Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Self-centering steel slotted friction device for seismic retrofit of beam-column joints

  • Noureldin, Mohamed (Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Ahmed, Shabir (Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Kim, Jinkoo (Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
  • Received : 2020.03.19
  • Accepted : 2021.08.27
  • Published : 2021.10.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

A new self-centering slotted friction device (SC-SFD) is introduced for seismic retrofit and upgrading of beam-column joints. The device can be used for existing or new structures. A framework utilizing a performance-based seismic design procedure combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization is used to obtain the optimum design variables of the device. A 5-story building and one-story industrial structure are used as case studies. The effectiveness of the proposed retrofit is assessed through conducting non-linear time-history response analysis (NLTHA), incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), fragility analysis, and seismic life cycle cost (LCC) evaluation. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed retrofit is effective in reducing the maximum inter-story drift ratio (MIDR) significantly and in eliminating the residual drift. Additional engineering demand parameters, such as the floor acceleration and the base shear have been investigated to prove the superiority of the proposed retrofit technique compared to the fully rigid joint alternative. A finite element method (FEM) is used to ensure that concrete stresses after retrofit are within the acceptable limits. The retrofitted models show high energy dissipating potential compared to the bare cases. The IDA and fragility analyses show significant improvement in the retrofitted structures in terms of the median collapse capacity and seismic fragility. The probabilities of exceeding different limit states and the LCC of the retrofitted structures have been reduced significantly compared to the bare cases. Based on these findings, the proposed retrofit is recommended for similar structures to improve their resilience against earthquakes and to reduce the total seismic LCC.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by a grant (21TSRD-B151228-03) from Urban Declining Area Regenerative Capacity-Enhancing Technology Research Program funded by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korean government.

References

  1. ABAQUS Analysis User's Manual 6.14-2 (2011), Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp., Providence, RI, USA.
  2. Abd-alla, M.N. (2007), "Application of Recent Techniques of Pushover for Evaluating Seismic Performance of Multistory Buildings", M.Sc. Thesis, Structural Engineering, Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18402.96961.
  3. AISC 360-16 (2016), Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, Chicago. USA. https://www.aisc.org/globalassets/aisc/publications/standards/a360-16-spec-and-commentary.pdf.
  4. American Concrete Institute (ACI) (2014), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14), Michigan, USA. http://aghababaie.usc.ac.ir/files/1506505203365.pdf.
  5. Andrea, T., Fabio, B. and Giandomenico, T. (2017), "Seismic assessment of existing precast structures with dry-friction beam-to-column joints", Bull Earthq. Eng., 16, 2067-2086. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10518-017-0271-y.
  6. ASCE 41-17 (2017), American Society of Civil Engineers; Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings, USA. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784414859.
  7. ASCE/SEI 7-10 (2010), American Society of Civil Engineers; Minimum Design Loads For Buildings and Other Structures: USA. www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/california_waterfix/exhibits/docs/dd_jardins/DDJ-148%20ASCE%207-10.pdf.
  8. Babic, A. and Matja, D. (2016), "Seismic fragility functions of industrial precast building classes", Eng. Struct., 118, 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.069.
  9. Belleri, A., Brunesi, E., Nascimbene, R., Pagani, M. and Riva, P. (2015), "Seismic performance of precast industrial facilities following major earthquakes in the Italian territory", J. Perform. Constr. Fac., 29(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000617.
  10. Biondini, F., Tsionis, G. and Toniolo, G. (2010), "Capacity design and seismic performance of multi-storey precast structures", Eur J. Environ Civil Eng., 14(1), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2010.9693198.
  11. Bournas, D.A., Negro, P. and Taucer, F.F. (2014), "Performance of industrial buildings during the Emilia earthquakes in Northern Italy and recommendations for their strengthening", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 12(5), 2383-2404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9466-z.
  12. Brendon, A.B., Rajesh, P.D., John, B.M. and Louman, L. (2008), "Experimental multi-level seismic performance assessment of 3DRC frame designed for damage avoidance", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 37(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.741.
  13. Celik, O.C. and Ellingwood, B.R. (2009), "Seismic risk assessment of gravity load designed reinforced concrete frames subjected to Mid-America ground motions", J. Struct. Eng., 135(4), 414-424. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:4(414).
  14. Chang-Hwan, L., Jaeho, R., Do-Hyun, K. and Young, K.J. (2018), "Improving seismic performance of non-ductile reinforced concrete frames through the combined behavior of friction and metallic dampers", Eng. Struct., 172, 304-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.045.
  15. Cihan, S., Ercan, Y. and Erdal I. (2018), "Retrofitting of pinned beam-column connections in RC precast frames using lead extrusion dampers", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 16(3), 1273-1292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0246-z.
  16. Clementi, F., Scalbi, A. and Lenci, S. (2016), "Seismic performance of precast reinforced concrete buildings with dowel pin connections", J. Build. Eng., 7, 224-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.06.013.
  17. Eldin, M. (2014), A Simplified Method for Seismic Life-Cycle Cost Estimation of Structures with Application on Sensitivity Analysis, Ph.D. thesis, Sungkyunkwan University, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11692.08324.
  18. Eldin, M.N., Dereje, A.J. and Kim, J. (2020a), "Seismic retrofit of RC buildings using self-centering PC frames with friction-dampers", Eng. Struct., 208, 109925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.109-925.
  19. Eldin, M.N., Dereje, A.J. and Kim, J. (2020b), 'Seismic retrofit of framed buildings using self-centering PC frames", J. Struct. Eng., 146(10), https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002786.
  20. Kailii, D., Pang, P., Alexandre, L, Zhenhua, P. and Lieping, Y. (2013), "Test and simulation of full-scale self-centering beam-to-column connection", Earthq Eng Eng Vib., 12, 599-607. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11803-013-0200-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-013-0200-2
  21. Fabio, M. and Mirko, M. (2019), "Seismic retrofit of gravity-loads designed r.c. framed buildings combining CFRP and hysteretic damped braces", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 17(6), 3423-3445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00593-5.
  22. FEMA P-695 (2009), "Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors"; Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC., USA. https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1716-25045-9655/fema_p695.pdf.
  23. FEMA 547 (2007), "Techniques for the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings"; FEMA 547, Washington, DC. https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1554-20490-7382/fema547.pdf.
  24. Fragiadakis, M., Nikos, D.L. and Manolis, P. (2006). "Performance-based multiobjective optimum design of steel structures considering life-cycle cost", Struct Multidiscip O., 32(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-006-0009-y.
  25. Garlock, M., Richard, S. and James, M.R. (2007), "Behavior and design of post-tensioned steel frame systems", J. Struct. Eng., 133(3), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:3(389).
  26. Gencturk, B. (2013), "Life-cycle cost assessment of RC and ECC frames using structural optimization", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 42(1), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2193.
  27. Gencturk, B. and Elnashai, A.S. (2012), "Life cycle cost considerations in seismic design optimization of structures", Struct. Seismic Des. Optim. Earthq. Eng., 1-22. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1640-0.ch001.
  28. Ghamari, A., Hadi, H., Alireza, K. and Zheming, Z. (2019), "Improving the hysteretic behavior of Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF) by a proposed shear damper", Steel Compos. Struct., 30(1), 383-392. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.4.383.
  29. Haishen, W., Edoardo, M.M., Peng, P., Hang, L. and Xin, N. (2018), "Experimental study of a novel precast prestressed reinforced concrete beam-to-column joint", Eng. Struct., 156, 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.011.
  30. ICMS "International Construction Cost Survey". (2019), Turner & Townsend., www.turnerandtownsend.com.
  31. Jalil, S., Abdollah, H. and Mohammd S.M. (2014), "Seismic retrofit of external RC beam-column joints by joint enlargement using prestressed steel angles", Eng. Struct., 81, 265-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.10.006.
  32. Javidan, M.M., Chun, S. and Kim, J. (2021), "Experimental study on steel hysteretic column dampers for seismic retrofit of structures", Steel Compos. Struct., 40(4), 495-509. http://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2021.40.4.495.
  33. Javidan, M.M. and Kim, J. (2019), "Seismic retrofit of soft-first-story structures using rotational friction dampers", J. Struct. Eng., 145(12). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002433.
  34. Javidan, M.M. and Kim, J. (2020), "Steel hysteretic column dampers for seismic retrofit of soft-first-story structures", Steel Compos. Struct., 37(3), 259-272. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.37.3.259.
  35. Jian, Z. Pin, T. and Jianmin, J. (2015), "Fragility analysis of existing precast industrial frames using CFRP reinforcement", Adv. Eng. Res., https://doi.org/.2991/asei-15.2015.370.
  36. Kam W.Y. and Pampanin, S. (2010), "Selective Weakening and Post-tensioning for Retrofit of Non-Ductile R.C. Exterior Beam-Column Joints", Proceedings of the 14 ECEE conference. https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/5003.
  37. Khodaei, M., Saghafi, M.H. and Golafshar, A. (2021), "Seismic retrofit of exterior beam-column joints using steel angles connected by PT bars", Eng. Struct., 236, 0141-0296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112111.
  38. Kim, J. and Bang, S. (2003), "Optimum distribution of added VED for mitigation of torsional responses of plan-wise assymetric structures", Eng. Struct., 24(10), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00046-9.
  39. Kim, J., Park, J. and Kim, S.D. (2009), "Seismic behavior factors of buckling-restrained braced frames", Struct. Eng. Mech., 33(3), 261-284. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2009.33.3.261.
  40. Lee, S.K., Park, J.H., Moon, B.W., Min, K.W., Lee, S.H. and Kim, J. (2008), "Design of a bracing -friction damper system for seismic retrofitting", Smart Struct, Syst,, 4(5), 685-696. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2008.4.5.685.
  41. Lin, Y.C., Richard, S. and James, M.R. (2013), "Seismic performance of steel self-centering, moment-resisting frame: hybrid simulations under design basis earthquake", J. Struct. Eng., 139(11). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000745.
  42. Lu, X., Cui, Y, Liu, J. and Gao, W. (2015), "Shaking table test and numerical simulation of a 1/2- scale self-centering reinforced concrete frame", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 44(12), 1899-1917. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2560.
  43. Maddah, A., Golafshar, A. and Saghafi, M.H. (2020), "3D RC beam-column joints retrofitted by joint enlargement using steel angles and post-tensioned bolts", Eng. Struct., 220, 110975, ISSN 0141-0296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110975.
  44. Magliulo, G., Ercolino, M., Petrone, C., Coppola, O. and Manfredi, G. (2014), "The Emilia earthquake: seismic performance of precast reinforced concrete buildings", Earthq Spectra., 30, 891-912. https://doi.org/10.1193/091012EQS285M.
  45. Magliulo, G., Ercolino, M., Cimmino, M., Capozzi, V. and Manfredi, G. (2015), "Cyclic shear test on a dowel beam-to-column connection of precast buildings", Earthq. Struct., 9(3), 541-562. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.3.541.
  46. Mahdi, A., Mohammad, S.M., Asad E., Kamyar, K.A., Ali, E. (2017), "Seismic retrofit of external concrete beam-column joints reinforced by plain bars using steel angles prestressed by cross ties", Eng. Struct., 148, 813-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.014.
  47. Majumder, S. and Saha, S. (2021), "Quasi-static cyclic performance of RC exterior beam-column joint assemblages strengthened with geosynthetic materials", Structures, 29, 1210-1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.12.010.
  48. Mathwork, 2018, MATLAB ver. R2018b reference manual.
  49. Marchisella, A., Muciaccia, G., Sharma, A. and Eligehausen, R. (2021), "Experimental investigation of 3d RC exterior joint retrofitted with fully-fastened-haunch-retrofit-solution", Eng. Struct., 239, 112206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112206.
  50. Morgen, B.G. and Kurama, Y.C. (2008), "Seismic response evaluation of posttensioned precast concrete frames with friction dampers", J. Struct. Eng., 134(1), 132-145. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:1(132).
  51. Morgen, B. and Kurama, Y.C. (2004), "A friction damper for posttensioned precast concrete moment frames", PCI J., 49(4), 112-132. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.07012004.112.133.
  52. Mirzai, N.M. and Jong, W.H. (2019), "Pilot study for investigating the inelastic response of a new axial smart damper combined with friction devices", Steel Compos. Struct., 32(3), 373-388. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.32.3.373.
  53. Naeem, A. and Kim, J. (2018), "Seismic retrofit of a framed structure using damped cable system", Steel Compos. Struct., 29(3), 287-299. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.29.3.287.
  54. Nastri, E., Vergato, M. and Latour, M. (2017), "Performance evaluation of a seismic retrofitted R.C. precast industrial building", Earthq. Struct., 12(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.29.3.287.
  55. Nicola, B., Fabio, M., Elena, O., Marco, S. and Nerio, T. (2017), "Empirical seismic fragility for the precast RC industrial buildings damaged by the 2012 Emilia (Italy) earthquakes", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 46(14), 2317-2335. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2906.
  56. Nour Eldin, M., Naeem, A. and Kim, J.K., (2019), "Seismic retrofit of a structure using self-centering precast concrete frames with enlarged beam ends", Mag. Concrete Res., https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.19.00012.
  57. Noureldin, M., Kim, J. and Kim, J. (2018), "Optimal distribution of steel slit-friction hybrid dampers based on life cycle cost", Steel Compos. Struct., 27(5), 633-646. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.5.633.
  58. Nour Eldin, M., Naeem, A. and Kim, J. (2019), "Life-cycle cost evaluation of steel structures retrofitted with steel slit damper and shape memory alloy-based hybrid damper", Adv. Struct. Eng., 22(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433218773487.
  59. Noureldin, M. and Kim, J. (2020), "Parameterized seismic lifecycle cost evaluation method for building structures", J. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2020.1759656.
  60. Noureldin, M. and Kim, J. (2015), "Seismic performance of pile-founded fixed jacket platforms with chevron braces", Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 11(6), https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2014.910536.
  61. Noureldin, M. and Kim, J. (2011), "Seismic performance of pile-founded fixed jacket platforms with chevron braces, Seismic performance evaluation of fixed steel jacket platforms retrofitted with buckling restrained braces", Proceedings of the ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. Volume 2: Structures, Safety and Reliability. Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2011-49176.
  62. Nzabonimpa, J.D., Hong, W.K. and Kim, J. (2018), "Nonlinear finite element model for the novel mechanical beam-column joints of precast concrete-based frames", Comput. Struct., 189, 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2017.04.016.
  63. OpenSees (2000), McKenna, F., Fenves, G. L., and Scott, M. H. "Open system for earthquake engineering simulation", Univ. California, Berkeley, CA.
  64. PEER (2006), Peer NGA Database; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Retrieved April 8, 2019, http://peer.berkeley.edu/nga
  65. Priestley, M.J.N., Sritharan, S., Conley, J.R. and Stefano, P.S. (1999), "Preliminary results and conclusions from the PRESSS five-story precast concrete test building", PCI J., 44, 42-67. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.11011999.42.67.
  66. Priestley, M.N. and MacRae, G.A. (1996), "Seismic tests of precast beam-to-column joint subassemblages with unbonded tendons", PCI J., 41, 64-81. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.01011996.64.81.
  67. Reinhardt, H.W. (2012), "Demountable concrete structures-An energy and material saving building concept", Int. J. Sust. Mater. Struct. Syst., 1(1),18-28. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijsmss.2012.050452.
  68. Richard, S.H., Dmytro, D., Kenneth, J.E., John, H. and Dave, B. (2017), "Damage to concrete buildings with precast floors during the 2016 kaikoura earthquake", Bull. New Zealand Soc. Earthq. Eng., 50(2), 174-186. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.2.174-186.
  69. Ruiz-Pinilla, J.G., Pallares, F.J, Gimenez, E. and Calderon, P.A. (2014), "Experimental tests on retrofitted RC beam-column joints underdesigned to seismic loads-General approach", Eng. Struct., 59, 702-714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.11.008.
  70. Russo, G. and Pauletta, M. (2012), "Seismic behavior of exterior beam-column connections with plain bars and effects of upgrade", ACI Struct J., 109(2), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.14359/51683633.
  71. SAP2000, ver. 20 (2019), "Analysis Reference Manual", Computer and Structures, Berkeley, USA.
  72. Sarti, F., Smith, T., Palermo, A., Pampanin, S. and Carradine, D. (2013), "Experimental and analytical study of replaceable Buckling-Restrained Fused-type (BRF) mild steel dissipaters", New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Annual Conference. http://db.nzsee.org.nz/2013/Paper_29.
  73. Savoia, M., Buratti, N. and Vincenzi, L. (2017) "Damage and collapses in industrial precast buildings after the 2012 Emilia earthquake", Eng. Struct., 137, 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.059.
  74. Scott, N., et al. (2001), "Special hybrid moment frames composed of discretely jointed precast and post-tensioned concrete members", (ACI T1. 2-XX) and Commentary (T1. 2R-XX). ACI Struct J; 98, 771-784. https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/80d2e438-ce77-387b-a3cd-a97789407a84/?utm_source=desktop&utm_medium=1.19.4&utm.
  75. Shafaei, J., Hosseini, A. and Marefat, M. (2014), "Seismic retrofit of external RC beam-column joints by joint enlargement using prestressed steel angles", J. Eng. Struct., 81, 265-288. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2794.
  76. Shafaei, J., Zareian, M., Hosseini, A. and Marefat, M. (2014), "Effects of joint flexibility on lateral response of reinforced concrete frames", J. Eng. Struct., 81, 412-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.046.
  77. Shuangke, G., Ran, D., Jiansheng, F., Xin, N. and Jun, Z. (2018), "Seismic performance of a novel precast concrete beam-column connection using low-shrinkage engineered cementitious composites", Constr. Build. Mater., 192, 643-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.103.
  78. Smyrou, E., Tasiopoulou, P., Bal, I.E., Gazetas, G. and Vintzileou, E. (2011), "Structural and geotechnical aspects of the Christchurch (2011) and Darfield (2010) earthquakes In New Zealand", Proceedings of the 7th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey.
  79. Song, L.L., Guo, T. and Chen, C. (2013), "Experimental and numerical study of a self-centering prestressed concrete moment resisting frame connection with bolted web friction devices", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 43(4), 529-545. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2358.
  80. Steel Benchmarker, Report #329 (2019), "Price History Tables and Charts for, Hot-rolled Band, Cold-rolled Coil , Standard Plate, Rebar, Steel Scrap", www.steelbenchmarker.com.
  81. Wang, G., Dai, J. and Bai, Y. (2019), "Seismic retrofit of exterior RC beam-column joints with bonded CFRP reinforcement: An experimental study", Compos. Struct., 224, 111018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111018.
  82. Wolski, M.A., James, M.R. and Richard, S. (2009), "Experimental study of a self-centering beam-column connection with bottom flange friction device", J. Struct. Eng., 135(5), 479-488. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000006.
  83. Xu, Z.D., Ge, T. and Liu, J. (2020), "Experimental and theoretical study of high energy dissipation viscoelastic dampers based on acrylate rubber matrix", J. Eng. Mech., 146(6). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001802.