. and Escaleira, L.A. (2008), "Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry", Talanta, 79(5), 965-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019.
  19. Box, G.E. and Wilson, K.B. (1951), "On the experimental attainment of optimum conditions", J. Royal Stat. Soc. Ser. B, 13(1), 1-38.
  20. BS 812 Part 105 (1990), Methods for determination of particle shape. Flakiness index' and 'Methods for determination of particle shape. Elongation index of coarse aggregate, British Standards.
  21. BS 812 Part 110 (1990), Testing Aggregates, Methods for determination of Aggregate Crushing Value, British Standards.
  22. Choudhary, R., Kumar, A. and Murkute, K. (2018), "Properties of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) modified asphalt mixes: Dependence on PET size, PET content, and mixing process", Periodica Polytechnica Civ. Eng., 62(3), 685-693.
  23. Frigon, N.L. and Mathews, D. (1997), Practical Guide to Experimental Design, John Wiley & Sons, New York, U.S.A.
  24. Guru, M., Cubuk, M.K., Arslan, D., Farzanian, S.A. and Bilici, I. (2014), "An approach to the usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste as roadway pavement material", J. Hazard. Mater., 279, 302-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.018.
  25. Hassani, A., Ganjidoust, H. and Maghanaki, A.A. (2005), "Use of plastic waste (poly-ethylene terephthalate) in asphalt concrete mixture as aggregate replacement", Waste Manage. Res., 23(4), 322-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X05056739
  26. Huda, M.N., Jumaat, M.Z., Islam, A.B.M., Obaydullah, M. and Hosen, M.A. (2017), "Palm oil industry's bi-products as coarse aggregate in structural lightweight concrete", Comput. Concrete, 19(5), 515-526. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.19.5.515.
  27. Kalantar, Z.N., Karim, M.R. and Mahrez, A. (2012), "A review of using waste and virgin polymer in pavement", Constr. Build. Mater., 33, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.01.009.
  28. Kamada, O. and Yamada, M. (2002), "Utilization of waste plastics in asphalt mixtures", Memoirs Fac. Eng. Osaka City Univ., 43, 111-118.
  29. Karanth, S.S., Ghorpade, V.G. and Rao, H.S. (2017), "Shear and impact strength of waste plastic fibre reinforced concrete", Adv. Concrete Construct., 5(2), 173-182. http://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2017.5.2.173.
  30. Khosroyar, S. and Arastehnodeh, A. (2018), "Using response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design in the study of affecting factors on the dairy wastewater treatment by MEUF", Membr. Water Treat., 9(5), 335-342. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2018.9.5.335.
  31. Khuri, A. and J. Cornell (1996), Response Surfaces Designs and Analyses, Marce l Dekker, Inc., New York, U.S.A.
  32. Kumar, V., Ali, Y., Sonkawade, R.G. and Dhaliwal, A.S. (2012), Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the Properties of Plastic Bottle Sheet, in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Elsevier, 287, 10-14.
  33. Malaysia, P. (2008), Standard specification for road works, section 4: flexible pavement, Jabatan, Kerja Raya Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  34. Mishra, D.D. (2016), "Thermal analysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-coke composites prepared by mechanical alloying technique", Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201608.0099.v1.
  35. Modarres, A. and Hamedi, H. (2014), "Developing laboratory fatigue and resilient modulus models for modified asphalt mixes with waste plastic bottles (PET)", Constr. Build. Mater., 68, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.054.
  36. Modarres, A. and Hamedi, H. (2014), "Effect of waste plastic bottles on the stiffness and fatigue properties of modified asphalt mixes", Mater. Des., 61, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.046.
  37. Moghaddam, T.B., Karim, M.R. and Abdelaziz, M. (2011), "A review on fatigue and rutting performance of asphalt mixes", Sci. Res. Essays, 6(4), 670-682. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE10.946.
  38. Moghaddam, T.B., Karim, M.R. and Syammaun, T. (2012), "Dynamic properties of stone mastic asphalt mixtures containing waste plastic bottles", Construct. Build. Mater., 34, 236-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.054.
  39. Moghaddam, T.B., Soltani, M. and Karim, M.R. (2014a), "Evaluation of permanent deformation characteristics of unmodified and polyethylene terephthalate modified asphalt mixtures using dynamic creep test", Mater. Des., 53, 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.07.015.
  40. Moghaddam, T.B., Soltani, M. and Karim, M.R. (2014b), "Experimental characterization of rutting performance of polyethylene terephthalate modified asphalt mixtures under static and dynamic loads", Constr. Build. Mater., 65, 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.006.
  41. Moghaddam, T.B., Soltani, M. and Karim, M.R. (2015a), "Stiffness modulus of Polyethylene Terephthalate modified asphalt mixture: A statistical analysis of the laboratory testing results", Mater. Des., 68, 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.11.044.
  42. Moghaddam, T.B., Soltani, M., Karim, M.R. and Baaj, H. (2015b), "Optimization of asphalt and modifier contents for polyethylene terephthalate modified asphalt mixtures using response surface methodology", Measurement, 74, 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.07.012.
  43. Mohammed, B.S., Haruna, S. and Liew, M.S. (2019), "Optimization and characterization of cast in-situ alkali-activated pastes by response surface methodology", Constr. Build. Mater., 225, 776-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.267.
  44. Mojiri, A., Hui, W., Arshad, A. K., Ridzuan, A. R. M., Hamid, N. H. M., Farraji, H., Gholami, A. and Vakili, A. (2017), "Vanadium (V) removal from aqueous solutions using a new composite adsorbent (BAZLSC): Optimization by response surface methodology", Adv. Environ. Res., 6(3), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2017.6.3.173.
  45. Montgomery, D. (2005), Design and Analysis of Experiments, (6th Edition), John Wiley and Sons, New York, U.S.A.
  46. Montgomery, D. C. (2017), Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley & Sons, New York, U.S.A.
  47. Mosabepranah, M.A. and Eren, O. (2016), "Statistical flexural toughness modeling of ultrahigh performance concrete using response surface method", Comput. Concrete, 17(4), 1-12. http://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.4.012.
  48. Mosaberpanah, M.A. and Eren, O. (2017), "Statistical models for mechanical properties of UHPC using response surface methodology", Comput. Concrete, 19(6), 667-675. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.19.6.673.
  49. Myers, R. and Montgomery, D. (2002), Response Surface Methodology Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments, John Wiley & sons, New York, U.S.A.
  50. Myers, R.H., Montgomery, D.C. and Anderson-Cook, C M. (2016), Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization using Designed Experiments, John Wiley & Sons, New York, U.S.A.
  51. Nassar, A. I., Thom, N. and Parry, T. (2016), "Optimizing the mix design of cold bitumen emulsion mixtures using response surface methodology", Constr. Build. Mater., 104, 216-229 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.073
  52. Olmez, T. (2009), "The optimization of Cr (VI) reduction and removal by electrocoagulation using response surface methodology", J. Hazard. Mater., 162(2-3), 1371-1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.017.
  53. Paliwal, G. and Maru, S. (2017), "Effect of fly ash and plastic waste on mechanical and durability properties of concrete", Adv. Concrete Construct., 5(6), 575-586. http://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2017.5.6.575.
  54. Patel, M., Morrell, P.R., Murphy, J.J., Skinner, A. and Maxwell, R.S. (2006), "Gamma radiation induced effects on silica and on silica-polymer interfacial interactions in filled polysiloxane rubber", Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 91(2), 406-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.03.015.
  55. Plester, D.W. (1973), Effects of Radiation Sterilization on Plastics, in Industrial Sterilization.
  56. Rahman, M. S., Islam, M. S., Do, J. and Kim, D. (2017), "Response surface methodology based multi-objective optimization of tuned mass damper for jacket supported offshore wind turbine", Struct. Eng. Mech., 63(3), 303-315. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.63.3.303.
  57. Said, K.A.M. and Amin, M.A.M. (2015), "Overview on the response surface methodology (RSM) in extraction processes", J. Appl. Sci. Process Eng., 2(1).
  58. Sanchez-Romeu, J., Pais-Chanfrau, J. M., Pestana-Vila, Y., Lopez-Larraburo, I., Masso-Rodriguez, Y., Linares-Dominguez, M. and Marquez-Perera, G. (2008), "Statistical optimization of immunoaffinity purification of hepatitis B surface antigen using response surface methodology", Biochem. Eng. J., 38(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2007.05.016.
  59. Schaefer, C.E., Kupwade-Patil, K., Ortega, M., Soriano, C., Buyukozturk, O., White, A.E. and Short, M.P. (2018), "Irradiated recycled plastic as a concrete additive for improved chemo-mechanical properties and lower carbon footprint", Waste Manage., 71, 426-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.033.
  60. Sengoz, B. and Topal, A. (2005), "Use of asphalt roofing shingle waste in HMA", Construct. Build. Mater., 19(5), 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.08.005.
  61. Shafeeyan, M. S., W. M. A. W. Daud, A. Houshmand and A. Arami-Niya (2012), "The application of response surface methodology to optimize the amination of activated carbon for the preparation of carbon dioxide adsorbents", Fuel, 94, 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.035.
  62. Steppan, D. D., (1998), "Essential regression and experimental design for chemists and engineers", .
  63. Taherkhani, H. and Arshadi, M.R. (2018), "Investigating the effects of using waste rubber and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on mechanical properties of asphalt concrete", Int. J. Environ. Sci. Develop., 9(10).
  64. Taherkhani, H. and Arshadi, M.R. (2019), "Investigating the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete containing waste polyethylene terephthalate", Road Mater. Pavement Des., 20(2), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1395354.
  65. Tayfur, S., Ozen, H. and Aksoy, A. (2007), "Investigation of rutting performance of asphalt mixtures containing polymer modifiers", Constr. Build. Mater., 21(2), 328-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.014.
  66. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Sajedi, F., Ibrahim, Z., Koting, S., Mohamad, E.T. and Khorami, M. (2018), "A review on pavement porous concrete using recycled waste materials", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.433.
  67. Tortum, A., Celik, C. and Aydin, A. C. (2005), "Determination of the optimum conditions for tire rubber in asphalt concrete", Build. Environ., 40(11), 1492-1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.11.013.
  68. Yadav, O.P., Thambidorai, G., Nepal, B. and Monplaisir, L. (2014), "A robust framework for multi-response surface optimization methodology", Quality Reliabil. Eng. Int., 30(2), 301-311. https://doi.org/10.1002/qre.1499.
  69. Zhu, Z.C. and Gu, D.C. (2016), "Formulation design of chloride-free cement additive by response surface methodology", Adv. Comput. Des., 1(1), 27-35. http://doi.org/10.12989/acd.2016.1.1.027.